212:
303:
831:
967:. The words of Herzen that Berlin repeated most insistently were those condemning the sacrifice of human beings on the altar of abstractions, the subordination of the realities of individual happiness or unhappiness in the present to glorious dreams of the future. Berlin, like Herzen, believed that "the end of life is life itself" and that each life and each age should be regarded as its own end and not as a means to some future goal. Berlin called Herzen's autobiography "one of the great monuments to Russian literary and psychological genius, worthy to stand beside the great novels of ...
1289:
1762:
705:
42:
503:
published in London from 1857 to 1867, was widely read. Herzen combined key ideas of the French
Revolution and German idealism. He disliked bourgeois or middle-class values, and sought authenticity among the peasantry. He fought for the emancipation of the Russian serfs, and after that took place in
936:
by 1880 led to a favourable re-evaluation of his writings. In Russia the distinctly western notion of "progress" was replaced by a conservative promise of modernization based on the incorporation of modern technology to serve the established system. The promise of modernization in the service of
870:
as a mouthpiece for violent radical revolution, but Herzen rejected these requests. He argued that the
Russian Radicals were not united and strong enough to create successful political change, stating, "You want happiness, I suppose? I dare say you do! Happiness has to be conquered. If you are
516:
and broadly adopted its values. In his early writings, he viewed the French
Revolution as the end of history, the final stage in social development of a society based on humanism and harmony. Throughout his early life, Herzen saw himself as a revolutionary radical called to fight the political
952:
in his youth, this translated into no specific theory or single doctrine dominating his thought. Herzen came to believe the complex questions of society could not be answered and that
Russians must live for the moment and not a cause, essentially life is an end in itself. Herzen found greater
821:
s campaign changed to 'Liberty and Land', a program that tried to achieve further social change in support of serf rights. Alexander II granted serfs their freedom, the law courts were remodelled, trial by jury was established, and liberty was, to a great extent, conceded to the press.
460:. It was during his time in London that Herzen began to make a name for himself for "scandal-mongering" when he told Bakunin, freshly arriving after having escaped imprisonment in Siberia, that Marx had accused him of being a Russian agent; in reality, the two were on very good terms.
767:, a journal issued between 1857 and 1867 at Herzen's personal expense. Both publications acquired great influence via an illegal circulation in Russian territory; it was said the Emperor himself read them. Both publications gave Herzen influence in Russia reporting from a
511:
but not disillusioned with revolutionary thought. He became critical of those 1848 revolutionaries who were "so revolted by the
Reaction after 1848, so exasperated by everything European, that they hastened on to Kansas or California". Herzen had always admired the
808:
broke the story that the government was considering serf emancipation in July 1857, adding that the government lacked the ability to resolve the issue. Yet by 1858, full serf emancipation had not been achieved and Herzen grew impatient with reform. By May 1858
720:, the fortunes of which he gave an interesting account in a book published (in Russian) in 1863, he published a large number of Russian works, all against the system of government prevailing in Russia. Some of these were essays, such as his
846:
believed individual freedom would be achieved through the rationalisation of social relations. Their statist variety of liberalism was opposed by Herzen as it supposed that
Russian society would evolve to an ideal state based on a
211:
562:
of the old type, dull, ignorant and genial, is troubled by a
Russian sensualist of the new school, intelligent, accomplished, and callous, with there being no possibility of saying who is most to blame for the tragic ending.
874:
The radicals describe Herzen as a liberal for not wanting immediate change, but Herzen rejects their pleas arguing for change at a pace that will ensure success. Herzen briefly joined with other
Russian liberals such as
791:
in 1855 led to a complete change. Herzen's writings, and the magazines he edited, were smuggled wholesale into Russia, and their words resounded throughout the country, and all over Europe. Their influence grew.
782:
For its first three years, the
Russian Free Press went on printing without selling a single copy and scarcely able to get a single copy into Russia; so when at last a bookseller bought 10 shillings worth of
325:, considered the patriarch of Russian photography and one of Europe's most important early photographic pioneers, inventors and innovators. In 1860, Levitsky would immortalize Herzen in a famous photograph.
