17:
566:
e.g. cultivation boxes, fruit trees, berry bushes, green roofs and walls and gardens. Forests and parks must be located close for being easy to use in everyday life, during lessons and walks. Deadwood can be left to forests and parks to promote biodiversity and inspire movement. Self-sufficient mobility of the elderly is supported by sufficient density of benches. Planning of healthy habitats requires cooperation between sectors — at least
602:
It is not yet clear, what amount of exposure is needed, how the microbes of environment precisely get in system and what are relations between different microbes. Is visiting natural environments occasionally enough or should we be exposed to the microbes of natural environment in our everyday life?
565:
In terms of nature contact of children and the elderly, the quality of the near environment is particularly important, as the mobility circle is more limited than the working age population. Functional natural elements in yards of kindergartens, schools, sheltered homes and retirement homes could be
561:
should take into account both holistic health and wellbeing benefits of nature and possibilities of citizens to be exposed to biodiverse natural environments and microbes. Functionally, exposure takes place near home and daily routes. In city center there is usually less forests than outskirts, but
1407:
Vierikko K, Salminen J, Niemelä J, Jalkanen J, Tamminen N (2014). Helsingin kestävä viherrakenne: Miten turvata kestävä viherrakenne ja kaupunkiluonnon monimuotoisuus tiivistyvässä kaupunkirakenteessa-kaupunkiekologinen tutkimusraportti [Helsinki's sustainable green structure: How to secure a
606:
Anyhow, it is evident that we get multiple health and wellbeing benefits from nature. Despite there remains several open questions related to the biodiversity hypothesis, it has been proposed that we should still take it into account in urban and regional planning and build healthy and biodiverse
530:
of human body change throughout life and therefore all age groups benefit from being exposed to the microbes of natural environment. One's own way of life and choices related to housing, nutrition and movement are in an essential role in that exposure.
382:. Our own way of living and our choices — how we live, eat, move and what are our recreational activities — impacts on the amount of valuable microbe exposure. The amount as well as the microbial diversity of exposure are essential factors.
1040:
Haahtela T, Hanski I, von Herzen L, Jousilahti P, Laatikainen T, Mäkelä M, et al. (2017). "Luontoaskel tarttumattomien tulehdustautien torjumiseks" [A natural step in the fight against non-communicable inflammatory diseases].
2421:
109:, have become increasingly common in countries of high standard of living and high level of hygiene. One reason is presumably that along with degradation and fragmentation of habitats and urbanization, people encounter less
1215:
Ruokolainen L, Paalanen L, Karkman A, Laatikainen T, von
Hertzen L, Vlasoff T, et al. (May 2017). "Significant disparities in allergy prevalence and microbiota between the young people in Finnish and Russian Karelia".
241:. Prevention of many of these diseases have been improved by affecting known risk factors, but they explain only a fraction of chronic diseases and have not revealed the bottom reasons of increasing incidence of allergies.
812:
The
International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee (April 1998). "Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC".
172:
discriminates threatening particles from the harmless ones and products of one's own cells from foreign ones. Present populations of cities evidently have marks of chronic inflammation as a result of weakening
761:
Haahtela T, Holgate S, Pawankar R, Akdis CA, Benjaponpitak S, Caraballo L, Demain J, Portnoy J, von
Hertzen L, et al. (WAO Special Committee on Climate Change and Biodiversity) (January 2013).
1474:
Kabisch N, van den Bosch M, Lafortezza R (November 2017). "The health benefits of nature-based solutions to urbanization challenges for children and the elderly - A systematic review".
523:
point of view, it would be functional to focus on sufficient microbial exposure in kindergartens and schools, in which case the exposure does not rely on families' way of life.
260:
for the society were 1,3—1,6 billion euros. The direct costs of allergic diseases, including disability to work, have decreased by 15% in the 2000s as a result of shift in
511:
and therefore regular microbial exposure is essential for children. Lack of forests and fields near home is connected to unbalanced skin microbiota of children and youth.
1543:
1731:
1156:
Valkonen M, Wouters IM, Täubel M, Rintala H, Lenters V, Vasara R, Genuneit J, Braun-Fahrländer C, Piarroux R, von Mutius E, Heederik D, Hyvärinen A (2015).
