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something that is a visible dead product emerging from a living being while this being is still alive (e.g. a shell). However, Klein's distinction operated with the difference biotic/abiotic and dead/alive, not with nature/technology and growth/man-made. For her part, Karafyllis described biofact as
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Artifacts are artificial, i.e. man-made objects. Contrary to biofacts, they cannot be found in nature. Therefore, biofacts demarcate an ontological intersection. They are partially man-made, but growing. Like artifacts, they have been made for a certain
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and the artifact, and if b) established concepts of technique and technology which stress artificiality should not be modified. Karafyllis regards the inclusion of biofacts into a theory of techniques as a chance, to reformulate classic concepts of
514:. In: R. Heil, A. Kaminski, M. Stippack, A. Unger and M. Ziegler (Ed.): Tensions and Convergences. Technological and Aesthetic (Trans)Formations of Society. Bielefeld (2007). 141–152. (in English)
182:, approaches are challenged which only focus on the category thing (or epistemic thing) without historizing the technicality, mediality and materiality of its emerging as a living object. For the
521:. In: sk-interfaces. Exploding borders - creating membranes in art, technology and society. Ed. by Jens Hauser. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press (European Ed.) (2008), 42–58. (in English)
236:
As
Karafyllis complemented the growth and reproduction of organisms with technical entities, she established a typology of different kinds of organisms according to their uses and these are:
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first appeared in a German article (entitled 'Biofakt und
Artefakt') in 1943, written by the Austrian protozoologist Bruno M. Klein. Addressing both microscopy and philosophy, Klein named a
229:, where the union of scientific knowledge about nature and the technical creation of technonature is seen as progress in the political sense. The term has also been adopted in the new
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and technique. Primarily, the concept aims to argue against the common philosophical tradition to summarize all kinds of living beings under the category
111:, Karafyllis wants to emphasize that living entities can be highly artificial due to methods deriving from agriculture, gardening (e.g. breeding) or
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who recently stressed the anthropological consequences if mankind gives up the differentiation of "coming into being" and "making".
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Karafyllis, N. C.: Provokation als
Methode der biotechnischen Evolution, in: Volker Gerhardt, Klaus Lucas and Günter Stock (Eds.):
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questions if the phenomenon of growth is and was a secure candidate for differentiating between nature and technology.
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published in 2003 is commonly used as reference for the introduction of the term. According to
Karafyllis, the word
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222:. Biofacts can be seen as biotic artifacts which show their character as hybrids in multifold perspectives.
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40:. This being has been created by purposive human action but exists by processes of growth. The word is a
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Art in the Age of
Technoscience. Genetic Engineering, Robotics, and Artificial Life in Contemporary Art
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the biofact concept is fruitful to discuss the exclusiveness of scientific knowledge (the role of the
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for defining the making of artifacts. In her view, biofacts depend on the method of provocation.
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543:. Schriftenreihe Kultur und Technik, Vol. 16. Münster, New York. 2009: LIT, 97–111. (in German)
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Biologisch, natürlich, nachhaltig. Philosophische
Aspekte des Naturzugangs im 21. Jahrhundert.
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Ethical and epistemological problems of hybridizing living beings: Biofacts and Body
Shopping
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Evolution. Theorie, Formen und
Konsequenzen eines Paradigmas in Natur, Technik und Kultur
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Evolution. Theorie, Formen und
Konsequenzen eines Paradigmas in Natur, Technik und Kultur
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575:
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578:, "Technogenesis", in: B. Andrew Lustig, Baruch A. Brody, Gerald P. McKenny (Eds.):
170:, biofacts highlight a need to clarify if nature is self-explanatory in every case.
599:: A Hybrid Body of Artworks, ed. by S. Shepherd and Orlan, Taylor&Francis 2010.
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Ethical
Considerations on Today's Science and Technology. A German-Chinese Approach
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Tensions and Convergences: Technological And Aesthetic Transformations of Society
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Endogenous Design of Biofacts. Tissues and Networks in Bio Art and Life Science
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Heil, Reinhard; Kaminski, Andreas; Stippak, Marcus; Unger, Alexander (2007).