657:
803:
in 1856. Writing in 1857 Herzen became excited by the possibility of social change under
Alexander II, "A new life is unmistakably boiling up in Russia, even the government is being carried away by it".
991:, a trilogy of plays performed at London's National Theatre in 2002 and at New York's Lincoln Center in 2006–2007. Set against the background of the early development of Russian socialist thought, the
894:
of 1863/1864, when the liberal support for Tsarist revenge against the Poles ended Herzen's link with them; Herzen had pleaded the insurgents' cause. This breach resulted in a declining readership for
532:
such as a predestined position for a society to arrive at and his writings in exile promoted small-scale communal living with the protection of individual liberty by a non-interventionist government.
401:, but was bitterly disillusioned with European socialist movements after their failure. Herzen gained his reputation as a political writer. His assets in Russia were frozen due to his emigration, but
463:
In 1864, Herzen returned to Geneva and, after some time, went to Paris where he died in 1870 of tuberculosis complications. Originally buried in Paris, his remains were taken to Nice a month later.
851:
view of reason. They believed the revolutionaries would merely postpone the establishment of the ideal state, while Herzen thought that, on the contrary, they were blind to historical reality.
1876:
1866:
1856:
1861:
1871:
408:
Alexandr and his wife Natalia had four children together. His mother and one of his sons died in a shipwreck in 1851. His wife carried on an affair with the German poet
336:, was allowed to leave Moscow after agreeing to bear a letter from the French to the Russian emperor in St. Petersburg. His family accompanied him to the Russian lines.
871:
strong, take it. If you are weak, hold your tongue". Herzen feared a new revolutionary government would merely replace the dictatorship with another dictatorship.
271:). With his writings, many composed while exiled in London, he attempted to influence the situation in Russia, contributing to a political climate that led to the
963:
declared that he had never met another man "with so rare a combination of scintillating brilliance and depth". Herzen was a hero of the 20th-century philosopher
953:
understanding by not committing himself to an extreme but rather lived impartially enabling him to equally criticise competing ideologies. Herzen believed that
1304:
1881:
1313:
1901:
1805:
449:
355:, now Kirov, in north-eastern European Russia. He remained there until 1837, when the tsar's son, Grand Duke Alexander (who later became become tsar
424:, which he founded in London in 1853, he tried to influence the situation in Russia and improve the situation of the Russian peasantry he idolized.
1911:
1891:
566:
Also in 1847 were published in Russian periodicals the stories which were afterwards collected and printed in London in 1854, under the title of
1778:
ALEXANDER II AND HIS TIMES: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky (with several chapters on Herzen)
521:. Essentially, Herzen fought against the ruling elites in Europe, against Christian hypocrisy and for individual freedom and self-expression.
1744:
1704:
1620:
1496:
1211:
1182:
948:, Herzen is also remembered for his rejection of corrupt government of any political persuasion and for his support for individual rights. A
814:
367:, where he was appointed editor of the city's official gazette. In 1837, he eloped with his cousin Natalya Zakharina, secretly marrying her.
1851:
405:, with whom his family had a business relationship, negotiated the release of the assets, which were nominally transferred to Rothschild.
1886:
1664:
1599:
528:
and argued that the full flowering of the individual could best be realized in a socialist order. However, he would always reject
389:
In 1847, Alexandr emigrated with his wife, mother and children, to Italy never to return to Russia. From Italy, on hearing of the
1027:
838:
Herzen drew criticism from both liberals who opposed violence and from radicals who thought Herzen was too soft. Liberals led by
329:
310:
Herzen (or Gertsen) was an illegitimate son of a rich Russian landowner, Ivan Yakovlev, and Henriette Wilhelmina Luisa Haag from
302:
1896:
1300:
348:
268:
1172:
830:
445:. Tuchkova and Alexandr had three children. Ogarev found a new wife and the friendship between Herzen and Ogarev survived.
