Biosafety level - Knowledge (XXG)

632: 679: 691: 703: 663: 644: 33: 3687:; Lackemeyer, Matthew G.; Leroy, Eric M.; Lever, Mark S.; Lofts, Loreen L.; Mühlberger, Elke; Netesov, Sergey V.; Olinger, Gene G.; Palacios, Gustavo; Patterson, Jean L.; Paweska, Janusz T.; Pitt, Louise; Radoshitzky, Sheli R.; Ryabchikova, Elena I.; Saphire, Erica Ollmann; Shestopalov, Aleksandr M.; Smither, Sophie J.; Sullivan, Nancy J.; Swanepoel, Robert; Takada, Ayato; Towner, Jonathan S.; van der Groen, Guido; Volchkov, Viktor E.; Wahl-Jensen, Victoria; Warren, Travis K.; Warfield, Kelly L.; Weidmann, Manfred; Nichol, Stuart T. (June 2013). 719: 541: 435:

escaping). The construction of the lab is such that it can be easily cleaned. Carpets are not permitted, and any seams in the floors, walls, and ceilings are sealed to allow easy cleaning and decontamination. Also, windows must be sealed, and a ventilation system installed which forces air to flow from the "clean" areas of the lab to the areas where infectious agents are handled. Air from the lab must be filtered before it can be recirculated.

385: 825:(GAO) report published on 4 October 2007, a total of 1,356 CDC/USDA registered BSL-3 facilities were identified throughout the United States. Approximately 36% of these laboratories are located in academia. 15 BSL-4 facilities were identified in the U.S. in 2007, including nine at federal labs. As of May 2021, there are 42 BSL-4 facilities in operation around the world, with a further 17 planned or under construction. 903:

zones that can be managed at differing containment levels concurrently. CSIRO AAHL Project Manager and Architect, William Curnow, provided technical reviews to Canadian, Indian, UK and French Authorities and consulted with Dr Jerry Callis to UN FAO on matters of bio-containment. Formerly known as the Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) and renamed to Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness April 2020

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Laboratory personnel must wash their hands upon entering and exiting the lab. Research with these agents may be performed on standard open laboratory benches without the use of special containment equipment. However, eating and drinking are generally prohibited in laboratory areas. Potentially infectious material must be decontaminated before disposal, either by adding a chemical such as

376:, are typically handled under Biosafety Level 2 or higher. This is due to the lack of any evidence of aerosol transmission and relatively higher infective dose of prion diseases, though some circumstances (such as handling animal-infective prions in a facility which cares for vulnerable animals) would require BSL-3 conditions. 142:. Beginning in 1957, these conferences were planned to include non-classified sessions as well as classified sessions to enable broader sharing of biological safety information. It was not until 1964, however, that conferences were held in a government installation not associated with a biological warfare program. 569:. To exit a BSL-4 lab, personnel must pass through a chemical shower for decontamination, then a room for removing the positive-pressure suit, followed by a personal shower. Entry into the BSL-4 lab is restricted to trained and authorized individuals, and all persons entering and exiting the lab must be recorded. 138:, chemical, radiological, and industrial safety issues that were common to the operations at the three principal biological warfare (BW) laboratories of the U.S. Army. Because of the potential implication of the work conducted at biological warfare laboratories, the conferences were restricted to top level 548:

Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) is the highest level of biosafety precautions, and is appropriate for work with agents that could easily be aerosol-transmitted within the laboratory and cause severe to fatal disease in humans for which there are no available vaccines or treatments. BSL-4 labs are generally

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Biosafety level 2 is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment. This includes various microbes that cause mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting. Examples of pathogens classified as "Risk Group 2" in the

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Also, the facility which houses the BSL-3 lab must have certain features to ensure appropriate containment. The entrance to the lab must be separated from areas of the building with unrestricted traffic flow. Also, the lab must be behind two sets of self-closing doors (to reduce the risk of aerosols

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High-containment labs that are registered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Select Agent Program must adhere to Department of Defense standards. Since BSL3 and 4 laboratories in the United States are regulated by either the CDC

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Biosafety level 3 is appropriate for work involving microbes which can cause serious and potentially lethal disease via the inhalation route. This type of work can be done in clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities. Here, the precautions undertaken in BSL-1 and BSL-2 labs

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or by packaging for decontamination elsewhere. Personal protective equipment is only required for circumstances where personnel might be exposed to hazardous material. BSL-1 laboratories must have a door which can be closed to limit access to the lab. However, it is not necessary for BSL-1 labs to

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As with BSL-3 laboratories, BSL-4 labs must be separated from areas that receive unrestricted traffic. Also, airflow is tightly controlled to ensure that air always flows from "clean" areas of the lab to areas where work with infectious agents is being performed. The entrance to the BSL-4 lab must

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Capable of housing from large experimental animals to insects under conditions that exceed all BSL 4 requirements. The antecedent of all such facilities developed since the 1980s. Arguably the most researched design and construction project ever. The ACDP is subdivided into a number of isolation

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Over the next ten years, the biological safety conferences grew to include representatives from all federal agencies that sponsored or conducted research with pathogenic microorganisms. By 1966, it began to include representatives from universities, private laboratories, hospitals, and industrial

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Kuhn, Jens H.; Bao, Yiming; Bavari, Sina; Becker, Stephan; Bradfute, Steven; Brister, J. Rodney; Bukreyev, Alexander A.; Caì, Yíngyún; Chandran, Kartik; Davey, Robert A.; Dolnik, Olga; Dye, John M.; Enterlein, Sven; Gonzalez, Jean-Paul; Formenty, Pierre; Freiberg, Alexander N.; Hensley, Lisa E.;

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Arthur Jenkins. They drafted outcomes for each of the levels of security. AAHL was notionally classified as "substantially beyond P4". These were adopted by the Australian Academy of Science and became the basis for Australian legislation. It opened in 1985 costing AU$ 185 million, built on

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Biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) is suitable for work with well-characterized agents which do not cause disease in healthy humans. In general, these agents should pose minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment. At this level, precautions are limited relative to other levels.

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and the British equivalent requirements for the development of infrastructure for bio-containment reviewed by AAHL personnel with a view to recommending the adoption of one of them by Australian authorities. The review was carried out by CSIRO AAHL Project Manager Bill Curnow and CSIRO Engineer

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Kim, Il-Hwan; Jang, Jun Hyeong; Jo, Su-Kyoung; No, Jin Sun; Seo, Seung-Hee; Kim, Jun-Young; Jung, Sang-Oun; Kim, Jeong-Min; Lee, Sang-Eun; Park, Hye-Kyung; Kim, Eun-Jin; Jeon, Jun Ho; Choi, Myung-Min; Ryu, Boyeong; Jang, Yoon Suk; Kim, Hwami; Lee, Jin; Shin, Seung-Hwan; Kim, Hee Kyoung; Kim,

613:. Also, poorly characterized pathogens which appear closely related to dangerous pathogens are often handled at this level until enough data is obtained either to confirm continued work at this level, or to permit working with them at a lower level. This level is also used for work with 444:

journalists, identified more than 200 lab sites in the U.S. that were accredited biosafety levels 3 or 4. The Proceedings of a Workshop on "Developing Norms for the Provision of Biological Laboratories in Low-Resource Contexts" provides a list of BSL-3 laboratories in those countries.

