20:
204:, respectively from water with metal concentrations typical of stormwater runoff. While this is a great benefit for water quality improvement, bioretention systems have a finite capacity for heavy metal removal. This will ultimately control the lifetime of bioretention systems, especially in areas with high heavy metal loads.
199:
from impervious surfaces (e.g. roadways and sidewalks). Treatment systems such as rain gardens and stormwater planters utilize a bioretention layer to remove heavy metals in stormwater runoff. Dissolved forms of heavy metals may bind to sediment particles in the roadway that are then captured by the
170:
sand soils are especially appropriate for bioretention because the excavated soil can be backfilled and used as the planting soil, thus eliminating the cost of importing planting soil. An unstable surrounding soil stratum and soils with a clay content greater than 25 percent may preclude the use of
69:
etc have been proposed over the years. These materials were reported to have enhanced performance in terms of pollutant removal. Runoff passes first over or through a sand bed, which slows the runoff's velocity, distributes it evenly along the length of the ponding area, which consists of a surface
64:
Stormwater is firstly directed into the designed treatment area, which conventionally consists of a sand bed (which serves as a transition to the actual soil), a filter media layer (which consists of layered materials of various composition), and plants atop the filter media. Various soil amendment
207:
Metal removal by bioretention cells in cold climates was similar or slightly lower than that in warmer environments. Plants are less active in colder seasons, suggesting that most of the heavy metals remain in the bioretention media rather than being taken up by plant roots. Therefore, removal and
165:
and other pollutants. Stormwater storage is also provided by the voids in the planting soil. The stored water and nutrients in the water and soil are then available to the plants for uptake. The layout of the bioretention area is determined after site constraints such as location of utilities,
141:
reduces the potential for erosion as well, slightly more effectively than mulch. The maximum sheet flow velocity prior to erosive conditions is 0.3 meters per second (1 foot per second) for planted groundcover and 0.9 meters per second (3 feet per second) for mulch.
200:
bioretention system. Additionally, heavy metals may adsorb to soil particles in the bioretention media as the runoff filters through. In laboratory experiments, bioretention cells removed 94%, 88%, 95%, and >95% of zinc, copper, lead, and
790:
441:
94:
and drainage of the planting soil are provided by the 0.5 m (20 in) deep sand bed. The ponding area provides a temporary storage location for runoff prior to its
710:
208:
replacement of the bioretention layer will become necessary in areas with heavy metal pollutants in stormwater runoff to extend the life of the treatment system.
376:
Lim, Fang Yee; Neo, Teck Heng; Guo, Huiling; Goh, Sin Zhi; Ong, Say Leong; Hu, Jiangyong; Lee, Brandon Chuan Yee; Ong, Geok Suat; Liou, Cui Xian (January 2021).
86:
Each of the components of the bioretention area is designed to perform a specific function. The grass buffer strip reduces incoming runoff velocity and filters
664:
172:
78:
and the underlying planting soil. Stored water in the bioretention area planting soil exfiltrates over a period of days into the underlying soils.
233:
448:
171:
bioretention, as would a site with slopes greater than 20 percent or a site with mature trees that would be removed during construction of the
902:
90:
from the runoff. The sand bed also reduces the velocity, filters particulates, and spreads flow over the length of the bioretention area.
315:"Conventional and amended bioretention soil media for targeted pollutant treatment: A critical review to guide the state of the practice"
897:
703:
378:"Pilot and Field Studies of Modular Bioretention Tree System with Talipariti tiliaceum and Engineered Soil Filter Media in the Tropics"
892:
877:
907:
56:. The main objective of the bioretention cell is to attenuate peak runoff as well as to remove stormwater runoff pollutants.
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912:
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447:(Report). Largo, MD: Prince George's County Department of Environmental Resources. 2009. pp. 6, 42. Archived from
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Tirpak, R. Andrew; Afrooz, ARM Nabiul; Winston, Ryan J.; Valenca, Renan; Schiff, Ken; Mohanty, Sanjay K. (2021-02-01).
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102:. Some particulates not filtered out by the grass filter strip or the sand bed settle within the ponding area.
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415:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). September 1999. EPA-832-F-99-012.
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Li, H.; Davis, A.P. (2008). "Heavy metal capture and accumulation in bioretention media".
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628:"Review and Research Needs of Bioretention Used for the Treatment of Urban Stormwater"
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28:
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Process in which contaminants and sedimentation are removed from stormwater runoff
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Stormwater Best
Management Practice Design Guide, Volume 2: Vegetative Biofilters
338:
810:
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24:
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underlying soils, existing vegetation, and drainage are considered. Sites with
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276:"Review of Bioretention System Research and Design: Past, Present, and Future"
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50:
32:
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Davis, Allen P. (2007). "Field
Performance of Bioretention: Water Quality".
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Muthanna, T.M.; Viklander, M.; Gjesdahl, N.; Thorolfsson, S.T. (2007).