938:
492:
248:
244:
150:
499:. Herzen started as a liberal but increasingly adopted socialism. He left Russia permanently in 1847, but his newsletter
1906:
1846:
1645:
799:
had ascended the throne and reforms seemed possible. Herzen urged the Tsarist regime 'Onward, onward' towards reform in
558:
This is a story about how the domestic happiness of a young tutor, who marries the unacknowledged daughter of a Russian
1780:
504:
1861 he escalated his demands regarding constitutional rights, common ownership of land, and government by the people.
1592:
Alexandre Herzen (1812–1870): Russe de coeur, Europeen d'esprit, Suisse d'adoption. L'errance d'un temoin prophetique,
272:
1766:
1818:
390:
260:
1144:
787:, the half-sovereign was set aside by the surprised editors in a special place of honor. The death of emperor
981:(The Hogarth Press, 1978), a collection of Berlin's essays in which Herzen features, was the inspiration for
652:
339:
A year later, the family returned to Moscow and stayed there until after Herzen had completed his studies at
1541:
709:
340:
322:
233:
133:
1673:
1377:
796:
488:
402:
356:
733:
441:"). Soon Alexandr began an affair with Natalia Tuchkova, Ogarev's wife, daughter of the war hero general
1916:
1694:
1568:
1022:
995:
and later exile, the plays examine the lives and intellectual development of, among other Russians, the
855:
417:
1560:
Coates, Ruth. "The Early Intellectual Careers of Bakhtin and Herzen: Towards a Philosophy of the Act,"
386:
where he was a state councillor until 1842. In 1846, his father died, leaving him a large inheritance.
883:
as an outlet to promote unity with all sections of the Russian society behind a demand for a national
1841:
1836:
788:
691:
518:
484:
286:
108:
1812:
1473:
Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia
1419:
Kelly, "A Glowing Footprint": Herzen, Proudhon, and the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary, in
1203:
1044:
992:
987:
859:
740:
508:
432:
398:
375:
352:
1789:
1006:
1003:
876:
843:
717:
480:
472:
421:
371:
351:, that were uncomplimentary to the tsar, were sung. He was found guilty, and in 1835 banished to
291:
143:
81:
1772:
1069:
1722:
Imagining Russian Regions: Subnational Identity and Civil Society in Nineteenth-Century Russia.
632:
554:
280:
1740:
1700:
1660:
1616:
1595:
1492:
1486:
1227:
1207:
1178:
513:
119:
862:
wanted more commitment to violent revolution and the withdrawal of any hope in the reformist
251:
9 January] 1870) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the precursor of Russian
1727:
Weidemeier, William Cannon. "Herzen and Nietzsche: A Link in the Rise of Modern Pessimism,"
1682:
1669:
1636:
1390:
1294:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
929:
891:
545:
496:
364:
360:
224:
374:, who was strongly influenced by him. Upon arrival, he was appointed as secretary to Count
999:
839:
453:
442:
255:
and one of the main precursors of agrarian populism (being an ideological ancestor of the
77:
314:. Yakovlev gave his son the surname Herzen because he was a "child of his heart" (German
1406:
A. Herzen, "Another Variation on an Old Theme, A Letter to X" (I.S. Turgenev, 1857), in
1363:
363:, visited the city and intervened on his behalf. Herzen was allowed to leave Vyatka for
925:
898:, which ceased publication in 1867. By his death in 1870, Herzen was almost forgotten.