124:
According to the core message of the biodiversity hypothesis, it is essential to the development of our immune system that we are sufficiently exposed to
453:. While increasing healthy exposure to microbes it is essential for achieving the benefits to acknowledge and reduce the risk of being exposed to .
485:
and way of life of expecting mother as well as chosen ways of giving birth and feeding have remarkable effect on the development of the baby's
2180:
2140:
1536:
1368:
Rautava S (2015). "Lapsen varhaisen mikrobikontaktin terveysvaikutukset" [Health effects of early microbial contact in a child].
2025:
1408:
sustainable green structure and the diversity of urban nature in a condensing urban structure - urban ecological research report].
1716:
1600:
1900:
872:
Ruokolainen L, Fyhrquist N, Haahtela T (October 2016). "The rich and the poor: environmental biodiversity protecting from allergy".
2540:
2185:
1880:
2664:
2190:
1648:
1529:
1865:
2649:
1605:
113:
of natural environment. Here, microbes of natural environment are referred to as all microbes, especially those that are not
1625:
1885:
2530:
1940:
1392:
Paloniemi R, Tiitu M, Viinikka A, Vikström S, Furman E. Promoting health through interaction with nature in urban areas.
2015:
1845:
2535:
2406:
1945:
1754:
1640:
218:
106:
1259:
Lehtimäki J, Karkman A, Laatikainen T, Paalanen L, von
Hertzen L, Haahtela T, Hanski I, Ruokolainen L (March 2017).
966:"The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems"
497:
are influential ways to increase the exposure of baby to mother's microbes and therefore further the development of
2356:
2083:
1980:
2346:
2125:
2020:
1749:
1741:
1703:
386:
1925:
1860:
2596:
2576:
2504:
2371:
2220:
2160:
2057:
1910:
1890:
1855:
1835:
1721:
1711:
649:"Natural immunity. Biodiversity loss and inflammatory diseases are two global megatrends that might be related"
86:
2611:
2326:
2256:
1875:
855:
Pawankar R, Canonica GC, Holgate ST, Loceky RF, World
Allergy Organisation (WAO). White book on allergy 2011.
2391:
2296:
2291:
2271:
2266:
2251:
2165:
2078:
2047:
2010:
1985:
1955:
1905:
1850:
1825:
1784:
1678:
226:
53:
1920:
539:
function weakens with age and therefore regular contact to natural environment is important to elders too.
2401:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2321:
2306:
2276:
2225:
2155:
2150:
2093:
2052:
1935:
1830:
1817:
1774:
1688:
1318:"Effects of early-life exposure to allergens and bacteria on recurrent wheeze and atopy in urban children"
616:
519:
are functional places to increase microbial exposure as they encompass whole age groups at its best. From
2685:
2659:
2426:
2336:
2215:
2195:
2170:
2118:
2037:
1960:
1950:
1930:
1895:
1840:
1726:
413:
compared to
Finnish youth. Similar differences in the incidence of allergies have been observed between
406:
269:
234:
137:
1261:"Patterns in the skin microbiota differ in children and teenagers between rural and urban environments"
1113:
Haahtela T (December 2009). "Allergy is rare where butterflies flourish in a biodiverse environment".
2690:
2459:
2135:
2130:
1970:
1870:
1759:
1564:
1483:
1272:
1169:
977:
927:
712:
571:
149:
61:
2695:
2499:
2376:
1764:
1615:
1574:
1087:
699:
Hanski I, von
Hertzen L, Fyhrquist N, Koskinen K, Torppa K, Laatikainen T, et al. (May 2012).
583:
438:
437:
have been seen from the viewpoint of management of the threats it causes. The incidence of several
308:
198:
33:
1316:
Lynch SV, Wood RA, Boushey H, Bacharier LB, Bloomberg GR, Kattan M, et al. (September 2014).
2449:
1507:
1241:
1138:
915:
897:
838:
763:"The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement"
344:
304:
222:
190:
45:
1086:
Haahtela T, Valovirta E, Hannuksela M, Von
Hertzen L, Jantunen J, Kauppi P, et al. (2015).