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in the early 2030s, the need for a Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) is becoming more pressing. An SRF is expected to take 7 to 10 years from design to completion, and an additional two years is recommended for the staff to become proficient and accustomed to the facilities.

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body, must be curated at facilities rated BSL-4. Because the existing BSL-4 facilities in the world do not provide the level of cleanliness needed for such pristine samples, there is a need to design a facility dedicated to curation of restricted (potentially

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Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work (seventh individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive

561:. The cabinets themselves are required to have seamless edges to allow easy cleaning. Also, the cabinet and all materials within must be free of sharp edges to reduce the risk of damage to the gloves. In a protective-suit lab, all work must be done in a 6101: 2408:

A North Carolina Mosquito & Vector Control Association (NCMVCA) study highlighted safety concerns. In the United States, laboratories can be funded by federal, state, private, non-profit, or academically. The last accounts for 72% of the funding.

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or USDA or another federal agency (depending on the pathogens they handle), no single federal agency is responsible for regulating or tracking the number of these labs. U.S. high-containment laboratories that handle pathogens which are declared as "

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Nisii, Carla; Castilletti, Concetta; Raoul, Hervé; Hewson, Roger; Brown, David; Gopal, Robin; Eickmann, Markus; Gunther, Stephan; Mirazimi, Ali; Koivula, Tuija; Feldmann, Heinz; Di Caro, Antonino; Capobianchi, Maria R.; Ippolito, Giuseppe (2013).

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The "National Institute of Infectious Diseases" used to operate within the Lazzaro Spallanzani hospital; the facility is now independent and is home to five BSL-3 labs as well as a single BSL-4 laboratory, which was completed in 1997.

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and other organisms not suspected to contribute to human disease. Due to the relative ease and safety of maintaining a BSL-1 laboratory, these are the types of laboratories generally used as teaching spaces for high schools and

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to minimize the possibility that aerosols from the lab could be removed from the lab. All laboratory waste, including filtered air, water, and trash must also be decontaminated before it can leave the facility.

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as contending factions battled over its area and NPL staff were kicked out in favor of installing a military base at its premises. At the time, the facility contained organisms rated at BSL-2.

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Biosafety level 4 laboratories are used for diagnostic work and research on easily transmitted pathogens which can cause fatal disease. These include a number of viruses known to cause

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Lab personnel must wear solid-front protective clothing (i.e. gowns that tie in the back). This cannot be worn outside of the lab and must be discarded or decontaminated after each use.

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Division of Virology operates three WHO National Reference Laboratories. The BSL-4 biosafety laboratory provides a modern means to process dangerous imported zoonotic viral pathogens.

6438: 6021: 5620: 2234: 1998: 6239: 6167: 2047: 2665:, 3rd edition. Kaempf retired from Fort Detrick in 1994, having completed more than 50 years service. He was chief of the mechanical branch, Directorate of Engineering and Housing. 6233: 6223: 4985: 2226: 1875: 150:(ABSA) was officially established in 1984 and a constitution and bylaws were drafted the same year. As of 2008, ABSA includes some 1,600 members in its professional association. 4416: 5041: 479: 2630: 1040: 622: 448:

Biosafety level 3 is commonly used for research and diagnostic work involving various microbes which can be transmitted by aerosol and/or cause severe disease. These include

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All laboratory personnel are provided medical surveillance and offered relevant immunizations (where available) to reduce the risk of an accidental or unnoticed infection.

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in an enclosed laboratory facility. The levels of containment range from the lowest biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) to the highest at level 4 (BSL-4). In the United States, the

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was fashioned in 1943 by Hubert Kaempf Jr., then a U.S. Army soldier, under the direction of Arnold G. Wedum, Director (1944–1969) of Industrial Health and Safety at the

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complexes. Throughout the 1970s, participation in the conferences continued to expand and by 1983 discussions began regarding the creation of a formal organization. The

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Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I. Built in 1981; operated at BSL-3 until 2015 due to opposition from nearby residents.

189:(WIV). In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US$ 44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the 2830: 6924: 6880: 6083: 5909: 5625: 1893: 523: 718: 1308: 6836: 6249: 5630: 5290: 4490: 4796: 3321: 3531:"High-Containment Biosafety Laboratories: Preliminary Observations on the Oversight of the Proliferation of BSL-3 and BSL-4 Laboratories in the United States" 6006: 5015: 4309: 3869: 2971: 2506: 1009: 6516: 4656: 4279: 3991: 6841: 6591: 6340: 3751: 1596: 1275:

This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4).

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Department of Health laboratory. Diagnostics and research for haemorrhagic fever viruses. Part of the European Network of Biosafety-Level-4 Laboratories.

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has existed since 1956 and already hosted BSL-3 laboratories. A BSL-4 facility was completed in 2015, and became the first BSL-4 laboratory in China.

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and minimal protective equipment. At higher biosafety levels, precautions may include airflow systems, multiple containment rooms, sealed containers,

5212: 1243: 6999: 6398: 6122: 5974: 5605: 3173:...Prion Diseases...In the laboratory setting, prions from human tissue and human prions propagated in animals can be manipulated at BSL-2 or higher 2461: 1130: 863: 298:

At this level, all precautions used at Biosafety level 1 are followed, and some additional precautions are taken. BSL-2 differs from BSL-1 in that:

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On 18 April 1955, fourteen representatives met at Camp Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. The meeting was to share knowledge and experiences regarding

4759: 4545:"2019 Tabletop Exercise for Laboratory Diagnosis and Analyses of Unknown Disease Outbreaks by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" 4097: 7135: 7130: 6658: 6259: 4205: 3913: 3817: 2897: 1973: 366:. Notably, the European Union departs from the United States and classifies HIV and hepatitis B – G as Risk Group 3 agents best handled at BSL-3. 6751: 6366: 6111: 4439: 4357: 3481: 3402: 3261: 3223: 417:

A laboratory-specific biosafety manual must be drafted which details how the laboratory will operate in compliance with all safety requirements.

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Department of Health laboratory. Diagnostics for various viral diseases. Part of the European Network of Biosafety-Level-4 Laboratories.

99:, established protocols for all procedures, extensive personnel training, and high levels of security to control access to the facility. 7013: 6662: 6194: 3504:. Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Mars Sample Return Missions (Report). National Research Council. 2009. p. 59. 2367: 1846: 535: 175: 5395: 975: 6864: 6219: 5998: 4408: 3056: 2339: 5037: 6914: 6558: 6423: 6408: 6255: 6041: 5703: 5696: 5600: 2389: 2181: 471: 6575: 5359: 4179: 3358:"Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" 1190: 6413: 3596:"Risk Analysis:Risk of Importing Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Susceptible Species and Products from a region of Patagonia, Argentina" 1980:

Medical Research Council laboratory. Research and diagnostics for highly pathogenic viruses. Closed in 2017 and work moved to the

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set up to be either cabinet laboratories or protective-suit laboratories. In cabinet laboratories, all work must be done within a

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The circular containment tube separates the patient table in the "hot" zone (pathogen present) from the "cold" zone around this

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Abre ao Orçamento Fiscal da União, em favor dos Ministérios da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovações e da Justiça e Segurança Pública

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researches prevention and control of major infectious diseases. China's second, and the first for large animals, BSL-4 lab.