428:
344:
182:
85:
1830:
1784:
1308:
1295:
1010:
968:
964:
954:
917:
529:
525:
409:
379:
370:
In 1839 he was set free and returned to Moscow in 1840, where he met literary critic
1801:
1652:
1626:
1039:
982:
540:
His literary career began in 1842 with the publication of an essay, in Russian, on
413:
290:(written 1852–1870), is often considered one of the best examples of that genre in
276:
1583:
Grenier, Svetlana. "Herzen's Who Is to Blame?: The Rhetoric of the New Morality,"
813:
restarted its campaign for the comprehensive emancipation of the serfs. Once the
972:
909:
776:
394:
194:
159:
155:
1604:
Kelly, Aileen. "The Destruction of Idols: Alexander Herzen and Francis Bacon,"
924:
Herzen opposed the aristocracy that ruled 19th century Russia and supported an
908:"There are two authors whom I make propaganda for: one is Herzen, the other is
704:
416:
and Alexandr left Geneva for London, where he settled for many years. He hired
382:; but due to complaining about a death caused by a police officer, was sent to
1777:
1551:
884:
768:
759:
As the first independent Russian political publisher, Herzen began publishing
559:
332:
and brief occupation of the city. His father, after a personal interview with
47:
1317:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 402–403.
452:, becoming well acquainted with revolutionary circles including the likes of
1699:. Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
996:
590:, which, after being printed in Russian, were translated under the title of
311:
264:
256:
252:
178:
1811:
1761:
1253:
Vladimir K. Kantor, "The tragedy of Herzen, or seduction by radicalism."
945:
933:
912:. They are both totally decent, open-minded, open-hearted human beings."
476:
383:
333:
174:
162:
1794:
574:). In 1850 two works appeared, translated from the Russian manuscripts,
1639:. "Herzen: The Hero of Skeptical Idealism" (review of Aileen M. Kelly,
960:
725:
17:
1739:. Moscow: Russian political encyclopedia (ROSSPEN). pp. 153–155.
879:
to promote the peasant 'awakening' in Russia. Herzen continued to use
548:
form of his Christian name. His second work, also in Russian, was his
41:
1346:
1266:
A. Herzen, "Ends and Beginnings: Letter to I.S. Turgenev" (1862), in
73:
1713:
Rzhevsky, Nicholas. "The Shape of Chaos: Herzen and War and Peace,"
1696:
Alexander Herzen: 1812-1870 ("Alexander Herzen: collected studies")
854:
Russian radicals disliked Herzen as too moderate. Radicals such as
1613:
The Discovery of Chance: The Life and Thought of Alexander Herzen,
949:
848:
829:
703:
594:(3 vols., 1860–1862), and were in part translated into English as
301:
1641:
The Discovery of Chance: The Life and Thought of Alexander Herzen
1342:
890:
However his hopes of acting as a uniting force were ended by the
347:
were arrested and tried for attending a festival where verses by
1790:
Herzen : The revolutionist by Keith Gessen (The New Yorker)
1657:
Als die Glocke verstummte. Alexander Herzens letztes Lebensjahr,
1546:
Alexander Herzen And the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary,
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
937:
autocracy frightened Herzen who warned of a Russia governed by "
863:
772:
457:
763:, a review which appeared infrequently and was later joined by
1737:
Imperial Moscow University: 1755-1917: encyclopedic dictionary
247:
25 March] 1812 – 21 January [
1649:, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (November 24, 2016), pp. 45–46, 48.
1557:, Victor Gollancz, 1933; Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1933.
1555:
The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth-Century Portrait Gallery
1174:
Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky
957:
ultimately result in enslavement, sacrifice and tyranny.
1395:"Herzen, Ogarev and their Free Russian Press in London,"
1090:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 3, n1.
1773:
Tom Stoppard's article on Herzen in the London Observer
420:
to educate his daughters. With the publications of his
1449:(1985). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. p. 200.
1576:
Gavin, W. J. "Herzen and James: Freedom as Radical,"
584:
Du Developpement des idées revolutionnaires en Russie
238:
1631:
Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism,
1436:, Vol IV. Chatto and Windus. London (1968), p. 1753.
1432:
A. Herzen, "Bazarov Once More. Letter I" (1868), in
1410:, Vol IV. Chatto and Windus. London (1968), p. 1561.
1270:, Vol IV. Chatto and Windus. London (1968). p. 1683.