1061:
16:
2311:
2108:
1779:
1683:
1668:
1620:
1610:
1569:
1499:
1456:
1347:
1298:
1233:
1197:
1130:
1005:
943:
889:
830:
794:
740:
678:
562:
parks and different built natural elements can be exploited also in highly constructed areas.
363:
57:
964:
Flandroy L, Poutahidis T, Berg G, Clarke G, Dao MC, Decaestecker E, et al. (June 2018).
1630:
1491:
1446:
1436:
1337:
1329:
1288:
1280:
1225:
1187:
1177:
1122:
995:
985:
935:
881:
822:
784:
774:
730:
720:
668:
660:
367:
238:
128:
and especially to the microbes in them. The microbes in our surroundings influence our own
1673:
1663:
1653:
394:
918:, Kremsner PG, van Ree R (April 2002). "Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis".
1487:
1276:
1173:
981:
931:
716:
1769:
1693:
1658:
1595:
1451:
1424:
1342:
1317:
1293:
1260:
1192:
1157:
1060:
Jantunen J, Kauppi P, Linna M, Martikainen J, Mäkelä M, Pelkonen A, Haahtela T (2014).
789:
762:
735:
700:
673:
648:
558:
340:
89:
have become increasingly common in recent decades especially in urbanized communities.
826:
2679:
2586:
2509:
1590:
1126:
575:
536:
532:
520:
512:
504:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
450:
290:
202:
174:
169:
157:
141:
133:
83:
1142:
1090:[National Allergy Program 2008-2018: A change of direction brings results.]
990:
965:
901:
842:
550:
is a global trend. While urban structure is condensing, it is important to conserve
535:
can be strengthened throughout life with increased and diverse contact with nature.
264:
national allergy programme. In the programme, the focus was shifted from curing the
1552:
1511:
1245:
579:
547:
245:
186:
152:, we have in a way outsourced many of the functions of our body to our microbiota.
125:
67:
37:
1495:
1182:
939:
885:
2464:
2205:
2032:
1088:"Kansallinen allergiaohjelma 2008-2018 puolivälissä: suunnanmuutos tuo tuloksia"
587:
466:
317:
1333:
705:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
449:
was to avoid exposure as now it is known that exposure is essential to develop
2654:
2632:
2484:
2454:
2261:
2073:
2005:
1965:
551:
527:
418:
402:
379:
153:
129:
49:
41:
2616:
2556:
2525:
2494:
2469:
2210:
1995:
725:
701:"Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated"
591:
508:
482:
470:
446:
410:
333:
257:
210:
118:
114:
1503:
1460:
1441:
1351:
1302:
1237:
1201:
1134:
1009:
947:
893:
798:
744:
682:
664:
121:(parasites still play an essential role in regulation of immune response).
834:
779:
2606:
2474:
2396:
2281:
2175:
2098:
2042:
1915:
1521:
398:
359:
336:
321:
265:
214:
194:
165:
145:
102:
1158:"Bacterial Exposures and Associations with Atopy and Asthma in Children"
1000:
2581:
2561:
2479:
2416:
2381:
2331:
2316:
2301:
2286:
2230:
1990:
1975:
516:
442:
414:
375:
261:
249:
110:
98:
71:
1284:
1229:
2591:
2566:
2489:
2444:
2411:
2386:
2366:
2200:
2088:
2000:
1064:[The costs of asthma and allergies are high but declining.].
567:
554:
434:
325:
273:
253:
230:
206:
161:
79:
29:
193:
imbalance are characteristic to a group of chronic non-communicable
2571:
2235:
2145:
2113:
2103:
474:
422:
390:
75:
15:
1429:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
489:. Even small choices can have major impact on individual health.
2601:
462:
371:
248:
are taken seriously, cost savings may be major. For example, in
1525:
148:, but there is not yet full consensus of the mechanism. During
1062:"Astman ja allergian kustannukset ovat suuret mutta laskussa"
181:
Prevention of inflammatory diseases and maintenance of health
136:. Furthermore, immunological disorders are the main cause of
281:
1423:
Keniger LE, Gaston KJ, Irvine KN, Fuller RA (March 2013).
