904:
does penetrate it, permeate it. To say that power took possession of life in the nineteenth century, or to say that power at least takes life under its care in the nineteenth century, is to say that it has, thanks to the play of technologies of discipline on the one hand and technologies of regulation on the other, succeeded in covering the whole surface that lies between the organic and the biological, between body and population. We are, then, in a power that has taken control of both the body and life or that has, if you like, taken control of life in general – with the body as one pole and the population as the other. What we are dealing with in this new technology of power is not exactly society (or at least not the social body, as defined by the jurists), nor is it the individual body. It is a new body, a multiple body, a body with so many heads that, while they might not be infinite in number, cannot necessarily be counted. Biopolitics deals with the population, with the population as a political problem, as a problem that is at once scientific and political, as a biological problem and as power’s problem I would like in fact like to trace the transformation not at the level of political theory, but rather at the level of the mechanisms, techniques, and technologies of power. We saw the emergence of techniques of power that were essentially centered on the body, on the individual body. They included all devices that were used to ensure the spatial distribution of individuals bodies (their separation, their alignment, their serialization, and their surveillance)and the organization, around those individuals, of a whole field of visibility. They were also techniques that could be used to take control over bodies. Attempts were made to increase their productive force through exercise, drill, and so on. They were also techniques for rationalizing and strictly economizing on a power that had to be used in the least costly way possible, thanks to whole system of surveillance, hierarchies, inspections, book-keeping, and reports—all the technology of labor. It was established at the end of the seventeenth century, and in the course of the eighteenth century.
909:
and scrutiny. Foucault insists social institutions such as governments, laws, religion, politics, social administration, monetary institutions, military institutions cannot have the same rigorous practices and procedure with claims to independent knowledge like those of the human and 'hard' sciences, such as mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, physics, genetics, and biology. Foucault sees these differences in techniques as nothing more than "behaviour control technologies", and modern biopower as nothing more than a series of webs and networks working its way around the societal body.
611:
1036:
political and social sciences which insisted on technology operating as social improvement. Both milieu, natural sciences and technology, allied with the characteristics surrounding social organization and increasingly the categorization of the sciences to help deal with this "naturalness" of milieu and of the inscription of truth onto nature. Due to
Foucault's discussions with
1065:), the state's mode of governmental rationality to the will of its population. But, most importantly, interaction with the social environment and social interactions with others and the modern nation state's interest in the populations well-being and the destructive capability that the state possess in its armoury and it was with the group who called themselves the
1012:". Kantorowicz argues a Medieval triumvirate appears (with the support of the legal machine), a private enterprise of wealth and succession both supporting the fixed hierarchical order reserved exclusively for the nobility and their descendants, and the monarch and her/his heirs. Co-operation was needed by the three groups—the Monarchy, the Church, and the
1099:
937:, or the environment within. Foucault takes as his starting point the 16th century, continuing to the 18th century, with the milieu culminating into the founding disciplines of science, mathematics, political economy and statistics. Foucault makes an explicit point on the value of secrecy of government (
908:
Foucault argues that nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure their workings by hiding behind observation
1019:
What is the reasoning behind the whole population subservience with the worshiping of state emblems, symbols and related mechanisms with their associates who represent the institutional mechanism (democratization of sovereignty); where fierce loyalty from the population is presented, in modern times
960:
achieves its political and biological success. Here the modern version of government is presented to the population in the national media—in the electronic media television and radio, and especially in the written press—as the modicum of efficiency, fiscal optimisation, political responsibility, and
903:
And I think that one of the greatest transformations political right underwent in the 19th century was precisely that, I wouldn't say exactly that sovereignty's old right—to take life or let live—was replaced, but it came to be complemented by a new right which does not erase the old right but which
1035:
Foucault makes special note on the biological "naturalness" of the human species and the new founded scientific interest that was developing around not only with the species interaction with milieu and technology, but most importantly, technology operating as system not as so often portrayed by the
912:
However, Foucault argues the exercise of power in the service of maximizing life carries a dark underside. When the state is invested in protecting the life of the population, when the stakes are life itself, anything can be justified. Groups identified as the threat to the existence of the life of
1811:
church of the day (the church's share was 28.8% in 1065; at the end of the conquest in 1086 it was 29.6%). This necessitated an efficient accountancy and auditing system with the overall fiscal responsibility and liability of the
Exchequer, Treasury and the entire kingdom of the realm (kingdom in
1087:) who continued with the rationalization of this "naturalness". Foucault notices that this "naturalness" continues and is extended further with the advent of 18th century political society with the new founded implement "population" and their (political population) association with raison d'Ă©tat.