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duties at Detrick and was able to transfer to the sheet metal department working with the contractor, the H.K. Ferguson Co.

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reports that world-wide until 1999 there were recorded over 5,000 cases of accidental laboratory infections and 190 deaths.

76:. In Canada the four levels are known as Containment Levels. Facilities with these designations are also sometimes given as 6428: 4981: 3595: 6955: 6819: 6702: 6617: 6350: 6215: 6031: 5904: 5517: 4331: 3870:"Canada's Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization Bolsters Position as Country's Premier Centre for Pandemic Research" 2330: 2198: 1816: 166: 154: 261:

This level of biosafety is appropriate for work with several kinds of microorganisms including non-pathogenic strains of

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Eun-Kyoung; Park, Ye Eun; Yoo, Cheon-Kwon; Lee, Sang-Won; Han, Myung-Guk; Rhie, Gi-Eun; Kang, Byung Hak (October 2020).

2451: 1662: 1334: 32: 7125: 6654: 6468: 5610: 5420: 5234: 4852: 4249: 3601:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Import Export Services, Veterinary Services. January 2014. pp. 60–62. 3537: 2456: 2307: 2040: 1109: 1100: 389: 186: 182: 5378: 5286: 5093: 4494: 302:"laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic agents and are directed by competent scientists." 5260: 4772: 3287: 3127: 7009: 5565: 5473: 5011: 2426: 1745: 1167: 1166:

Hospital and research facility. Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center). Operated by

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pandemic near the facilities of the WIV, work in biocontainment facilities has been politicized, especially in the

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Department of Health and Home Office laboratory. Develop assays and reagents for research on virulent pathogens.

1696: 1679: 228: 6976: 6309: 6293: 6093: 5537: 3631: 2708:"American Biological Safety Association Collection : NAL Collections : National Agricultural Library" 2676: 2138: 762:. The systems of such facilities must be able to contain unknown biohazards, as the size of any putative alien 281: 73: 5742: 5337: 3428: 3357: 1317: 544:

CDC technician dons an older-model positive-pressure suit before entering one of the CDC's earlier BSL-4 labs.

5927: 5312: 3475:"European Science Foundation – Mars Sample Return backward contamination – Strategic advice and requirements" 3155: 2800: 2026:

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs laboratory. Diagnostics and research for animal diseases.

7089: 6666: 6447: 6432: 6403: 5932: 5802: 5161: 2168: 1981: 1929: 1794: 1265: 917: 582: 489: 5067: 6710: 6458: 5678: 5208: 4959: 4227: 3002:"WHO official warns of 'high risk of biological hazard' in Sudan after fighters seize laboratory: reports" 2710:. United States Department of Agriculture: National Agricultural Library. 11 February 2009. Archived from 2063: 1543: 1329: 985: 872: 450: 3777: 3252:

For a list of infectious agents and the recommended biosafety level at which they should be studied, see

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Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research

4880:"Biosafety Level-4 Laboratories in Europe: Opportunities for Public Health, Diagnostics, and Research" 3688: 3214: 773:

Because NASA and ESA are collaborating on the Mars Sample Return campaign, due to return samples from

6960: 6628: 6611: 6535: 5522: 2861: 2471: 2117: 2055: 1526: 1222: 1180: 997: 750: 540: 5767: 4071: 3186:"Principles and Concepts of Biosafety | Environmental Health & Safety | University of Missouri" 1858: 1574: 1569: 1356: 250: 4716: 4149: 3818:"Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health Celebrates 20 Years of Scientific Excellence" 2578:"Chapter 2: The Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines: 3rd Edition 2004 – Biological safety – Canada.ca" 204:, which was designed in the early 1990s, "has become the prototype for modern BSL4 laboratories". 7059: 6971: 5532: 5489: 4788: 4023: 3820:(Press release). Winnipeg, MB: Government of Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2 May 2019. 3653: 2466: 2380: 2260: 2189: 2067: 1772: 1666: 1591: 1207: 509: 462: 139: 3683:

Honko, Anna N.; Ignatyev, Georgy M.; Jahrling, Peter B.; Johnson, Karl M.; Klenk, Hans-Dieter;

2957:"JUST IN: Rand Paul Asks Samantha Power: 'Did USAID Fund Coronavirus Research In Wuhan China?'" 7054: 6775: 6646: 6540: 6473: 5843: 5717: 5683: 4911: 4842: 4582: 4564: 3943: 3726: 3708: 3501: 3295: 2879: 2778: 2607: 2539: 2436: 2298: 2281: 2155: 1920: 1440:

This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.

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Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold

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Laboratory Safety Monograph: A Supplement to the NIH Guidelines for Recombinant DNA Research

2321: 1837: 1811: 1790: 1776: 1587: 1445: 1155: 912: 889: 770:, and release of a particle 50 nanometers or larger is unacceptable under any circumstance. 475: 263: 61: 5943: 3916:. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from 3792:"Ministro da Ciência confirma construção de laboratório de biossegurança 4 junto ao Sirius" 2900:. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from 7120: 7064: 6807: 6550: 6530: 5922: 5899: 5663: 5658: 5555: 5382: 5363: 5344: 4839:

Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-Containment Biological Laboratories

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Task Group on Issues in Sample Return. National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1997)

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Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.

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Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations (Planetary Protection Office Summary)

7094: 7074: 7069: 6161: 5493: 5261:"Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Safety and Biocontainment" 3429:"Video Offers Glimpse of Biosafety Level 4 Lab Science webcast "threads the NEIDL"" 2476: 2414: 2211: 1717: 1712: 1121: 1060: 970: 951:

Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology (RPPCM)

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Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction

3514: 4896: 4662:. Switzerland Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection, and Sports. 2016. 4560: 3965: 3260:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. December 2009. pp. 123–289. 6852: 6736: 6720: 6602: 6483: 5737: 5668: 5158:"National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories: About – Mission and Safety" 3996: 2923:

Feldmann, Heinz; Geisbert, Thomas; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Johnson, Karl M. (2007).

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Ministry of Defence laboratory. Focuses on protection from biological weapons.

68:(CDC) have specified these levels in a publication referred to as BMBL. In the 17: 7039: 5732: 4784: 3704: 2956: 2874: 2849: 2010: 1605:

Facility completed in 1984 but not operated as BSL-4 due to local opposition.

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approved the construction of mainland China's first BSL-4 laboratory at the

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Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)

5375: 5089: 4440:"Virology Institute of the Philippines to rise in Tarlac in 2 years: DOST" 3185: 2986: 6715: 6569: 6015: 5833: 5782: 5727: 5507: 5264: 3123: 2850:"Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens" 2384: 2215: 2206:

Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.