283:
Practical recommendations to obtain and maintain tolerance
93:
The microbes of natural environment influence human health
378:
we live in and the food we eat influence greatly to our
1396:(Report). Helsinki: Finnish environment institute SYKE.
409:
are significant: only one third of Russian youth have
362:
via different ways from which the most important are
647:
von Hertzen L, Hanski I, Haahtela T (October 2011).
2625:
2549:
2518:
2437:
2244:
2066:
1816:
1809:
1793:
1740:
1702:
1639:
1583:
1425:"What are the benefits of interacting with nature?"
441:have indeed decreased because of improved level of
298:Do not avoid environmental exposure unnecessarily.
874:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
867:
865:
863:
861:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
97:Many immunological inflammatory diseases, such as
1387:
1385:
1383:
457:Microbial exposure of future mothers and children
1081:
1079:
74:increasingly lead to loss of connection between
1363:
1361:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
959:
957:
756:
754:
557:. From a viewpoint of biodiversity hypothesis,
1732:Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
1322:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
52:is based on the observation that two dominant
1537:
694:
692:
401:) have significantly different skin and nose
8:
272:, for example by emphasizing connection to
1813:
1544:
1530:
1522:
293:, solid foods from the age of 4–6 months.
164:constantly process invasive particles and
1450:
1440:
1341:
1292:
1191:
1181:
999:
989:
788:
778:
734:
724:
672:
570:, recreation and exercise, management of
144:to identify actual threats from harmless
40:may adversely affect the human commensal
278:
140:. In a sense, microbes train developing
628:
405:. At the same time, the differences in
244:When health benefits that are based on
767:The World Allergy Organization Journal
445:. Formerly, recommended treatment to
343:or other preparations may strengthen
7:
1410:Helsingin kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto
970:The Science of the Total Environment
1717:Convention on Biological Diversity
1601:Ecological effects of biodiversity
821:(9111). London, England: 1225–32.
132:which is further connected to our
20:Diagram of biodiversity hypothesis
14:
1801:Biodiversity hypothesis of health
1218:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
1881:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1127:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02246.x
507:continues to develop throughout
2665:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
1649:All-taxa biodiversity inventory
991:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288
926:(5567). New York, N.Y.: 490–4.
598:Needs for further understanding
320:with thought. Vast majority of
2650:List of biodiversity databases
1606:Elevational diversity gradient
417:children living in differing,
1:
827:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07302-9
385:For example, youth living in
252:in year 2011, total costs of
1496:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.004
1183:10.1371/journal.pone.0131594
940:10.1126/science.296.5567.490
886:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000304
307:by increasing connection to
126:diverse natural environments
60:and increasing incidence of
1755:Biodiversity in agriculture
219:inflammatory bowel diseases
107:inflammatory bowel diseases
26:the biodiversity hypothesis
2712:
1334:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.018
2645:
1750:Agricultural biodiversity
1626:Species–area relationship
1560:
87:non-communicable diseases
46:immunomodulatory capacity
2505:Turks and Caicos Islands
1866:Central African Republic
1722:2010 Biodiversity Target
1712:Biodiversity action plan
1785:Biodiversity offsetting
1679:Range condition scoring
726:10.1073/pnas.1205624109
324:are useful and support
227:cardiovascular diseases
54:socio-ecological trends
2277:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1775:Biodiversity and drugs
1727:Key Biodiversity Areas
1689:Phylogenetic diversity
1476:Environmental Research
1442:10.3390/ijerph10030913
1412:(Report) (in Finnish).
665:10.1038/embor.2011.195
617:Nature Based Solutions
393:) and those living in
64:– are interconnected.
21:
2660:Megadiverse countries
1886:Republic of the Congo
780:10.1186/1939-4551-6-3
407:inflammatory diseases
235:neurological diseases
160:throughout the life:
138:inflammatory diseases
70:and fragmentation of
62:inflammatory diseases
28:, reduced contact of
19:
1760:Biodiversity banking
1565:Biodiversity hotspot
354:Exposure to microbes
150:biological evolution
58:loss of biodiversity
2500:Trinidad and Tobago
2377:Republic of Ireland
1765:Biodiversity credit
1616:Insect biodiversity
1575:Global biodiversity
1488:2017ER....159..362K
1277:2017NatSR...745651L
1174:2015PLoSO..1031594V
1096:Suomen Lääkärilehti
1066:Suomen Lääkärilehti
982:2018ScTEn.627.1018F
932:2002Sci...296..490Y
717:2012PNAS..109.8334H
576:blue infrastructure
439:infectious diseases
435:natural environment
309:natural environment
274:natural environment
80:natural environment
34:natural environment
1394:SYKE Policy Brief.