961:
fiscal rigorousness. Thus, a public discourse of government solidarity emerges and social consensus is emphasised through these four points. This impression of joint solidarity is continuously reproduced through inherited political rationality, in turn giving the machine (Foucault uses the term
750:
By this I mean a number of phenomena that seem to me to be quite significant, namely, the set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy, of a general strategy of power, or, in other words, how, starting from the 18th
890:
of the body (and human life) and the population correlates with the new founded knowledge of sciences and the 'new' politics of modern society, masquerading as liberal democracy, where life (biological life) itself became not only a deliberate political strategy but an economic, political and
881:
and "massifying" rather than "individualizing". By "massifying" Foucault means transforming into a population ("population state"), with an extra added impetus of a governing mechanism in the form of a scientific machinery and apparatus. This scientific mechanism which we now know as the
1971:
Research In
Biopolitics: Volume 9: Biology and Political Behavior: The Brain, Genes and Politics - the Cutting Edge (2011) edited by Steven A. Peterson, Albert Somit Research In Biopolitics: Volume 9: Biology and Political Behavior: The Brain, Genes and Politics - the Cutting Edge
873:
a biopolitics and bio-history of man. A transition occurred through forcible removal of various
European monarchs into a "scientific" state apparatus and the radical overhaul of judiciary practices coupled with the reinvention and division of those who were to be punished.
1806:
the monarch of the day—the king—wasn't, by all accounts, the major land owner; his percentage share was just 20.5% in 1065, before the conquest, and dropped to 19.9% after the conquest in 1086. Moreover, the monarch had to share that right with the powerful
733:
into social practices as well as human behavior, as the human subject gradually acquiesces to subtle regulations and expectations of the social order. It is an integral feature and essential to the workings of—and makes possible the emergence of—the modern
742:, etc. Biopower is literally having power over bodies; it is "an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugation of bodies and the control of populations". Foucault elaborates further in his lecture courses on biopower entitled
965:) of the State not only legitimacy but an air of invincibility from its main primary sources: reason, truth, freedom, and human existence. Foucault traces the first dynamics, the first historical dimensions, as belonging to the early Middle Ages.
921:
is indeed the dream of modern power, this is not because of the recent return to the ancient right to kill; it is because power is situated and exercised at the level of life, the species, the race, and the large-scale phenomena of the
1040:, Foucault notices that not only was milieu now a newly discovered scientific biological naturalness ever-present in Lamarckian Biology the notion (biological naturalness) was actually invented and imported from Newtonian mechanics (
1056:
and the
Newtonians. Humans (the species being mentioned in Marx) were now both the object of this newly discovered scientific and "natural" truth and new categorization, but subjected to it allied by laws, both scientific and
1772:
According to Sidney Madge, the King wasn't the major land owner in medieval
Christendom; Madge quite clearly and brilliantly shows at least in one instance the king was only third in line and he had to share that right with
945:
and was incorporated into a politics of truth. Foucault insists, in referring to the term 'public opinion' ('politics of truth'), that the concept of truth refers to the term 'regimes of truth'. He mentions a group called
976:(the king's two bodies). This Medieval device was so well received by legal theorists and lawyers of the day that it was incorporated and codified into Medieval society and institutions (Kantorowicz mentions the term
695:, which aligns more closely with the examination of the strategies and mechanisms through which human life processes are managed under regimes of authority over knowledge, power, and the processes of subjectivation.