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Working inside a BSL-4 lab with air hoses providing positive air pressure

653: 614: 500: 208: 124: 5183: 5116:"NEIDL Goes Public: BU Biosafety Labs Offer Tours to Press, Politicians" 3914:"China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan" 2898:"China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan" 5653: 3891: 2925:"Dedication: Jim Orzechowski (1944–2003) and Michael Kiley (1942–2004)" 2302: 2147: 2113: 1721: 1394: 1373: 1360: 1347: 1303: 1280: 1238: 1184: 941: 885: 574: 393: 309: 4228:"BSL-4 Laboratory - Virology research group | University of Pécs" 1823:"Glove box" type laboratory; primarily for handling clinical samples. 5797: 5722: 5447: 3752:"Lanagro/MG é o primeiro do Brasil com nível de biossegurança máximo" 3255: 2629:. Ryerson University Facilities Management and Design. Archived from 2529: 2268: 2159: 2035: 2014: 1883: 1807: 1767: 1641: 1623: 1425: 1285: 1226: 1175: 1117: 1017: 961: 369: 91:

At the lowest level of biosafety, precautions may consist of regular

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United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

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DoD Safety Standards for Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories

4409:"Bio lab handling highly dangerous agents to open in suburban Tokyo" 3627: 2680: 684:

Air pressure resistant (APR) door to separate the hot and cold zones

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National BSL-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases.

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All procedures involving infectious material must be done within a

6814:

Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs

6189: 5878: 5873: 5762: 5688: 5585: 3536:. United States Government Accountability Office. 4 October 2007. 2362: 2325: 1828: 1619: 1547: 1538: 1517: 1498: 1489: 1420: 1351: 1256: 1095: 1091: 1086: 946: 728: 649: 539: 383: 224: 158: 6893:

Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013

6859:

Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act

6117:

Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense

5157: 4717:"Case of SARS reported in a laboratory research worker in Taiwan" 4628:"Management of suspect viral hemorrhagic fever patient in Geneva" 637:

Regular inspection of positive-pressure suits to locate any leaks

305:

Access to the laboratory is limited when work is being conducted.

6876:

Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005

6344: 6334: 6330: 6168:

Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio

5063: 3992:"Un laboratoire militaire hautement sécurisé à Brétigny en 2015" 3968:. Ministry of Defense & Armed Forces of the Czech Republic. 3395:

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed

3257:

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed

3216:

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed

3049:

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed

1494: 1467: 1203: 828:

The following is a list of existing BSL-4 facilities worldwide.

774: 6069:

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response

5947: 5462: 5454:

Federation of American Scientists: Biosafety Level 3 and 4 Labs

4955: 2263:. Research focuses on biological threats to the U.S. military. 1878:. Primary purpose is diagnostics of highly pathogenic viruses. 652:

machine at BSL-4 imaging facility that separates subjects with

6331:

National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team

4603:(in Swedish). Public Health Agency of Sweden. 25 August 2015. 4248:. National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, India. 3336:"APPENDIX E LIST OF LABS IDENTIFIED IN LOW-RESOURCE COUNTRIES" 785: 669: 337: 4072:"Centre International de Recherches Medicales de Franceville" 372:, the infectious agents that transmit prion diseases such as 5184:"About | National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories" 3362:

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Lab Biosafety Guidelines

2987:"Sudan crisis: WHO warns of biological hazard at seized lab" 2972:"Russia seeks UN probe of claims on Ukraine biological labs" 1672:

State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR)

1270:

Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville

319:

Extreme precautions are taken with contaminated sharp items.

6752:

Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System

6367:

Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory

6185:

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

6112:

Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System

5581:

Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism

4493:. African National Public Health Institutes. Archived from 4491:"South Africa National Institute for Communicable Diseases" 3628:"Members: The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity" 2749:"Overview of the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory" 2050:

laboratory. Research on highly pathogenic animal diseases.

1002:

Laboratório Nacional de Máxima Contenção Biológica (LNMCB)

766:

is unknown. Ideally, it should filter particles down to 10

6154:

National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research

1851:

Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports

219:'s work. Russia asked questions on 25 October 2022 in the 165:(AAHL) if he could have the newly released United States' 5211:. National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease. 5038:"National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center" 3163:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. June 2020 2677:"A History of the American Biological Safety Association" 2289:

Focus on potential threats to public health. Operated by

2251:

US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

1655:

48th Central Scientific Research Institute Sergiev Posad

6637:

National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases

5448:

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories

5014:. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. 4982:"An Integrated Research Facility: Questions and Answers" 3157:

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories

2679:. American Biological Safety Association. Archived from 2531:

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories

984:

Focus on Agropecuary diseases and diagnostics, like the

413:

are followed, as well as additional measures including:

223:

over the presence in Ukraine of biolabs. In April 2023,

6439:

Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies

6022:

National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center

5621:

National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center

4956:"Leveraging the National Bio and Agro-defense Facility" 4518:"Korea to open first deadly virus biosafety laboratory" 4334:(in Italian). IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani. Archived from 4075: 3126:. Columbia University Environmental Health and Safety. 2235:

National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center

1999:

National Institute for Biological Standards and Control

802: 6444:

National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases

6240:

Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority

5064:"USAMRIID: Biodefense Solutions to Protect our Nation" 4930:"Operating a BSL-4 Laboratory in a University Setting" 4124:"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNI)" 3656:. Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. 3564:"Mapping Maximum Biological Containment Labs Globally" 3502:"7: "Sample-Receiving Facility and Program Oversight"" 2734:"CSIRO: Geelong – Australian Animal Health Laboratory" 2048:

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

1937:

Has BSL-4 space but does not work on human pathogens.

864:

National Service of Healthcare and Agriculture Quality

4986:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

4046:"Inauguration du laboratoire biologique P4 de la DGA" 2229:(NIAID). Focuses on animal models of human diseases. 2227:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

708:

Inside a Class III biological safety cabinet with an

4272:"Stone laid for stem cell research lab in Hyderabad" 111:

The first prototype Class III (maximum containment)

7027: 6985: 6941: 6934: 6905: 6829: 6800: 6793: 6761: 6729: 6701: 6692: 6645: 6627: 6601: 6549: 6509: 6500: 6457: 6389: 6380: 6323: 6302: 6286: 6279: 6208: 6177: 6144: 6135: 6092: 6059: 6040: 5997: 5988: 5981: 5892: 5811: 5644: 5546: 5500: 3562:Lentzos, Filippa; Koblentz, Gregory D. (May 2021). 2176:Under construction. Facility to be operated by the 1636:First BSL-4 Lab in the Philippines when completed. 1434:National Institute of High Security Animal Disease 1041:

Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health

623:

State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology

202:

Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health

84:(for pathogen or protection level), as in the term 5596:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5287:"About Texas Biomed: Biosafety Level 4 Laboratory" 4098:"Das Hochsicherheitslabor im Robert Koch-Institut" 3496: 3494: 3322:"State incidents highlight bioterror lab concerns" 3046:"Section IV-Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria". 2316:NIAID laboratory. Focus on vector-borne diseases. 200:In 2007 a scientific review paper stated that the 117:United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories 5576:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 5396:"Select Agent – an overview ScienceDirect Topics" 4835:"E8: High-Containment Laboratories-UK Case Study" 3844:"National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) Overview" 3780:(Act, 14.242) (in Portuguese). 19 November 2021. 2794: 2792: 976:Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais 617:virus, though this work is only performed at the 6865:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 5040:. Department of Homeland Security. 6 July 2009. 4773:"London biomedical hub sets its research agenda" 3846:. Public Health Agency of Canada. Archived from 3124:"Health & Safety Manual – Biological Safety" 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2286:Built 2008, Opened 2012, BSL-4 Approval in 2017 2278:National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory 1751:Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1342:Focus on animal viral diseases and diagnostics. 6925:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 6881:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act 6517:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program 6084:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity 5910:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 5626:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity 5313:"State of the art laboratory opens in Richmond" 3387: 3385: 3383: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2959:. Forbes Breaking News. YouTube. 26 April 2023. 1582:Facility for the study of infectious diseases. 1320:. National reference lab for tropical viruses. 920:– Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity 6409:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment 6014:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center, 4841:. National Academies Press. pp. 176–177. 4651: 4649: 2390:Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratories 2375:The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US. 1793:. Constructed for research and diagnostics of 1309:Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine 1008:It was announced in 2021 to be built near the 6837:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 6576:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative 5959: 5631:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 5616:India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 5474: 4549:Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 1726:National Institute for Communicable Diseases 1707:First BSL-4 Lab in Singapore when completed. 1244:French general directorate of armaments (DGA) 736:BSL-4 facilities for extraterrestrial samples 227:descent into civil war caused worries at the 72:, the same biosafety levels are defined in a 8: 6414:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens 6007:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division 4872: 4870: 2338:Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the 1868:The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI 1504:Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive 1189:French Armed Biomedical Research Institute, 312:or splashes may be created are conducted in 6842:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 6341:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force 4703:"Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office" 4467:. DSO National Laboratories. Archived from 4358:"Deadly disease lab opens amid local fears" 3966:"Biological Defence Department at Techonin" 3677: 3675: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3208: 3206: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2397:A BSL-4 lab that also acts as a BSL-3 lab. 2245:. Focus on potential bioterrorism threats. 2184:. Expected to be operational by 2022–2023. 1597:Institute of Physical and Chemical Research 1066:Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization 601:. Other pathogens handled at BSL-4 include 6938: 6797: 6698: 6506: 6386: 6283: 6266:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit 6141: 5994: 5985: 5966: 5952: 5944: 5571:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5481: 5467: 5459: 5235:"Galveston National Laboratory Fact Sheet" 4727:(51). Eurosurveillance. 18 December 2003. 4601:"P4-laboratoriet vid Folkhälsomyndigheten" 3525: 3523: 3366:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2536:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2123:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1553:National Institute for Infectious Diseases 1484:India's most advanced BSL-4 category lab. 1298:Diagnostic and experimental lab facility. 895:Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness 830: 619:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 66:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 60:precautions required to isolate dangerous 6887:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act 6361:Aeromedical Biological Containment System 6315:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit 6190:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 6102:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs 5586:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 5315:. Virginia Commonwealth University News. 4905: 4895: 4732: 4630:. Schweizerische Union für Labormedizin. 4576: 3940:"China launches high-level biosafety lab" 3720: 3392:"Section VIII-Agent Summary Statements". 3254:"Section VIII-Agent Summary Statements". 2940: 2873: 2801:"Visiting biosafety level-4 laboratories" 2772: 2097:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory 1455:Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology 749:that bring back to Earth, samples from a 400:under biosafety level 3 conditions, with 7000:United States biological weapons program 6123:National Center for Medical Intelligence 5975:United States biological defense program 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 3654:"Laboratories: High Security/Quarantine" 3149: 3147: 3145: 2462:List of laboratory biosecurity incidents 1876:Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) 1131:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 316:or other physical containment equipment. 31: 6659:National Strategy for Homeland Security 5289:. Texas Biomedical Research Institute. 5012:"Integrated Research Facility Overview" 4388:"高度感染症研究センターとは | 長崎大学高度感染症研究センター" 4150:"Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Germany" 3942:. Xinhua. 8 August 2018. Archived from 3213:"Section III-Principles of Biosafety". 2487: 2062:Private lab. Produces vaccines against 1974:National Institute for Medical Research 627: 308:Certain procedures in which infectious 258:be isolated from the general building. 6158:National Interagency Biodefense Campus 6027:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility 4208:from the original on 24 September 2013 4048:(in French). Ministére de la Défense. 3798:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 17 May 2021 2753:Journal of Infection and Public Health 2675:Manuel S. Barbeito; Richard H. Kruse. 2528:Chosewood LC, Wilson DE, eds. (2009). 2165:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility 1368:Focuses on hemorrhagic fever viruses. 157:asked Bill Snowdon, then chief of the 148:American Biological Safety Association 6429:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling 5849:Biological warfare in popular culture 3758:from the original on 23 February 2018 3543:from the original on 12 February 2016 3439:from the original on 10 December 2014 3286:European Parliament (4 August 2021). 2970:LEDERER, EDITH M. (25 October 2022). 2848:Cyranoski, David (23 February 2017). 2656:"A History of Fort Detrick, Maryland" 2509:from the original on 28 November 2014 2493: 2491: 1629:Virology Institute of the Philippines 1251:Operated by the Ministry of Defense. 