1328:(3): 593–601.e12.
1265:Scientific Reports
358:We are exposed to
223:metabolic syndrome
22:
2673:
2672:
2641:
2640:
1901:Equatorial Guinea
1780:Food biodiversity
1684:Species diversity
1669:Environmental DNA
1621:Soil biodiversity
1611:Genetic diversity
1570:Biodiversity loss
1285:10.1038/srep45651
1230:10.1111/cea.12895
364:respiratory tract
351:
350:
2703:
2541:Papua New Guinea
2186:Papua New Guinea
1814:
1631:Species richness
1546:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1121:(12): 1799–803.
1110:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1014:
1013:
1003:
993:
961:
952:
951:
912:
906:
905:
869:
856:
853:
847:
846:
809:
803:
802:
792:
782:
758:
749:
748:
738:
728:
696:
687:
686:
676:
644:
469:microbes during
387:Northern Karelia
368:digestive system
279:
239:mental disorders
205:. These include
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2637:
2621:
2545:
2514:
2433:
2240:
2062:
1805:
1789:
1736:
1698:
1674:Gamma diversity
1664:Diversity index
1654:Alpha diversity
1635:
1579:
1556:
1550:
1520:
1519:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1168:(6): e0131594.
1155:
1154:
1150:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1039:
1038:
1017:
963:
962:
955:
914:
913:
909:
871:
870:
859:
854:
850:
811:
810:
806:
760:
759:
752:
698:
697:
690:
659:(11): 1089–93.
646:
645:
630:
625:
613:
600:
545:
459:
433:Traditionally,
431:
395:Russian Karelia
356:
183:
95:
82:. Furthermore,
12:
11:
5:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2422:United Kingdom
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1770:Crop diversity
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1694:Zeta diversity
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Beta diversity
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:Dark diversity
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1466:
1415:
1399:
1379:
1372:(in Finnish).
1357:
1308:
1251:
1224:(5): 665–674.
1207:
1148:
1105:
1102:(35): 2165–72.
1098:(in Finnish).
1075:
1068:(in Finnish).
1052:
1045:(in Finnish).
1015:
953:
916:Yazdanbakhsh M
907:
857:
848:
804:
750:
711:(21): 8334–9.
688:
627:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
612:
609:
599:
596:
559:urban planning
544:
543:Urban planning
541:
465:is exposed to
458:
455:
430:
427:
425:environments.
355:
352:
349:
348:
341:fermented food
330:
329:
313:
312:
300:
299:
295:
294:
286:
285:
246:diverse nature
201:that threaten
182:
179:
175:immune defence
94:
91:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2708:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:French Guiana
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:South America
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:New Caledonia
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2510:United States
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:North America
2436:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Guinea-Bissau
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Bioresilience
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1435:(3): 913–35.
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
976:: 1018–1038.
975:
971:
967:
960:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
911:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
864:
862:
858:
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
805:
800:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
755:
751:
746:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
693:
689:
684:
680:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
629:
622:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
604:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
560:
556:
553:
549:
542:
540:
538:
537:Immune system
534:
533:Immune system
529:
524:
522:
521:public health
518:
514:
513:Kindergartens
510:
506:
505:Immune system
502:
500:
499:immune system
496:
495:breastfeeding
492:
491:Vaginal birth
488:
487:immune system
484:
480:
479:breastfeeding
476:
472:
468:
464:
456:
454:
452:
451:immune system
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
346:
342:
338:
335:
332:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
297:
296:
292:
291:breastfeeding
288:
287:
284:
280:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:public health
200:
196:
192:
191:immunological
188:
180:
178:
176:
171:
170:immune system
168:. Functional
167:
163:
159:
158:immune system
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:immune system
139:
135:
134:immune system
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
90:
88:
85:
84:immunological
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
24:According to
18:
2686:Biodiversity
2016:South Africa
1846:Burkina Faso
1800:
1704:Conservation
1553:Biodiversity
1479:
1475:
1469:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1376:: 2099–2106.