823:
next to the monarch with the majority of the peasant population or feudal serfs at the bottom of the hierarchical pyramid. This meaning of the metaphor was then codified into medieval law for the offense of
673:. In Foucault's work, it has been used to refer to practices of public health, regulation of heredity, and risk regulation, among many other regulatory mechanisms often linked less directly with literal
779:
Where discipline is the technology deployed to make individuals behave, to be efficient and productive workers, biopolitics is deployed to manage population; for example, to ensure a healthy workforce.
863:
The emergence of the human sciences and its subsequent direction, during the 16th and 18th centuries, primarily aimed at the modern
Western man and the society he inhabits, aided the development of
832:
was carried out. However, this was drastically altered in 18th century Europe with the advent and realignment of modern political power as opposed to the ancient world and
Medieval version of
996:
and his
Plowden Reports. In Kantorowicz' analysis, a Medieval Political theology emerged throughout the Middle Ages which provided the modern basis for the democratisation of the
715:
in large groups; the distinctive quality of this political technology is that it allows for the control of entire populations. It refers to the control of human bodies through an
1052:
and used by
Biology in the middle of the 18th century borrowing from Newton the explanatory model of an organic reaction through the action of "milieu Newtonian" physics used by
759:
a global mass that is affected by overall characteristics specific to life, like birth, death, production, illness, and so on. It produces a generalized disciplinary society and
2254:
1117:
1930:
1802:. Madge places the barons' majority ownership of all land at 50.5% in 1086 (in 1065 it was 50.7%). According to Madge's analysis of Pearson's work, by the time of the
2779:
2260:
1024:
and the prime minister? Foucault would argue that while all the cost benefits were met by the newly founded urban population in the form of production and
1080:
1572:
Challenges pp. 1–222 See Chapter Academia, Journalism, and Politics: A Case Study: The Huntington Case (Serge Lang refers to his dispute with
639:
2133:
941:
from the Latin which means secrecy of power, secrets of the empire, which goes back to the time of the Roman empire in the age of Tacitus) coined by
751:
century, modern Western societies took on board the fundamental biological fact that human beings are a species. This is what I have called biopower.
2774:
2105:: Number 12, October 2011 Review Article By Thomas Biebricher The Biopolitics of Ordoliberalism Thomas Biebricher The Biopolitics Of Ordoliberalism
2363:
2355:
2240:
1045:
1965:
BĂos: Biopolitics and Philosophy By Roberto Esposito BĂos: Biopolitics and Philosophy Contains chapter on Thantopolitics By Roberto Esposito
775:, and its accomplished rationale of myth-making and narrative. Here he states the fundamental difference between biopolitics and discipline:
988:
who belonged to a well-known branch of legal schools in medieval Europe, experts in jurisprudence and law science, appeal of treason, The
844:; universal adult suffrage-exclusively male at this time, then extended to women in Europe from 1906 (Finland) - 1971 (Switzerland, see
2316:
845:
2618:
1958:
507:
1415:
1351 "When a man does compass or imagine the death of our lord the king, or of our lady his Queen, or their eldest son and heir."
113:
807:
model of power and social control over the body was an individualising mode based on a singular individual, primarily the king,
2419:
2395:
886:"governs less" of the population and concentrates more on administrating external devices. Foucault then reminds us that this
2638:
2624:
632:
502:
280:
128:
1816:, supervised and organized by the barons of the day.Sidney J Madge, The Domesday Of Crown Lands, pp. 20–21, 1938.
691:. It is closely related to a term he uses much less frequently, but which subsequent thinkers have taken up independently,
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2536:
2157:
2126:
1922:
517:
2703:
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266:
98:
69:
2708:
2435:
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2339:
829:
570:
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this case meaning the Barons and the church who funded the King's expenditure) and its ruler the King, known as the
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2655:
2475:
2323:
1084:
103:
74:
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eJournal Volume 7 (2005): Special edition on Biopolitics Edited by Melinda Cooper, Andrew Goffey and Anna Munster
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230:
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which meant society as a whole with the ruler, in this case the king, as the head of society with the so-called
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1028:, it is precisely this type of behaviour which enables social cohesion, and supports the raison dĂŞtre of the
836:. The mass democracy of the Liberal western world and the voting franchise was added to the mass population;
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and furthermore, Foucault cites the human sciences, particularly the medical sciences, led to the advent of
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400:
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1787:
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Foucault concentrates his attention on what he calls the major political and social project, namely the
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1004:) and their close association with the wealthy nobility. Primarily, this is the democratisation of
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Policante, Amedeo (2010). "War against Biopower - Timely Reflections on an Historicist Foucault".