1674:"The Earliest Theorists of the Russian Revolution,"
795:The year 1855 gave Herzen reason to be optimistic;
431:. They worked together on their Russian periodical
204:
188:
168:
149:
139:
129:
115:
92:
55:
32:
1795:Alexander Herzen and Russian (spiritual) Landscape
427:In 1856 he was joined in London by his old friend
306:Alexandr Herzen in youth by Alexey Zbruyev (1830s)
1877:19th-century male writers from the Russian Empire
1867:19th-century philosophers from the Russian Empire
1013:and Herzen, whose character dominates the plays.
1857:People from the Russian Empire of German descent
834:Alexander Herzen plaque in London's Judd Street.
448:Herzen spent time in London organising with the
1643:, Harvard University Press, 592 pp., $ 39.95),
1515:(1979). The Hogarth Press. London. pp. 191-192.
1120:
1099:
906:
1862:19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire
1475:(1960). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. London. p. 4.
475:after his death in 1848. He was influenced by
1086:Constance Garnett, note in Alexander Herzen,
8:
1872:19th-century writers from the Russian Empire
1685:. "Alexander Herzen and the English Press,"
27:Russian author and revolutionary (1812–1870)
1380:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1956.
1366:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1956.
1161:(Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1949) p. 91.
728:; others were periodical publications, the
1528:(1979). The Hogarth Press. London. p. 209.
771:perspective about the incompetence of the
343:. In 1834, Herzen and his lifelong friend
328:Herzen was born in Moscow, shortly before
40:
29:
1806:International Institute of Social History
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
471:Herzen promoted the ideas of Westernizer
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1133:Letters from France and Italy, 1847–1851
1735:A. Andreev; D. Tsygankov, eds. (2010).
1358:
1356:
1354:
1057:
544:, under the pseudonym of Iskander, the
1687:The Slavonic and East European Review,
1679:, Vol. CVIII, October 1918/March 1919.
902:Influence in the 19th and 20th century
552:(1845–46). In 1847 appeared his novel
450:International Workingmen's Association
1585:The Slavic and East European Journal,
1397:The Anglo-Soviet Journal, March 1966.
1228:"Franz Mehring: Karl Marx (Chap.13a)"
1145:"Stroganov v. Strogonoff controversy"
815:Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia
716:Having founded in London in 1853 his
7:
1063:
1061:
582:. In French also appeared his essay
275:in 1861. He published the important
1447:Portraits of Early Russian Liberals
393:, he hastened to Paris and then to
378:in the ministry of the interior at
1882:Memoirists from the Russian Empire
1659:Karin Kramer Verlag, Berlin 1988,
1580:Vol. 14, No. 3/4, Sep./Dec., 1974.
507:Herzen was disillusioned with the
25:
1902:Agnostics from the Russian Empire
1594:Meandre Editions, Fribourg 1997,
1562:Studies in East European Thought,
1548:Cambridge University Press, 1979.
695:: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen
669:(Русский народ и социализм, 1848)
1802:Aleksandr Ivanovič Gercen Papers
1760:
1693:Partridge, Monica (1984-01-01).
1615:Harvard University Press, 2016,
1608:Vol. 41, No. 4, Oct./Dec., 1980.
1606:Journal of the History of Ideas,
1491:. UNC Press Books. p. 349.
1460:Conversations with Isaiah Berlin
1301:Shedden-Ralston, William Ralston
1287:
1070:"Rediscovering Alexander Herzen"
1038:Herzen is the lead character in
667:The Russian People and Socialism
210:
1434:The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen
1408:The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen
1268:The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen
866:. Radicals asked Herzen to use
592:Le Monde russe et la Révolution
524:He promoted both socialism and
187:
1912:Moscow State University alumni
1892:Philosophers of social science
1378:"Selected Philosophical Works"
1364:"Selected Philosophical Works"
1171:Moss, Walter G. (2002-03-01).
1068:Grimes, William (2007-02-25).