7: 6747:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System 6074:Division of Select Agents and Toxins 6052:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism) 6050:National Counterproliferation Center 6032:National Bioforensic Analysis Center 4282:from the original on 16 January 2016 3824:from the original on 11 January 2022 3608:from the original on 21 October 2016 3458:How to Protect Mars Samples on Earth 3338:. National Academy of Sciences. 2019 2291:Boston University School of Medicine 1139:Harbin Veterinary Research Institute 1127:Harbin Veterinary Research Institute 468:Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus 6195:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 4634:from the original on 16 August 2016 4312:from the original on 16 August 2017 4204:. Országos Epidemiológiai Központ. 4022:. Fondation Mérieux. Archived from 3324:. Post Crescent. USA Today Network. 3320:Penzenstadler, Nick (28 May 2015). 3092:"The 1, 2, 3's of Biosafety Levels" 3000:Wallace, Danielle (25 April 2023). 2368:Texas Biomedical Research Institute 2333:, National Biocontainment Facility 1896:– Institute of Preventive Medicine 1847:Federal Office for Civil Protection 1103:of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 621:in Atlanta, United States, and the 536:List of biosafety level 4 organisms 176:Australian Animal Health Laboratory 163:Australian Animal Health Laboratory 6580:Bio-Surveillance Management Office 6246:Homeland Security Research Program 5319:from the original on 8 August 2014 5215:from the original on 29 April 2016 5137:"NEIDL BSL-4 Lab Gets Green Light" 4607:from the original on 13 March 2020 4419:from the original on 15 March 2018 4368:from the original on 28 April 2016 4252:from the original on 19 March 2016 4156:from the original on 22 April 2016 4130:from the original on 27 April 2016 4074:(in French). CIRMF. Archived from 3972:from the original on 26 April 2016 3660:from the original on 19 April 2016 3634:from the original on 20 March 2016 3630:. Global Virus Network. May 2013. 3267:from the original on 27 March 2016 3229:from the original on 10 March 2016 3154:"Section VIII-H: Prion Diseases". 3130:from the original on 27 March 2016 3104:from the original on 19 March 2015 2929:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2811:from the original on 18 April 2016 2340:University of Texas Medical Branch 931:National High Security Laboratory 25: 6915:Global Health Security Initiative 6559:National Biosurveillance Strategy 6256:Plum Island Animal Disease Center 5601:Global Health Security Initiative 5293:from the original on 3 April 2016 4992:from the original on 22 June 2016 4962:from the original on 10 June 2016 4936:from the original on 30 June 2016 4855:from the original on 23 June 2016 4741:from the original on 11 June 2016 4182:from the original on 11 June 2016 3062:from the original on 9 April 2016 2576:Canada, Public Health Agency of. 2182:Plum Island Animal Disease Center 1682:-approved facilities for work on 1383:National Center for Epidemiology 472:Eastern equine encephalitis virus 97:positive pressure personnel suits 27:Set of biocontainment precautions 7045:Biosecurity in the United States 6951:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 6781:Positive pressure personnel suit 6673:National Disaster Medical System 5513:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 5164:from the original on 4 June 2016 5096:from the original on 18 May 2016 5092:. U.S. Army Medical Department. 5070:from the original on 5 June 2016 5066:. U.S. Army Medical Department. 5044:from the original on 20 May 2016 5018:from the original on 5 July 2016 4799:from the original on 7 June 2016 4669:from the original on 3 June 2016 4438:Domingo, Katrina (25 May 2021). 4104:from the original on 19 May 2016 3427:Seligson, Susan (7 March 2013). 3408:from the original on 13 May 2016 1413:Szentágothai János Kutatóközpont 1043:, it is jointly operated by the 1032:National Microbiology Laboratory 823:Government Accountability Office 789: 742:Extraterrestrial sample curation 717: 701: 689: 677: 661: 642: 630: 324:United States include hepatitis 7100:Smallpox virus retention debate 6995:United States Army Medical Unit 6521:Defense Threat Reduction Agency 6107:Defense Threat Reduction Agency 5591:Defense Threat Reduction Agency 4932:. Tradeline. 16 December 2003. 4178:. Philipps-University Marburg. 4052:from the original on 8 May 2016 4020:"Jean Mérieux BSL-4 Laboratory" 2243:Department of Homeland Security 2178:Department of Homeland Security 1789:The only BSL-4 facility in the 1049:Canadian Food Inspection Agency 725:Effluent decontamination system 599:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 7136:Biosafety level 3 laboratories 7131:Biosafety level 4 laboratories 5561:Caribbean Public Health Agency 5209:"Rocky Mountain Labs Overview" 2985:Horton, Jake (26 April 2023). 2499:"Integrated Research Facility" 2020:Animal and Plant Health Agency 1782:Public Health Agency of Sweden 1477:National Institute of Virology 1045:Public Health Agency of Canada 1: 6956:1989 California medfly attack 6820:Biological Weapons Convention 6618:Personnel Reliability Program 6351:Epidemic Intelligence Service 6216:Galveston National Laboratory 5905:Biological Weapons Convention 5518:1989 California medfly attack 5263:. UTMB Health. Archived from 4833:Davison N; Lentzos F (2012). 4771:Ewen Callaway (6 June 2013). 4516:Da-sol, Kim (16 March 2017). 4176:"Philipps-University Marburg" 2799:Racaniello V (14 July 2014). 2331:Galveston National Laboratory 2310:Integrated Research Facility 2220:Integrated Research Facility 2199:National Institutes of Health 1817:University Hospital of Geneva 1191:French Defence Health Service 340:(HIV), pathogenic strains of 215:for example as the result of 178:is a Class 4/ P4 Laboratory. 167:National Institutes of Health 155:Australian Academy of Science 6679:Strategic National Stockpile 6230:Integrated Research Facility 6012:DHS Office of Health Affairs 5090:"USAMRIID Biological Safety" 4897:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003105 4561:10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.5.03 4246:"Bio-containment Laboratory" 4126:. Heinrich Pette Institute. 3894:. University of Saskatchewan 2747:Lowenthal, John (May 2016). 2452:Interplanetary contamination 1335:Friedrich Loeffler Institute 396:, Georgia, US, working with 338:human immunodeficiency virus 153:In 1977, Jim Peacock of the 6742:Biological Materials MASINT 6655:National Response Framework 6564:Laboratory Response Network 6525:Biological Threat Reduction 6469:Battelle Memorial Institute 5611:Laboratory Response Network 4958:. Kansas State University. 4721:Weekly Releases (1997–2007) 2457:Laboratory Response Network 2308:Rocky Mountain Laboratories 2041:Institute for Animal Health 1984:. Site demolished in 2018. 1894:National Defense University 1110:Wuhan Institute of Virology 1101:Wuhan Institute of Virology 551:class III biosafety cabinet 390:Centers for Disease Control 187:Wuhan Institute of Virology 183:Chinese Academy of Sciences 7152: 7010:Aeromedical Isolation Team 5566:Center for Health Security 4734:10.2807/esw.07.51.02347-en 4302:"NIV Prune lab gets BSL-4" 2765:10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.007 2427:Aeromedical Isolation Team 2107: 1746:North Chungcheong Province 1701:DSO National Laboratories 1225:. Since 2004, operated by 1168:Army of the Czech Republic 1160:Biological Defense Center 1075:University of Saskatchewan 926:Diagnostic reference lab. 871:Diagnostic laboratory for 760:extraterrestrial materials 739: 563:class II biosafety cabinet 533: 457:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 314:biological safety cabinets 233:National Public Laboratory 127:. Kaempf was tired of his 40:level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory 5918: 5674:Burkholderia pseudomallei 4785:10.1038/nature.2013.13143 3705:10.1007/s00705-012-1594-2 2875:10.1038/nature.2017.21487 2320: 2210: 2112: 2085:UK Health Security Agency 2074: 2030: 1954:'s Centre for Infections 1914: 1887: 1882: 1801: 1795:hemorrhagic fever viruses 1640: 1537: 1488: 1419: 1372: 1279: 1174: 1085: 1016: 960: 907: 879: 229:World Health Organization 54:pathogen/protection level 6582:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD) 6310:State Health Departments 6294:Local Health Departments 4100:. Robert Koch Institut. 4000:(in French). 20 May 2014 3004:. FOX News Network, LLC. 2654:Covt, Norman M. (1997), 2139:Georgia State University 1411:Opened in 2016, part of 1318:Leibniz Center Infection 1198:French Army laboratory. 