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Security, Territory, Population, pp. 55–86, pp. 83–84, note 27, 2007
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2081:: Number 7, September 2009: Review article By Marius Gudmand-Høyer and Thomas Lopdrup Hjorth
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Volume 10, Number 9 Biopolitics p. 197 London: The New Age Press, Ltd., 29 December 1911
2681:
2670:
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1834:
Security, Territory, Population, p. 20, pp. 26–27, see notes 33 and 37, 2007
1235:
968:
One major thinker whose work forms a parallel with Foucault's own is the Medieval historian
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first appears and is taken from. Foucault argues that it is through 'regimes of truth' that
848:), and extending to people of African descent in America with the abolition of the infamous
537:
293:
147:
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1803:
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1025:
989:
833:
674:
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20:
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1978:
Nicolas Delamare Traité de la police: où l'on trouvera l'histoire de son établissement
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24:
1994:
Policante, A. "War against Biopower: Timely Reflections on an Historicist Foucault"
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1948:
On the Greek Origins of Biopolitics: A Reinterpretation of the History of Biopower.
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36:
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Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–1978
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It relates to governmental concerns of fostering the life of the population, "an
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2511:
1888:, pp. 55–86, p. 81, note 19, and pp. 285–86 2007
1844:
1112:
1058:
1005:
1001:
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811:, pope and Roman emperor. However, after the emergence of the medieval metaphor
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352:
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205:
1426:
Imagining The King's Death Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide, 1793-1796
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1914:
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981:
962:
942:
878:
739:
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298:
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40:
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A second mode for seizure of power was developed as a type of power that was
2586:
2095:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977-1978
1825:
Security, Territory, Population, pp. 26-27, see notes 37–38, 2007
1400:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78'
1286:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78'
1067:
985:
459:
357:
240:
195:
175:
32:
28:
1542:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1527:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1512:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1470:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1455:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1440:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1369:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1328:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1313:
Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78
1413:
A declaration which offences shall be adjudged treason (25 Edw 3 St 5 c 2)
2556:
2261:
I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother
1791:
1488:
1013:
952:
918:
788:
582:
542:
225:
210:
190:
59:
1162:
pp. 1–4; see notes on p. 24, notes 1–4 (2007)
1000:
of a wealthy elite and for our own modern political hierarchical order (
1988:
Nicolas Delamare: A Brief Biography Nicolas Delamare: A Brief Biography
1239:
1016:—in an uneasy Medieval alliance and, at times, it appeared fractious.
730:
497:
155:
2083:
The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979
2011:
Albion Small The Cameralists The Pioneers of German Social Policy 1909
1851:, pp. 34–53, pp. 55-86, p. 52, note 17, 2007
1255:
2038:"Biopower. Foucault" on Philosophy.com: Gary Sauer-Thompson's Weblog
712:
547:
489:
387:
1557:
Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76
1384:
Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76
1175:
Lectures at the Collège de France 1975–1976 p. 243 (2003)
1500:
response to Jensen's racist viewpoint, De la biologie Ă la culture
746:
delivered at the Collège de France between January and April 1978:
2111:
1864:
in Security, Territory, Population, p. 51, note 15, 2007
804:
1492:
October 1976 which was written as a review essay in response to
1341:
Security, Territory, Population’’, see also note 71, p. 397 2007
1021:
2115:
1662:
pp. 275–78, p. 283, notes 63–64 2007
19:
This article is about Michel Foucault's social theory. For the
2093:: Number 5, January 2008, Review Article By Thomas F. Tierney
2048:
1, 195–217 (London School of Economics and Political Science)
1798:
History Of England During The Early Middles Ages Volume 1 1867
1424:
For an excellent account of this legislation see John Barrell
1761:
The King's Two Bodies A Study In Mediaeval Political Theology
677:. Foucault first used the term in his lecture courses at the
1020:
as universal admiration for the president, the monarch, the
2364:
Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)
2044:
Rabinow, Paul & Rose, Nikolas (2006) "Biopower Today",
913:
the nation or of humanity can be eradicated with impunity.