550:Letters on the Study of Nature
284:(1845–46). His autobiography,
1:
1587:Vol. 39, No. 1, Spring, 1995.
1573:Smith, Elder & Co., 1870.
1255:Russian Studies in Philosophy
1200:Bakunin: The Creative Passion
939:Genghis Khan with a telegraph
679:Letters from France and Italy
580:Lettres de France et d'Italie
330:Napoleon's invasion of Russia
321:He was first cousin to Count
1689:Vol. 36, No. 87, Jun., 1958.
1646:The New York Review of Books
1177:. Anthem Press. p. 63.
685:Selected Philosophical Works
412:. In 1852 Natalia died from
229:Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен
1852:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
1731:Vol. 36, No. 4, Oct., 1977.
1717:Vol. 34, No. 4, Oct., 1975.
1633:Grosset & Dunlap, 1965.
1564:Vol. 52, No. 4, Dec., 2000.
1421:Modern Intellectual History
359:), accompanied by the poet
240:Aleksándr Ivánovich Gértsen
239:
1933:
1813:"Hertzen, Alexander"
1578:Studies in Soviet Thought,
221:Alexander Ivanovich Herzen
60:Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen
1887:Philosophers of economics
1485:Bertram D. Wolfe (2018).
1462:(London 2000), pp. 201–2.
1042:'s 2002 trilogy of plays
273:emancipation of the serfs
261:Socialist-Revolutionaries
228:
209:
200:
125:
39:
1819:The American Cyclopædia
1314:Encyclopædia Britannica
826:Contemporary reputation
710:Sergei Lvovich Levitsky
653:Thieving Magpie (novel)
542:Dilettantism in Science
323:Sergei Lvovich Levitsky
269:American Populist Party
134:19th-century philosophy
1897:Political philosophers
1653:Orlova-Kopeleva, Raisa
1488:Revolution and Reality
914:
835:
713:
663:(Сорока-воровка, 1848)
626:Diletantism in Science
307:
46:Portrait of Herzen by
1023:Malwida von Meysenbug
926:agrarian collectivist
856:Nikolai Chernyshevsky
833:
724:(1853), an attack on
708:Alexander Herzen, by
707:
648:(Доктор Крупов, 1847)
418:Malwida von Meysenbug
305:
1769:at Wikimedia Commons
1720:Smith-Peter, Susan.
1670:Palmieri, F. Aurelio
1627:Malia, Martin Edward
1198:Leier, Mark (2006).
1121:Shedden-Ralston 1911
1100:Shedden-Ralston 1911
1088:My Past and Thoughts
692:My Past and Thoughts
673:From the Other Shore
636:(Кто виноват?, 1846)
620:Notes of a Young Man
519:Nicholas I of Russia
287:My Past and Thoughts
243:; 6 April [
1907:Social philosophers
1847:Writers from Moscow
1458:Ramin Jahanbegloo,
1423:(2005), 2: 179-205.
1257:51.3 (2012): 40-57.
1204:Seven Stories Press
1159:The Romantic Exiles
1045:The Coast of Utopia
993:Revolutions of 1848
988:The Coast of Utopia
860:Nikolay Dobrolyubov
596:My Exile to Siberia
568:Prervannye Razskazy
509:Revolutions of 1848
467:Political positions
399:revolutions of 1848
397:. He supported the
376:Alexander Stroganov
1677:The Catholic World
1305:Hertzen, Alexander
1074:The New York Times
1007:Vissarion Belinsky
844:Konstantin Kavelin
836:
754:Voices from Russia
730:Polyarnaya Zvyezda
718:Free Russian Press
714:
700:Free Russian Press
576:From Another Shore
473:Vissarion Belinsky
422:Free Russian Press
391:revolution of 1848
372:Vissarion Belinsky
308:
292:Russian literature
144:Russian philosophy
82:Moscow Governorate
1765:Media related to
1746:978-5-8243-1429-8
1706:978-92-3-102255-5
1683:Partridge, Monica
1637:Morson, Gary Saul
1621:978-0-674-73711-2
1611:Kelly, Aileen M.