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134:
66:
665:"Bioretention and Bioinfiltration BMPs: Three researchers' experience"
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394:
377:
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Traver, Robert G.; Davis, Allen P.; Hunt, William F. (October 2007).
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192:
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Roy-Poirier, Audrey; Champagne, Pascale; Filion, Yves (2010-09-01).
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18:
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Liu, Jia; Sample, David J.; Bell, Cameron; Guan, Yuntao (2014).
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from an adjacent parking lot. Plants are in winter dormancy.
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and provides an environment conducive to the growth of
510:"Heavy metal fates in laboratory bioretention systems"
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such as water treatment residue (WTR), Coconut husk,
819:
783:
727:
426:Clar, M.L.; Barfield, B.J.; O’Connor, T.P. (2004).
560:"Heavy metal removal in cold climate bioretention"
129:material. This layer acts in a similar way to the
430:(Report). Cincinnati, OH: EPA. EPA-600/R-04/121A.
413:Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet: Bioretention
704:
8:
791:Continuous monitoring and adaptive control
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45:is the process in which contaminants and
234:Organisms involved in water purification
137:and drying of underlying soils. Planted
266:
467:Environmental Science & Technology
671:. Santa Barbara, CA: Forester Media.
7:
280:Journal of Environmental Engineering
60:Construction of a bioretention area
31:. It is designed to treat polluted
23:A bioretention cell, also called a
292:10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000227
14:
607:Environmental Engineering Science
537:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.08.013
183:Contaminant trace metals such as
564:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
149:in the planting soil provides
1:
508:Sun, X.; Davis, A.P. (2007).
133:in a forest and prevents the
903:Hydrology and urban planning
339:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116648
939:
898:Environmental soil science
770:Stormwater detention vault
125:-based products and other
893:Environmental engineering
584:10.1007/s11270-007-9387-z
173:best management practices
878:Phytoremediation plants
728:Treatment / Containment
179:Heavy metal remediation
908:Landscape architecture
806:Hydrodynamic separator
801:Flow control structure
39:
918:Stormwater management
913:Sustainable gardening
796:Flood control channel
775:Stormwater harvesting
722:management structures
619:10.1089/ees.2006.0190
22:
224:Groundwater recharge
740:Constructed wetland
576:2007WASP..183..391M
529:2007Chmsp..66.1601S
479:2008EnST...42.5247L
442:Bioretention Manual
331:2021WatRe.18916648T
113:layer also filters
923:Water conservation
888:Sustainable design
847:Percolation trench
842:Infiltration basin
760:Oil-grit separator
229:Infiltration basin
40:
865:
864:
857:Semicircular bund
487:10.1021/es702681j
395:10.3390/w13131817
197:stormwater runoff
49:are removed from
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852:Permeable paving
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679:. Archived from
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570:(1–4): 391–402.
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239:Phytoremediation
121:, which degrade
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883:Bioremediation
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683:on 2015-04-02.
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638:(4): 1069–99.
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454:on 2011-01-08.
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319:Water Research
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286:(9): 878–889.
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47:sedimentation
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29:United States
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827:Bioretention
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820:Infiltration
784:Flow control
755:Media filter
681:the original
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449:the original
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388:(13): 1817.
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254:Urban runoff
206:
182:
159:heavy metals
155:hydrocarbons
144:
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100:infiltration
88:particulates
85:
63:
43:Bioretention
42:
41:
811:Storm drain
655:10919/79208
517:Chemosphere
244:Rain garden
139:groundcover
131:leaf litter
96:evaporation
76:groundcover
25:rain garden
872:Categories
750:Green roof
720:Stormwater
669:Stormwater
325:: 116648.
261:References
153:sites for
151:adsorption
115:pollutants
82:Filtration
51:stormwater
33:stormwater
735:Biofilter
677:1531-0574
363:227159287
347:0043-1354
300:0733-9372
163:nutrients
123:petroleum
27:, in the
837:Dry well
832:Bioswale
592:16370412
545:17005239
495:18754376
355:33227609
219:Bioswale
212:See also
92:Aeration
572:Bibcode
525:Bibcode
475:Bibcode
327:Bibcode
202:cadmium
135:erosion
127:organic
107:organic
72:organic
67:biochar
675:
590:
543:
493:
361:
353:
345:
298:
193:copper
191:, and
54:runoff
36:runoff
632:Water
588:S2CID
513:(PDF)
452:(PDF)
445:(PDF)
382:Water
359:S2CID
168:loamy
111:mulch
673:ISSN
541:PMID
491:PMID
351:PMID
343:ISSN
296:ISSN
189:lead
185:zinc
147:clay
145:The
105:The
650:hdl
640:doi
615:doi
580:doi
568:183
533:doi
483:doi
390:doi
335:doi
323:189
288:doi
284:136
109:or
98:or
874::
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611:24
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521:66
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