1628:
Security, Territory, Population, pp. 55–86 2007
729:. Modern power, according to Foucault's analysis, becomes
2356:
Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)
984:, an economic category). Kantorowicz also refers to the
27:. For transesterified lipids used as a fuel source, see
2026:
Biopolitics encyclopedia entry from Generation-Online
1592:
The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge
1354:
The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge
1271:
The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge
972:. Kantorowicz mentions a Medieval device known as the
2072:: Number 11: February 2011: Foucault and Pragmatism
1876:, pp. 333–61, pp. 348–49, 2007
2691:
2610:
2494:
2228:
2149:
1763:
pp. 42–78 and pp. 87–107 1956
1639:
Who were the Ideologues? How Influential Were They?
1484:
Foucault Studies, No. 18, pp. 128-130, October 2014
1190:
Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge. London: Penguin
31:. For biomass used in electricity generation, see
16:Concept in the postmodern theory of social control
2063:: Number 10: November 2010: Foucault and Agamben
1959:Ancient eugenics, the Arnold prize essay for 1913
1008:, which is known in modern political terms as "
915:
901:
777:
748:
1711:Sovereign Right, Democracy and the Rule of Law
2127:
1048:due to Buffon mentorship and friendship with
633:
8:
2255:Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France
1751:Duchy Of Lancaster (1561) 1 Plowden 212,213.
1482:Michel Foucault Bio-history and Biopolitics
1118:Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France
1724:The King's Two Bodies A Study In Mediaeval
1402:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 363, 401.
2134:
2120:
2112:
1686:Parrhesia:A Journal of Critical Philosophy
1371:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 363, 91.
1315:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 377–378.
1032:as well as its capacity to "govern less."
681:, and the term first appeared in print in
666:, refers to various means by which modern
640:
626:
47:
1496:overt racism and Foucault's great friend
1457:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 55, 86.
899:–coupled together with the nation state.
1529:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 55–86.
980:which would later become known to us as
1786:Much of Madge's information comes from
1138:
58:
1046:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2780:Power (social and political) concepts
1330:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 378.
1081:François Véron Duverger de Forbonnais
7:
1607:p. 296 p. 308 Note 14 2007
1514:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 90.
1472:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 27.
1442:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 16.
828:and if found guilty the sentence of
2241:Introduction to Kant's Anthropology
1288:. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 1.
871:anatomo-politics of the human body,
2269:Language, Counter-Memory, Practice
783:Foucault argues that the previous
757:anatomo-politics of the human body
717:anatomo-politics of the human body
14:
2619:Cogito and the History of Madness
2436:The Government of Self and Others
1928:Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri,
1920:Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri,
891:scientific problem, both for the
508:Biology and political orientation
2380:Power (Essential Works Volume 3)
1738:The commentaries, or Reports of
1097:
609:
2775:Power (international relations)
2460:On the Government of the Living
2420:Security, Territory, Population
2396:The Hermeneutics of the Subject
1908:Security, Territory, Population
1886:Security, Territory, Population
1874:Security, Territory, Population
1849:Security, Territory, Population
1660:Security, Territory, Population
1617:Security, Territory, Population
1605:Security, Territory, Population
1594:. London: Penguin. p. 137.
1559:. London: Penguin. p. 245.
1386:. London: Penguin. p. 239.
1356:. London: Penguin. p. 139.
1273:. London: Penguin. p. 140.
1205:The Anthropology of Biopolitics
992:and the commentaries of jurist
846:Women's suffrage in Switzerland
744:Security, Territory, Population
2639:The Passion of Michel Foucault
2625:Foucauldian discourse analysis
1149:Vol. 1 p. 140 (1976)
503:Theories of political behavior
129:Political history of the world
1:
2324:Politics, Philosophy, Culture
2158:Mental Illness and Psychology
765:biopolitics of the population
721:biopolitics of the population
685:, Foucault's first volume of
659:in French), coined by French
518:Critique of political economy
23:engine of the same name, see
2592:Power (social and political)
2452:Lectures on the Will to Know
2202:The Archaeology of Knowledge
1729:pp. 273–313 1956.