1590:Iskander, Fasil.
1567:Eckardt, Julius.
1498:978-1-4696-5020-3
1391:Partridge, Monica
1213:978-1-58322-894-4
1184:978-0-85728-763-2
785:Baptized Property
722:Baptized Property
642:(Мимоездом, 1846)
598:(2 vols., 1855).
572:Interrupted Tales
514:French Revolution
491:, and especially
341:Moscow University
267:and the agrarian
237:
218:
217:
120:Moscow University
16:(Redirected from
1924:
1823:
1815:
1767:Alexander Herzen
1764:
1750:
1710:
1529:
1526:Russian Thinkers
1522:
1516:
1513:Russian Thinkers
1509:
1503:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1343:Alexander Herzen
1340:
1319:
1318:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:www.marxists.org
1224:
1218:
1217:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1065:
979:Russian Thinkers
930:social structure
920:
892:January Uprising
775:and the Russian
750:Golosa iz Rossii
661:
633:Who is to Blame?
555:Who is to Blame?
530:grand narratives
403:Baron Rothschild
281:Who is to Blame?
242:
232:
230:
214:
103:
101:
70:
68:
44:
34:Alexander Herzen
30:
21:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1827:
1826:
1810:
1757:
1747:
1734:
1729:Russian Review,
1715:Russian Review,
1707:
1692:
1538:
1536:Further reading
1533:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1341:
1322:
1299:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1206:. p. 180.
1197:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1036:
1019:
1009:, the novelist
1004:literary critic
1000:Mikhail Bakunin
955:grand doctrines
922:
916:
904:
840:Boris Chicherin
828:
702:
655:
610:(Легенда, 1836)
604:
538:
469:
300:
191:
171:
158:
116:Alma mater
111:
105:
99:
97:
96:21 January 1870
88:
78:Moskovsky Uyezd
71:
66:
64:
62:
61:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1783:2006-01-12 at
1775:
1770:
1756:
1755:External links
1753:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1690:
1680:
1667:
1650:
1634:
1624:
1609:
1602:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1570:Modern Russia,
1565:
1558:
1549:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1497:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1383:
1369:
1350:
1320:
1309:Chisholm, Hugh
1272:
1259:
1246:
1237:
1219:
1212:
1190:
1183:
1163:
1150:
1136:
1125:
1123:, p. 403.
1104:
1102:, p. 402.
1092:
1079:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1015:
905:
903:
900:
827:
824:
817:was achieved,
801:The Polar Star
761:The Polar Star
701:
698:
697:
696:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
649:
643:
637:
629:
623:
617:
611:
603:
600:
537:
534:
517:oppression of
468:
465:
429:Nikolay Ogarev
345:Nikolay Ogarev
299:
296:
216:
215:
207:
206:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
189:
186:
185:
183:class struggle
172:
170:Main interests
169:
166:
165:
153:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
106:
104:(aged 57)
94:
90:
89:
86:Russian Empire
72:
59:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1797:(in Japanese)
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:archive.today
1782:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:3-87956-190-7
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:2-88359-017-6
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:Acton, Edward
1540:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:Venturi, F.,
1468:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1296:public domain
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1011:Ivan Turgenev
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
989:
984:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
965:Isaiah Berlin
962:
958:
956:
951:
947:
942:
940:
935:
931:
927:
921:
919:
918:Isaiah Berlin
913:
911:
901:
899:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
845:
841:
832:
825:
823:
820:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
793:
790:
786:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
706:
699:
694:
693:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
654:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
616:(Елена, 1838)
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
561:
557:
556:
551:
547:
543:
535:
533:
531:
527:
526:individualism
522:
520:
515:
510:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
464:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Georg Herwegh
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
380:St Petersburg
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
313:
304:
297:
295:
293:
289:
288:
283:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
235:
226:
222:
213:
208:
203:
199:
196:
193:
190:Notable ideas
184:
180:
176:
173:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
110:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1917:Westernizers
1817:
1736:
1728:
1724:Brill, 2018.