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Altering nature: concepts of nature and the natural in biotechnology debates
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In: Raimund Jakob, Lothar Phillips, Erich Schweighofer, Czaba Varga (Eds.):
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Conflicting Philosophies and International Trade Law: Worldviews and the WTO
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or public sphere. Particularly because the biofact concept deals with the
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202:, it is also influential in the philosophical disciplines phenomenology,
29:
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Proceedings of the Third International Concress of Concstruction History
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Artefakt – Lebewesen – Biofakt. Philosophische Aspekte lebendiger Bauten
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Auf dem Weg zur Idee der Gerechtigkeit. Gedenkschrift für Ilmar Tammelo
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The term is also enabling philosophers to criticize some concepts in
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33:
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Biofakte - Versuch über den Menschen zwischen Artefakt und Lebewesen
613:→ See the German Knowledge entry for further literature in German.
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The Handbook of Genetics & Society: Mapping the New Genomic Era
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Biofakte. Versuch über den Menschen zwischen Artefakt und Lebewesen
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Bruno Maria Klein: Artefakt und Biofakt, in: Mikrokosmos 1943/44
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is challenged to newly reflect upon the categories organism and
190:) while making scientific objects which are released into the
561:, in: Volker Gerhardt, Klaus Lucas and Günter Stock (Eds.):
507:, Vol. 17, Nr. 4 (2006). (in German with English abstracts)
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Politics of Natur. How to bring the Sciences into Democracy
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was introduced as early as 2001 by the German philosopher
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Synthetic Biology: Metaphors, Worldviews, Ethics, and Law
150:, thereby adding new insights to the common focus on the
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Atkinson, Paul; Glasner, Peter; Lock, Margaret (2009).
302:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 126.
277:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 145.
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Provokation als Methode der biotechnischen Evolution
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Responsible Nanobiotechnology: Philosophy and Ethics
233:, not rarely without using its critical impacts.
587:Construction History and the History of Science
512:Growth of Biofacts: the real thing or metaphor?
95:that allows the comparison between nature and
497:Biofakte - Grundlagen, Probleme, Perspektiven
59:There are sources who cite some creations of
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142:the questions arise if a) biotechnology and
548:Biofakte als neue Kategorie der Informatik?
532:. Münster: LIT 2007, 185–198. (in English)
327:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 241.
554:. Münster u.a.: LIT. 249–262. (in German)
351:Tuebingen: A. Francke Publisher; chap. 6
28:is a being that is both an artifact and
541:Lebende Bauten – Trainierbare Tragwerke
528:. In: Wenchao Li and Hans Poser (Ed.):
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653:Concepts in the philosophy of science
492:. Paderborn, Mentis 2003 (in German).
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464:. Wiesbaden: Springer. p. 114.
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198:of growth and the establishing of a
437:, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp 2001.
638:Concepts in the philosophy of mind
609:. Vienna, New York: Springer 2010.
582:, Springer 2008, pp. 275–322.
435:Die Zukunft der menschlichen Natur
146:should not be an integral part of
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570:Secondary literature (in English)
539:. In: G. de Bruyn et al. (Eds.):
499:. Discussion Unit in the journal
585:Torsten Meyer and Uta Hassler: "
450:, Harvard University Press 2004.
387:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 230.
123:). Biofacts show signatures of
249:Genetically reproduced biofacts
565:. Berlin: Akademie Verlag 2011
411:. Berlin: Akademie Verlag 2011
252:Genetically modified biofacts.
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501:Deliberation Knowledge Ethics
99:in the domain of the living.
488:Nicole C. Karafyllis (ed.):
360:Nicole C. Karafyllis (Hg.),
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364:, Mentis: Paderborn 2003.
298:Burkard, Michael (2018).
63:as examples of biofacts.
648:Philosophy of technology
323:Grunwald, Armin (2012).
140:philosophy of technology
460:Boldt, Joachim (2015).
524:Nicole C. Karafyllis:
517:Nicole C. Karafyllis:
510:Nicole C. Karafyllis:
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422:Lebewesen versus Dinge
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505:Erwaegen Wissen Ethik
180:philosophy of science
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168:philosophy of nature
76:Nicole C. Karafyllis
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117:genetic engineering
93:hermeneutic concept
61:genetic engineering
643:Natural philosophy
593:, Cottbus May 2009
535:Karafyllis, N.C.:
446:Cf. Bruno Latour:
424:, De Gruyter 2005.
243:Unaltered biofacts
78:although her book
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