1163:1971, rebuilt 2003–2007 782:List of BSL-4 facilities 282:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 36:Essential features of a 7090:Isolation (health care) 7060:Biological warfare (BW) 6433:University of Rochester 6404:Henry L. Stimson Center 5803:Viral hemorrhagic fever 2974:. The Associated Press. 2169:Kansas State University 1982:Francis Crick Institute 1930:Francis Crick Institute 1221:Built and owned by the 918:University of Melbourne 583:viral hemorrhagic fever 565:by personnel wearing a 490:Rift Valley fever virus 207:Starting with the 2020 5829:Psychochemical weapons 5679:Chlamydophila psittaci 5421:"Select Agent Program" 5385:- Retrieved 2017-01-19 5366:- Retrieved 2017-01-19 5347:- Retrieved 2017-01-19 4332:"Storia dell'Istituto" 4202:"Division of Virology" 2624:"Biosafety at Ryerson" 2064:foot and mouth disease 1330:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 986:foot-and-mouth disease 873:foot-and-mouth disease 747:Sample-return missions 567:positive pressure suit 545: 451:Francisella tularensis 409: 41: 7085:Entomological warfare 6986:Defunct organizations 6966:Wood Green ricin plot 6870:Project Bioshield Act 6847:Executive Order 13139 6200:Dugway Proving Ground 5923:Wiktionary definition 5864:Entomological warfare 5743:Legionnaires' disease 5528:Wood Green ricin plot 5400:www.sciencedirect.com 5160:. Boston University. 1952:Public Health England 1906:Kwen-yang Laboratory 1291:Robert Koch Institute 1079:Canadian Light Source 1077:and located near the 625:in Koltsovo, Russia. 543: 498:, several species of 495:Rickettsia rickettsii 387: 357:Plasmodium falciparum 35: 6961:2001 anthrax attacks 6629:Medical intelligence 6612:Select Agent Program 6536:Project Clear Vision 5693:Equine encephalitis 5523:2001 anthrax attacks 3693:Archives of Virology 2472:Security engineering 2056:Merial Animal Health 1704:End-2025 (expected) 1527:Ospedale Luigi Sacco 1266:Haut-Ogooué Province 956:Formerly the SRIEM. 821:According to a U.S. 803:adding missing items 5768:Salmonella enterica 4364:. 15 October 2015. 2866:2017Natur.542..399C 2714:on 27 February 2009 2636:on 16 February 2021 2588:on 23 February 2018 1758:First BSL-4 Lab in 1575:Nagasaki University 1570:Nagasaki Prefecture 1357:Philipps University 140:security clearances 7126:Biological hazards 6977:2013 ricin letters 6972:2003 ricin letters 6519:, implemented the 6448:George Mason Univ. 5869:Infectious disease 5606:Health Threat Unit 5538:2013 ricin letters 5533:2003 ricin letters 5490:Biological warfare 5381:2017-01-20 at the 5362:2017-01-25 at the 5343:2017-01-31 at the 4078:on 15 October 2014 3946:on 14 October 2018 3576:on 1 November 2022 3464:. 3 December 2009. 3368:. 11 February 2020 2661:2008-09-22 at the 2467:Safety engineering 2353:Operated by UTMB. 2261:United States Army 2180:, and replace the 2146:Research focus on 2068:bluetongue disease 1667:Novosibirsk Oblast 1592:Ibaraki Prefecture 1404:University of Pécs 1208:Metropolis of Lyon 801:; you can help by 727:of a BSL-4 lab of 546: 510:yellow fever virus 463:Chlamydia psittaci 410: 42: 7108: 7107: 7055:Biological hazard 7023: 7022: 6901: 6900: 6789: 6788: 6776:Biosafety cabinet 6688: 6687: 6647:Disaster response 6541:Project Jefferson 6496: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6474:SRI International 6376: 6375: 6275: 6274: 6131: 6130: 5941: 5940: 5928:Wikimedia Commons 5893:International law 5844:Biological hazard 5718:Foodborne illness 5714: 5706: 5699: 5684:Coxiella burnetii 5646:Biological agents 5450:, CDC publication 5267:on 5 January 2016 5241:on 5 October 2014 4848:978-0-309-22575-5 4415:. 3 August 2015. 3872:. 17 January 2024 3433:Boston University 2860:(7642): 399–400. 2545:978-0-1608-5042-4 2437:Biological hazard 2401: 2400: 2347:Shope Laboratory 2282:Boston University 1223:Fondation Mérieux 1215:BSL-4 Laboratory 1181:Brétigny-sur-Orge 1070:2025 (estimated) 819: 818: 656:from the machines 530:Biosafety level 4 485:Coxiella burnetii 425:biosafety cabinet 406:biosafety cabinet 388:Researcher at US 380:Biosafety level 3 363:Toxoplasma gondii 294:Biosafety level 2 276:Bacillus subtilis 244:Biosafety level 1 191:French government 113:biosafety cabinet 62:biological agents 16:(Redirected from 7143: 7050:Biological agent 7005:Sunshine Project 6939: 6798: 6699: 6661:(DHS; including 6510:Threat reduction 6507: 6479:Idaho Technology 6418:Brown University 6390:Academic centers 6387: 6284: 6142: 5995: 5986: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5945: 5854:Ethnic bioweapon 5812:Related concepts 5778:Salmonella typhi 5709: 5702: 5694: 5501:Modern incidents 5483: 5476: 5469: 5460: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5392: 5386: 5373: 5367: 5354: 5348: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5237:. Archived from 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4899: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4830: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4768: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4736: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4522:The Korea Herald 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4497:on 18 March 2016 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4471:on 16 April 2021 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3850:on 21 March 2016 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3724: 3699:(6): 1425–1432. 3679: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3575: 3569:. Archived from 3568: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3480:. Archived from 3479: 3471: 3465: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3389: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3250: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3190:ehs.missouri.edu 3182: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3151: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3103: 3096: 3087: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3043: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2877: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2776: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2704: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2672: 2666: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2584:. Archived from 2573: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2534:(5th ed.). 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2495: 2241:Operated by the 1838:Spiez Laboratory 1812:Canton of Geneva 1777:Stockholm County 1633:2024 (expected) 1156:Pardubice Region 1073:Operated by the 1005:2026 (expected) 831: 814: 811: 793: 792: 786: 721: 712:control platform 705: 693: 681: 665: 646: 634: 438:A 2015 study by 342:Escherichia coli 264:Escherichia coli 21: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7080:Decontamination 7065:Biosurveillance 7019: 6987: 6981: 6943: 6942:Past biological 6930: 6907: 6897: 6825: 6808:Geneva Protocol 6785: 6771:Biosafety level 6757: 6725: 6694: 6684: 6641: 6623: 6597: 6551:Biosurveillance 6545: 6531:Project Bacchus 6502: 6488: 6460: 6453: 6392:and think tanks 6391: 6382: 6372: 6319: 6298: 6271: 6204: 6173: 6146: 6137: 6127: 6088: 6055: 6036: 5990: 5977: 5972: 5942: 5937: 5914: 5900:Geneva Protocol 5888: 5859:Decontamination 5807: 5664:Botulinum toxin 5659:Avian influenza 5640: 5556:Australia Group 5548: 5542: 5496: 5487: 5444: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5383:Wayback Machine 5376:GAO publication 5374: 5370: 5364:Wayback Machine 5355: 5351: 5345:Wayback Machine 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4890:(1): e1003105. 4876: 4875: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4849: 4832: 4831: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4626:Cherpillod, P. 4625: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4338:on 7 March 2014 4330: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3920:on 3 March 2016 3912: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3487:on 2 June 2016. 