1578:National Academy of Sciences
703:For Foucault, biopower is a
99:Outline of political science
2050:Accessed 13 September 2009
2040:Accessed 13 September 2009
1775:The Domesday Of Crown Lands
830:Hanged, drawn and quartered
2796:
2476:Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling
1860:Foucault makes mention of
1688:5 pp. 9–18 2008
1590:Foucault, Michel (1998) .
1555:Foucault, Michel (2003) .
1382:Foucault, Michel (2004) .
1352:Foucault, Michel (1998) .
1269:Foucault, Michel (1998) .
1201:"Biopolitics: An Overview"
1085:Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot
698:
104:Index of politics articles
18:
2107:Accessed 22 February 2012
2028:Accessed 22 October 2010
2013:Accessed 13 November 2011
1676:pp. 25–29 1977
1540:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1525:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1510:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1468:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1453:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1438:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1398:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1367:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1326:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1311:Foucault, Michel (2007).
1284:Foucault, Michel (2007).
858:Voting Rights Act of 1965
773:biopolitical state racism
726:disciplinary institutions
671:control their populations
2704:Foucault–Habermas debate
2532:Disciplinary institution
2428:The Birth of Biopolitics
2348:Society Must Be Defended
2301:Le DĂ©sordre des familles
2218:The History of Sexuality
2166:Madness and Civilization
1990:Accessed 1 November 2011
1902:Society Must Be Defended
1843:officially known as the
1790:meticulous study of the
1544:. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
1486:Originally published in
1187:The History of Sexuality
1184:Michel Foucault, (1998)
1173:Society Must Be Defended
1147:The History of Sexuality
866:Disciplinary institution
854:Civil Rights Act of 1964
769:Society Must Be Defended
688:The History of Sexuality
2709:Chomsky–Foucault debate
2484:On the Punitive Society
2181:Death and the Labyrinth
2174:The Birth of the Clinic
2020:Manuel Castells (2009)
2007:Accessed 3 January 2011
1984:Accessed 11 August 2011
1974:Accessed 11 August 2011
1814:Barons of the exchequer
1796:Charles Henry Pearson.
513:Political organisations
276:International relations
114:Politics by subdivision
2468:Subjectivity and Truth
2404:The Essential Foucault
2317:What Is Enlightenment?
2074:Accessed 22 April 2011
924:
906:
781:
753:
2340:The Politics of Truth
2210:Discipline and Punish
2098:Accessed 25 July 2011
2086:Accessed 25 July 2011
2065:Accessed 2 March 2011
2022:Accessed 3 March 2011
1788:Charles Henry Pearson
1698:Discipline and Punish
1673:Discipline and Punish
1050:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
998:hereditary succession
893:mathematical sciences
821:Roman Catholic Church
797:Divine right of kings
699:Foucault's conception
683:The Will to Knowledge
593:Political campaigning
333:Public administration
166:Collective leadership
2765:Political philosophy
2527:Cultural imperialism
2522:Carceral archipelago
2444:The Courage of Truth
2003:Physics and Politics
1980:Treaty of the police
1574:Samuel P. Huntington
817:Estates of the realm
771:, Foucault examines
443:Separation of powers
314:Political psychology
289:Comparative politics
267:political scientists
254:Academic disciplines
134:Political philosophy
2309:The Foucault Reader
2188:The Order of Things
2018:Communication Power
1619:pp. 29-49 2007
1042:Classical mechanics
897:biological sciences
761:regulatory controls
616:Politics portal
465:Election commission
436:Government branches
319:Political sociology
171:Confessional system
109:Politics by country
2552:Ecogovernmentality
2542:Discourse analysis
2249:What Is an Author?
2195:This Is Not a Pipe
1998:, 13. 1 March 2010
1996:Theory & Event
1862:Vincent de Gournay
1777:, pp. 20–21, 1938.