1721:
1714:
1695:
1686:
1676:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1612:
1605:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1372:
1312:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1199:
1193:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1043:
1040:Tom Stoppard
1037:
986:
983:Tom Stoppard
978:
977:
959:
943:
932:. A rise in
923:
915:
907:
895:
889:
880:
873:
867:
853:
837:
818:
810:
805:
800:
797:Alexander II
794:
784:
781:
764:
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
739:
734:
729:
721:
715:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
651:
645:
639:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
565:
553:
549:
541:
539:
523:
506:
500:
470:
462:
447:
438:
433:
426:
414:tuberculosis
407:
388:
369:
357:Alexander II
338:
327:
320:
315:
309:
285:
279:
277:social novel
220:
219:
156:Westernizers
63:6 April 1812
1842:1870 deaths
1837:1812 births
1800:Archive of
1524:I. Berlin,
1511:I. Berlin,
1445:D. Offord,
1157:E.H. Carr,
777:bureaucracy
748:), and the
675:(1848–1850)
656: [
485:Saint-Simon
395:Switzerland
195:Agrarianism
1831:Categories
1552:Carr, E.H.
1244:Carr, 1933
944:Alongside
885:parliament
735:Polar Star
646:Dr. Krupov
586:, and his
560:sensualist
349:Sokolovsky
100:1870-01-22
67:1812-04-06
48:Nikolai Ge
1303:(1911). "
1028:Pluralism
997:anarchist
928:model of
819:The Bell'
640:Mimoezdom
497:Feuerbach
361:Zhukovsky
312:Stuttgart
265:Trudoviks
257:Narodniki
253:socialism
234:romanized
205:Signature
179:economics
1781:Archived
1017:See also
969:Turgenev
950:Hegelian
946:populism
934:populism
896:The Bell
881:The Bell
868:The Bell
849:Hegelian
811:The Bell
806:The Bell
789:Nicholas
765:The Bell
536:Writings
501:Kolokol
489:Proudhon
481:Schiller
477:Voltaire
384:Novgorod
365:Vladimir
334:Napoleon
175:Politics
163:populism
160:Agrarian
1822:. 1879.
1804:at the
1311:(ed.).
1298::
973:Tolstoy
961:Tolstoy
910:Shestov
877:Kavelin
769:liberal
741:Kolokol
738:), the
726:serfdom
588:Memoirs
546:Turkish
454:Bakunin
443:Tuchkov
434:Kolokol
236::
225:Russian
107:Paris,
98: (
65: (
18:Hertzen
1743:
1703:
1663:
1619:
1598:
1495:
1347:Lib.ru
1307:". In
1292:
1210:
1181:
1034:Trivia
1002:, the
712:, 1860
681:(1852)
628:(1843)
622:(1840)
608:Legend
353:Vyatka
151:School
140:Region
109:France
74:Moscow
50:(1867)
1052:Notes
660:]
614:Elena
602:Works
493:Hegel
1741:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1179:ISBN
971:and
864:Tsar
858:and
842:and
773:Tsar
752:(or
746:Bell
744:(or
732:(or
687:1956
578:and
495:and
458:Marx
456:and
439:Bell
316:Herz
298:Life
249:O.S.
245:O.S.
93:Died
56:Born
1345:at
985:'s
975:."
941:."
756:).
318:).
130:Era
1833::
1816:.
1672:.
1655::
1629:.
1544:.
1393:.
1353:^
1323:^
1275:^
1230:.
1202:.
1107:^
1072:.
1060:^
887:.
779:.
658:ru
487:,
483:,
479:,
437:("
294:.
263:,
259:,
231:,
227::
181:,
177:,
84:,
80:,
76:,
1749:.
1709:.
1623:.
1501:.
1234:.
1216:.
1187:.
1147:.
1076:.
1047:.
570:(
223:(
102:)
69:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