1373:
1369:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1001:10261/195769
973:
969:
923:
919:
910:
880:(5): 421–6.
877:
873:
851:
818:
814:
807:
770:
766:
708:
704:
656:
653:EMBO Reports
652:
605:
601:
580:construction
564:
548:Urbanisation
546:
525:
503:
460:
432:
384:
372:skin contact
357:
282:
243:
187:inflammation
184:
123:
96:
68:Urbanization
66:
38:biodiversity
25:
23:
2691:Microbiomes
2536:New Zealand
2465:El Salvador
2407:Switzerland
2206:South Korea
2191:Philippines
2033:South Sudan
1946:Ivory Coast
1641:Measurement
1482:: 362–373.
1072:(9): 641–6.
588:health care
584:environment
528:microbiotas
403:microbiotas
318:antibiotics
303:Strengthen
2696:Immunology
2680:Categories
2655:Global 200
2633:Antarctica
2626:Antarctica
2485:Martinique
2455:Costa Rica
2357:Montenegro
2262:Azerbaijan
2084:Bangladesh
2074:Azerbaijan
2006:Seychelles
1981:Mozambique
1966:Madagascar
1926:The Gambia
1861:Cape Verde
623:References
380:microbiota
270:prevention
154:Microbiota
130:microbiota
50:hypothesis
42:microbiota
2617:Venezuela
2557:Argentina
2526:Australia
2495:Nicaragua
2470:Guatemala
2347:Lithuania
2211:Sri Lanka
2181:Palestine
2126:Indonesia
2021:Cape Town
1996:Rodrigues
1810:By region
1742:Economics
1555:worldwide
1271:: 45651.
592:education
509:childhood
483:nutrition
471:pregnancy
447:allergies
411:allergies
334:Probiotic
258:allergies
211:allergies
199:disorders
146:allergens
119:parasites
115:pathogens
99:allergies
2607:Suriname
2597:Paraguay
2577:Colombia
2475:Honduras
2397:Slovenia
2372:Portugal
2282:Bulgaria
2221:Thailand
2176:Pakistan
2161:Malaysia
2099:Cambodia
2058:Zimbabwe
2043:Tanzania
1916:Ethiopia
1911:Eswatini
1891:Djibouti
1856:Cameroon
1836:Botswana
1504:28843167
1461:23466828
1370:Duodecim
1352:24908147
1303:28361981
1238:28165640
1202:26121165
1162:PLOS ONE
1143:40882256
1135:19895627
1049:: 19–26.
1043:Duodecim
1010:29426121
948:11964470
902:19752352
894:27490122
843:26889807
799:23663440
773:(1): 3.
745:22566627
683:21979814
611:See also
607:cities.