1726:political theology
1722:Ernst Kantorowicz
1240:10.1353/tae.0.0123
1228:Theory & Event
1073:Vincent de Gournay
1038:Georges Canguilhem
888:anatomo-biopoltics
809:Holy Roman emperor
767:". In his lecture
299:Political analysis
231:Semi-parliamentary
2770:Political science
2732:
2731:
2412:Psychiatric Power
2229:Essays, lectures,
2108:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2066:
2051:
2041:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2008:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1968:
1962:Oxford: Blackwell
1912:Giorgio Agamben,
1906:Michel Foucault,
1900:Michel Foucault,
1709:Artur Golczewski
1252:Project MUSE
1207:. 21 January 2013
1171:Michel Foucault:
1158:Michel Foucault:
1105:Philosophy portal
1010:Liberal democracy
970:Ernst Kantorowicz
842:Political parties
838:liberal democracy
819:and the Medieval
801:Absolute monarchy
723:through societal
679:Collège de France
650:
649:
598:Political parties
538:Electoral systems
262:Political science
236:Semi-presidential
148:Political systems
124:Political history
119:Political economy
2787:
2692:Related articles
2682:Foucault in Iran
2671:Claude Raffestin
2582:Limit-experience
2277:Herculine Barbin
2136:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2106:
2103:Foucault Studies
2097:
2091:Foucault Studies
2085:
2079:Foucault Studies
2073:
2070:Foucault Studies
2064:
2061:Foucault Studies
2049:
2039:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2006:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1966:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1832:
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1823:
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1784:
1778:
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1764:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1720:
1714:
1713:Universitas 2006
1707:
1701:
1700:p. 330 1977
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1637:Peter McCaffery
1635:
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1156:
1150:
1145:Michel Foucault
1143:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1077:François Quesnay
928:Milieu intérieur
642:
635:
628:
614:
613:
404:
349:
304:Political theory
294:Election science
284:
270:
48:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2760:Michel Foucault
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2687:
2646:Giorgio Agamben
2606:
2567:Governmentality
2507:Author function
2502:Anti-psychiatry
2490:
2388:Fearless Speech
2293:Remarks on Marx
2285:Power/Knowledge
2232:
2230:
2224:
2145:
2143:Michel Foucault
2140:
2055:Culture Machine
2001:Walter Bagehot
1944:Ojakangas, Mika
1940:
1938:Further reading
1897:
1892:
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1144:
1140:
1136:
1123:Governmentality
1103:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1026:Political power
990:Lords Appellant
950:where the term
939:arcana imperii,
931:
834:political power
701:
675:physical health
664:Michel Foucault
661:social theorist
646:
608:
603:
602:
533:
532:
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480:
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470:
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438:
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423:Public interest
408:Domestic policy
398:
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379:
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285:
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84:
53:Politics series
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21:Saab automobile
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2719:François Ewald
2716:
2711:
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2695:
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2599:
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2577:Interdiscourse
2574:
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2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2009:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1976:
1969:
1967:24 August 2011
1963:
1954:Roper, Allen G
1951:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1853:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:Roman Catholic
1779:
1765:
1753:
1744:
1740:Edmund Plowden
1731:
1715:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1664:
1652:
1643:
1630:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1582:
1562:
1547:
1532:
1517:
1502:
1498:Jacques Ruffié
1475:
1460:
1445:
1430:
1417:
1405:
1389:
1374:
1359:
1344:
1333:
1318:
1303:
1299:Nature Vol 490
1291:
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1132:
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994:Edmund Plowden
948:The Ideologues
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478:Related topics
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2756:
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2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2724:Alan Sheridan
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Daniel Defert
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
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2597:Postsexualism
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2537:Discontinuity
2535:
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2332:Foucault Live
2329:
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2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
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2298:
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2231:dialogues and
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2016:
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1970:
1964:
1961:
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1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:Necropolitics
1126:
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1119:
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1111:
1110:
1106:
1095:
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1063:Jurisprudence
1060:
1055:
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958:raison d'Ă©tat
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2699:Bibliography
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2666:Paul Rabinow
2661:James Miller
2656:Thomas Lemke
2651:Gary Gutting
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2046:BioSocieties
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1995:
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1209:. Retrieved
1204:
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1159:
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1146:
1141:
1066:
1061:(scientific
1054:Isaac Newton
1034:
1030:Nation state
1018:
974:body politic
967:
951:
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927:
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826:high treason
813:body politic
791:rule of the
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736:nation state
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656:
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346:street-level
221:Presidential
181:Dictatorship
51:Part of the
45:
37:pest control
2755:Biopolitics
2621:" (Derrida)
2602:Sapere aude
2572:Heterotopia
2512:Biopolitics
2233:anthologies
2221:(1976–2018)
2033:The New Age
1845:Physiocrats
1211:20 November
1113:Biopolitics
1068:Ă©conomistes
1059:natural law
1006:Sovereignty
1002:Politicians
978:Corporation
922:population.