3484: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3390: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3009: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2904:on 3 March 2016 2896: 2895: 2891: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2835:Washington Post 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2683:on 20 June 2008 2674: 2673: 2669: 2663:Wayback Machine 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2485: 2423: 2406: 2404:Safety concerns 1544:Musashimurayama 1039:Located at the 844: 815: 809: 806: 790: 784: 744: 738: 731: 722: 713: 706: 697: 694: 685: 682: 673: 666: 657: 647: 638: 635: 538: 532: 519:Yersinia pestis 514:West Nile virus 398:influenza virus 382: 296: 246: 241: 109: 46:biosafety level 28: 23: 22: 18:Biosafety Level 15: 12: 11: 5: 7149: 7147: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7113: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7035:Agro-terrorism 7031: 7029: 7028:Related topics 7025: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6922: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6908:representation 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6804: 6802: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6763:Biocontainment 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6615: 6608: 6606: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6513: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6436: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6348: 6338: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6263: 6253: 6243: 6237: 6227: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6150: 6148: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5992: 5991:administrative 5983: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5839:Biocontainment 5836: 5831: 5826: 5824:Anthrax hoaxes 5821: 5819:Agro-terrorism 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5788:Staphylococcus 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5443: 5442:External links 5440: 5438: 5437: 5425:ors.od.nih.gov 5412: 5387: 5368: 5349: 5330: 5304: 5278: 5252: 5226: 5200: 5175: 5149: 5128: 5107: 5081: 5055: 5029: 5003: 4973: 4947: 4921: 4884:PLOS Pathogens 4866: 4847: 4810: 4763: 4752: 4708: 4694: 4680: 4645: 4618: 4592: 4555:(5): 280–285. 4534: 4508: 4482: 4456: 4430: 4400: 4379: 4349: 4323: 4293: 4263: 4237: 4219: 4193: 4167: 4141: 4115: 4089: 4063: 4037: 4011: 3983: 3957: 3931: 3905: 3883: 3861: 3835: 3809: 3783: 3769: 3743: 3685:Kobinger, Gary 3671: 3645: 3619: 3587: 3554: 3519: 3507: 3490: 3466: 3460:. Jeremy Hsu, 3450: 3419: 3379: 3349: 3327: 3312: 3292:Osha.europa.eu 3278: 3240: 3202: 3177: 3141: 3115: 3073: 3007: 2992: 2977: 2962: 2948: 2942:10.1086/520539 2915: 2889: 2840: 2822: 2788: 2759:(3): 236–239. 2739: 2725: 2694: 2667: 2647: 2615: 2599: 2568: 2558: 2544: 2520: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2432:Biocontainment 2429: 2422: 2419: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2328: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2284: 2275: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2254: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2186: 2185: 2174: 2171: 2162: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1969:Greater London 1961: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1949: 1947:Greater London 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1927: 1925:Greater London 1918: 1916:United Kingdom 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1863:Canton of Bern 1855: 1854: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1833:Canton of Bern 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1697:Central Region 1694: 1688: 1687: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1647:Sergiyev Posad 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1616:New Clark City 1613: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1430:Madhya Pradesh 1423: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1399:Baranya County 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1354: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1322: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1231: 1230: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1149: 1147:Czech Republic 1143: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1124: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1037: 1034: 1029: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1010:Sincrotron lab 1006: 1003: 1000: 990: 989: 982: 979: 973: 967:Pedro Leopoldo 964: 958: 957: 954: 952: 949: 944: 938: 937: 934: 932: 928: 927: 924: 921: 915: 905: 904: 900: 897: 892: 883: 877: 876: 869: 867: 861: 856: 850: 849: 846: 841: 838: 835: 817: 816: 796: 794: 783: 780: 740:Main article: 737: 734: 733: 732: 723: 716: 714: 707: 700: 698: 695: 688: 686: 683: 676: 674: 667: 660: 658: 648: 641: 639: 636: 629: 531: 528: 432: 431: 428: 421: 418: 381: 378: 346:Staphylococcus 321: 320: 317: 306: 303: 295: 292: 270:Staphylococcus 245: 242: 240: 237: 221:United Nations 108: 105: 70:European Union 58:biocontainment 56:, is a set of 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7148: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6906:International 6904: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695:and equipment 6691: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6499: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6456: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6379: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6169: 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5698: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5334: 5331: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4991: 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4047: 4041: 4038: 4026:on 6 May 2016 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3893: 3892:"About USask" 3887: 3884: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3404: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3225: 3218: 3217: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3159: 3158: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3100: 3093: 3090:Richmond JY. 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3058: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2938: 2935:: S127–S128. 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2810: 2806: 2805:Virology Blog 2802: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2632: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2587: 2583: 2582:www.canada.ca 2579: 2572: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2521: 2508: 2504: 2503:niaid.nih.gov 2500: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2415:select agents 2410: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2273:Massachusetts 2270: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2109:United States 2106: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1994:Hertfordshire 1991: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1859:Mittelhäusern 1857: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:Nordic region 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1651:Moscow Oblast 1648: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1519: 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1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 999: 995: 992: 991: 987: 983: 980: 978:(Lanagro/MG) 977: 974: 972: 968: 965: 963: 959: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 939: 935: 933: 930: 929: 925: 922: 919: 916: 914: 910: 906: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 887: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 868: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 851: 847: 842: 839: 836: 833: 832: 829: 826: 824: 813: 804: 800: 797:This list is 795: 788: 787: 781: 779: 776: 771: 769: 765: 764:microorganism 761: 757: 752: 748: 743: 735: 730: 726: 720: 715: 711: 704: 699: 692: 687: 680: 675: 671: 664: 659: 655: 651: 645: 640: 633: 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:Marburg virus 584: 579: 576: 570: 568: 564: 560: 557:or a tank of 556: 552: 542: 537: 529: 527: 525: 521: 520: 515: 511: 507: 503: 502: 497: 496: 491: 487: 486: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 464: 459: 458: 453: 452: 446: 443: 442: 436: 429: 426: 422: 419: 416: 415: 414: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 379: 377: 375: 371: 367: 365: 364: 359: 358: 353: 352: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 318: 315: 311: 307: 304: 301: 300: 299: 293: 291: 289: 284: 283: 278: 277: 272: 271: 266: 265: 259: 256: 252: 243: 238: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181:In 2003, the 179: 177: 173: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 149: 143: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 106: 104: 102: 101:Health Canada 98: 94: 89: 87: 86:P3 laboratory 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 7095:Select agent 7075:CBRN defense 7070:Bioterrorism 6988:and programs 6810:(1925, 1975) 6770: 6503:and projects 6383:governmental 6162:Fort Detrick 6147:departmental 5549:and response 5494:bioterrorism 5428:. 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