219:
will be stolen and used maliciously". Joseph
Kanabrocki (2017) source elaborates: "Biosafety focuses on protection of the researcher, their contacts and the environment via accidental release of a pathogen from containment, whether by direct release into the environment or by a laboratory-acquired infection. Conversely, biosecurity focuses on controlling access to pathogens of consequence and on the reliability of the scientists granted this access (thereby reducing the threat of an intentional release of a pathogen) and/or access to sensitive information related to a pathogen's virulence, host-range, transmissibility, resistance to medical countermeasures, and environmental stability, among other things".
638:. The proliferation of high biosafety level laboratories around the world has resulted in concern about the availability of targets for those that might be interested in stealing dangerous pathogens. The growth in containment laboratories is often in response to emerging diseases, and many new containment labs' main focus is to find ways to control these diseases. By strengthening national disease surveillance, prevention, control and response systems, the labs have improved international public health.
519:(2004) "affirms that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery constitutes a threat to international peace and security. The resolution obliges States, inter alia, to refrain from supporting by any means non-State actors from developing, acquiring, manufacturing, possessing, transporting, transferring or using nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and their means of delivery". Resolution 2325, reaffirming 1540, was adopted unanimously on 15 December 2016.
3525:
3537:
407:
129:(WHO) provided an information note describing biosecurity as a strategic and integrated approach to analysing and managing relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health and associated risks for the environment. In another document, it describes the aim of biosecurity being "to enhance the ability to protect
622:, led to calls for tighter controls on the materials and information used to perform similar feats. Ideas include better enforcement by national governments and private entities concerning shipments and downloads of such materials, and registration or background check requirements for anyone handling such materials.
446:(SPS Agreement), created in 1995. This agreement requires all members of the WTO to consider all import requests concerning agricultural products from other countries. Broadly, the measures covered by the agreement are those aimed at the protection of human, animal or plant life or health from certain risks.
649:
at a food processing plant may include persons taking notes or photos of a business, theft of employee uniforms, employees changing working hours, or persons attempting to gain information about security measures and personnel. Unusual activity is best handled if reported to law enforcement personnel
218:
refers to the measures taken "to reduce the risk of accidental release of or exposure to infectious disease agents", whereas laboratory biosecurity is usually taken to mean "a set of systems and practices employed in legitimate bioscience facilities to reduce the risk that dangerous biological agents
752:
programs carried out by major states in the last century. Dealing with this challenge, which has been labelled the "dual-use dilemma", requires a number of different activities. However, one way of ensuring that the life sciences continue to generate significant benefits and do not become subject to
550:
issue, especially in the traditional view of international relations. However, some changes in trend have contributed to the inclusion of biosecurity (health security) in discussions of security. As time progressed, there was a movement towards securitisation. Non-traditional security issues such as
641:
One of the major challenges of biosecurity is that harmful technology has become more available and accessible. Biomedical advances and the globalisation of scientific and technical expertise have made it possible to greatly improve public health; however, there is also the risk that these advances
310:
Animal biosecurity encompasses different means of prevention and containment of disease agents in a specific area. A critical element in animal biosecurity is biocontainment – the control of disease agents already present in a particular area and work to prevent transmission. Animal biosecurity may
202:
in the UK, where the focus is on the dangers of "dual-use" research, defines the term as meaning "successful minimising of the risks that the biological sciences will be deliberately or accidentally misused in a way which causes harm for humans, animals, plants or the environment, including through
318:
triad for disease occurrence: the individual host, the disease, and the environment in contributing to disease susceptibility. It aims to improve nonspecific immunity of the host to resist the introduction of an agent, or limit the risk that an agent will be sustained in an environment at adequate
694:
The emerging nature of newer biosecurity threats means that small-scale risks can blow up rapidly, which makes the development of an effective policy challenging owing to the limitations on time and resources available for analysing threats and estimating the likelihood of their occurrence. It is
491:
The IHR is a legally binding agreement on 196 nations, including all member states of WHO. Its purpose and scope is "to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health
567:
came to be included in the definition of international security. There was a general realisation that the actors in the international system not only involved nation-states but also included international organisations, institutions, and individuals, which ensured the security of various actors
706:
Some uncertainties about the policy implementation for biosecurity remain for future. In order to carefully plan out preventive policies, policy makers need to be able to somewhat predict the probability and assess the risks; however, as the uncertain nature of the biosecurity issue goes it is
747:
The advance of the life sciences and biotechnology has the potential to bring great benefits to humankind through responding to societal challenges. However, it is also possible that such advances could be exploited for hostile purposes, something evidenced in a small number of incidents of
386:
that can protect from or treat the effects of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) attack or in the case of public health emergencies. MCMs can also be used for prevention and diagnosis of symptoms associated with CBRN attacks or threats.