785:Greco-Roman
693:biopolitics
485:Sovereignty
450:Legislature
353:Technocracy
341:Bureaucracy
206:Meritocracy
186:Directorial
2745:Autonomism
2739:Categories
2547:Dispositif
1915:Homo Sacer
1570:Serge Lang
1134:References
986:Glossators
982:capitalism
963:Dispositif
943:Jean Bodin
879:stochastic
740:capitalism
705:technology
657:biopouvoir
575:Governance
565:Government
560:Federalism
161:City-state
41:biocontrol
2750:Bioethics
2634:(Deleuze)
2611:Influence
2587:Parrhesia
2562:Genealogy
1950:Routledge
1931:Multitude
1248:143924350
555:Unitarism
543:Elections
531:Subseries
460:Judiciary
455:Executive
358:Adhocracy
241:Theocracy
196:Feudalism
176:Democracy
33:bioenergy
29:biodiesel
2642:(Miller)
2631:Foucault
2557:Episteme
2517:Biopower
2495:Concepts
2372:Abnormal
2319:" (1984)
2251:" (1969)
1956:(1913).
1946:(2016).
1794:records.
1792:domesday
1580:) (1998)
1489:Le Monde
1091:See also
1014:Nobility
953:Ideology
919:genocide
895:and the
803:and the
789:Medieval
763:through
653:Biopower
583:Ideology
401:doctrine
362:Service
226:Republic
211:Monarchy
191:Federacy
80:Category
60:Politics
2005:(1872)
1982:(1707)
1895:Sources
1773:others.
1576:at the
731:encoded
588:Culture
498:Country
156:Anarchy
70:Outline
2487:(2015)
2479:(2013)
2471:(2012)
2463:(2012)
2455:(2011)
2447:(2009)
2439:(2008)
2431:(2004)
2423:(2004)
2415:(2003)
2407:(2003)
2399:(2001)
2391:(2001)
2383:(2000)
2375:(1999)
2367:(1998)
2359:(1997)
2351:(1997)
2343:(1997)
2335:(1996)
2327:(1988)
2312:(1984)
2304:(1982)
2296:(1980)
2288:(1980)
2280:(1978)
2272:(1977)
2264:(1973)
2244:(1964)
2213:(1975)
2205:(1969)
2197:(1968)
2191:(1966)
2183:(1963)
2177:(1963)
2169:(1961)
2161:(1954)
1923:Empire
1847:, see
1428:(2000)
1256:377396
1254:
1246:
1083:, and
1044:) via
935:Milieu
795:, the
713:humans
548:voting
490:Polity
388:Policy
367:Public
281:theory
39:, see
35:. For
2150:Books
1244:S2CID
1234:(1).
884:State
805:popes
709:power
571:forms
494:State
371:Civil
75:Index
1742:1561
1641:2004
1213:2018
1022:Pope
856:and
840:and
719:and
655:(or
1236:doi
917:If
860:).
707:of
2741::
1250:.
1242:.
1232:13
1230:.
1203:.
1079:,
1075:,
799:,
787:,
738:,
573:/
496:/
492:/
369:/
2617:"
2315:"
2247:"
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2128:t
2121:v
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1396:'
1258:.
1238::
1215:.
1071:(
641:e
634:t
627:v
577:)
569:(
403:)
399:(
373:)
365:(
348:)
344:(
283:)
279:(
269:)
265:(
43:.
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