526:Anyhow,
467:mother's
399:Russians
360:microbes
345:immunity
337:bacteria
322:microbes
305:immunity
289:Support
266:symptoms
215:diabetes
195:diseases
166:proteins
111:microbes
103:diabetes
72:habitats
44:and its
2612:Uruguay
2582:Ecuador
2562:Bolivia
2519:Oceania
2480:Jamaica
2417:Ukraine
2382:Romania
2332:Iceland
2327:Hungary
2317:Germany
2312:Georgia
2302:Finland
2297:Estonia
2292:Denmark
2287:Croatia
2272:Belgium
2267:Belarus
2257:Austria
2252:Albania
2231:Vietnam
2166:Myanmar
2109:Georgia
2079:Bahrain
2048:Tunisia
2011:Somalia
1991:Nigeria
1986:Namibia
1976:Morocco
1956:Lesotho
1906:Eritrea
1876:Comoros
1851:Burundi
1826:Algeria
1584:Ecology
1512:1894140
1484:Bibcode
1452:3709294
1343:4151305
1294:5374497
1273:Bibcode
1246:3355236
1193:4488145
1170:Bibcode
1115:Allergy
978:Bibcode
928:Bibcode
920:Science
835:9643741
790:3646540
736:3361383
713:Bibcode
674:3207110
517:schools
443:hygiene
415:Finnish
376:habitat
262:Finnish
250:Finland
156:trains
2592:Guyana
2567:Brazil
2490:Mexico
2450:Canada
2445:Belize
2412:Turkey
2402:Sweden
2392:Serbia
2387:Russia
2367:Poland
2362:Norway
2352:Kosovo
2342:Latvia
2322:Greece
2307:France
2245:Europe
2226:Turkey
2201:Russia
2151:Jordan
2141:Israel
2094:Borneo
2089:Bhutan
2053:Zambia
2026:Marine
2001:Rwanda
1936:Guinea
1831:Angola
1818:Africa
1794:Health
1510:
1502:
1459:
1449:
1350:
1340:
1301:
1291:
1244:
1236:
1200:
1190:
1141:
1133:
1008:
946:
900:
892:
841:
833:
815:Lancet
797:
787:
743:
733:
681:
671:
590:, and
568:zoning
555:nature
481:. The
374:. The
326:health
254:asthma
231:cancer
207:asthma
162:organs
56:– the
48:. The
30:people
2572:Chile
2427:Wales
2337:Italy
2236:Yemen
2216:Syria
2196:Qatar
2171:Nepal
2146:Japan
2119:Assam
2114:India
2104:China
2038:Sudan
1961:Libya
1951:Kenya
1931:Ghana
1921:Gabon
1896:Egypt
1841:Benin
1508:S2CID
1242:S2CID
1139:S2CID
1092:(PDF)
898:S2CID
839:S2CID
572:green
552:urban
475:birth
429:Risks
423:rural
419:urban
391:Finns
370:and
185:Mild
76:human
32:with
2602:Peru
2460:Cuba
2156:Laos
2136:Iraq
2131:Iran
2067:Asia
1971:Mali
1871:Chad
1500:PMID
1457:PMID
1348:PMID
1299:PMID
1234:PMID
1198:PMID
1131:PMID
1006:PMID
944:PMID
890:PMID
831:PMID
795:PMID
741:PMID
679:PMID
574:and
515:and
493:and
477:and
463:baby
316:Use
256:and
237:and
197:and
189:and
117:nor
105:and
78:and
36:and
1492:doi
1480:159
1447:PMC
1437:doi
1374:131
1338:PMC
1330:doi
1326:134
1289:PMC
1281:doi
1226:doi
1188:PMC
1178:doi
1123:doi
1047:133
996:hdl
986:doi
974:627
936:doi
924:296
882:doi
823:doi
819:351
785:PMC
775:doi
731:PMC
721:doi
709:109
669:PMC
661:doi
421:or
339:in
268:to
2682::
1506:.
1498:.
1490:.
1478:.
1455:.
1445:.
1433:10
1431:.
1427:.
1382:^
1360:^
1346:.
1336:.
1324:.
1320:.
1297:.
1287:.
1279:.
1267:.
1263:.
1240:.
1232:.
1222:47
1220:.
1196:.
1186:.
1176:.
1166:10
1164:.
1160:.
1137:.
1129:.
1119:64
1117:.
1100:70
1094:.
1078:^
1070:69
1018:^
1004:.
994:.
984:.
972:.
968:.
956:^
942:.
934:.
922:.
896:.
888:.
878:16
876:.
860:^
837:.
829:.
817:.
793:.
783:.
769:.
765:.
753:^
739:.
729:.
719:.
707:.
703:.
691:^
677:.
667:.
657:12
655:.
651:.
631:^
594:.
586:,
582:,
578:,
501:.
473:,
461:A
366:,
347:.
328:.
311:.
276:.
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
177:.
101:,
1545:e
1538:t
1531:v
1514:.
1494::
1486::
1463:.
1439::
1354:.
1332::
1305:.
1283::
1275::
1269:7
1248:.
1228::
1204:.
1180::
1172::
1145:.
1125::
1012:.
998::
988::
980::
950:.
938::
930::
904:.
884::
845:.
825::
801:.
777::
771:6
747:.
723::
715::
685:.
663::
397:(
389:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