536:
countries came together, calling upon "national governments to undertake actions to bring the BRC concept into being in concert with the international scientific community". BRCs are "repositories and providers of high-quality biological materials and
2109:
492:
risks and that avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade", "to help the international community prevent and respond to acute public health risks that have the potential to cross borders and threaten people worldwide".
2397:– A peer-reviewed, open access electronic journal for cross-disciplinary research in all aspects of human or animal epidemics, pandemics, biosecurity, bioterrorism and CBRN, including prevention, governance, detection, mitigation and response.
707:
largely difficult to predict and also involves a complex process as it requires a multidisciplinary approach. The policy choices they make to address an immediate threat could pose another threat in the future, facing an unintended trade-off.
753:
misuse for hostile purposes is a process of engagement between scientists and the security community, and the development of strong ethical and normative frameworks to complement legal and regulatory measures that are developed by states.
197:
The definition has sometimes been broadened to embrace other concepts, and it is used for different purposes in different contexts. A 2016 draft handbook on biosecurity education produced by the
Bradford Disarmament Research Centre at
133:, agricultural production systems, and the people and industries that depend on them", with the overarching goal being "to prevent, control and/or manage risks to life and health as appropriate to the particular biosecurity sector".
923:"Biosecurity: Moving toward a Comprehensive Approach: A comprehensive approach to biosecurity is necessary to minimize the risk of harm caused by non-native organisms to agriculture, the economy, the environment, and human health"
720:, puts into question whether the current international conventions regarding biotechnology research and development regulation, and self-regulation by biotechnology companies and the scientific community are adequate.
443:
114:. Australia and New Zealand, among other countries, had incorporated this definition within their legislation by 2010. New Zealand was the earliest adopter of a comprehensive approach with its
1434:
1759:
716:
122:(NASDA) defined biosecurity as "the sum of risk management practices in defense against biological threats", and its main goal as "protect against the risk posed by disease and organisms".
119:
739:, effective oversight, improvement of US policies to influence policies globally, and identification of gaps in biosecurity policies along with potential approaches to address them.
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2056:
311:
protect organisms from infectious agents or noninfectious agents such as toxins or pollutants, and can be executed in areas as large as a nation or as small as a local farm.
3439:
2436:
2235:
2208:
1206:
1984:
3464:
238:
defined biosecurity as "security against the inadvertent, inappropriate, or intentional malicious or malevolent use of potentially dangerous biological agents or
2763:
2029:
1507:
Peter Van den
Bossche and Werner Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials (Cambridge University Press, 2013) 834.
1461:
249:
for military use, and many civilian research projects in medicine have the potential to be used in military applications (dual-use research), so biosecurity
3376:
3123:
591:
increased awareness of health security (biosecurity). Several factors have rendered biosecurity issues more severe: there is a continuing advancement of
423:
Various international organisations, international bodies and legal instruments and agreements make up a worldwide governance framework for biosecurity.
454:
1733:
2573:
1568:
242:, including the development, production, stockpiling, or use of biological weapons as well as outbreaks of newly emergent and epidemic disease".
673:) region, with its socio-political unrest, diverse cultures and societies, and recent biological weapons programs, faces particular challenges.
3073:
470:
3492:
1958:
1471:
1175:
1066:
1408:
1001:. INFOSAN Information Note No. 1/2010 - Biosecurity. World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
568:
within each nation became an important agenda. Biosecurity is one of the issues to be securitised under this trend. On 10 January 2000, the
2545:
2305:
435:
431:
2175:
2123:
Jaspersen, Johannes G.; Montibeller, Gilberto (1 July 2015). "Probability
Elicitation Under Severe Time Pressure: A Rank-Based Method".
481:
3475:
3353:
3273:
3113:
3088:
2513:
466:
87:. The definition has sometimes been broadened to embrace other concepts, and it is used for different purposes in different contexts.
1881:
3022:
2483:
2442:
A More Secure World: Our Shared
Responsibility: Report of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change
2426:
1542:
1301:
1107:
813:
477:
1672:
2044:
3401:
3358:
2598:
829:
788:
450:
2292:
1517:
1291:
8. Thomson, J. Biosecurity: preventing and controlling diseases in the beef herd. Livestock
Conservation Institute; 1991; 49-51.
1273:
1. Thomson, J. Biosecurity: preventing and controlling diseases in the beef herd. Livestock
Conservation Institute; 1991; 49-51.
3396:
3078:
3007:
2946:
2739:
2631:
458:
3318:
3216:
2751:
611:
110:
communities to describe preventative measures against threats from naturally occurring diseases and pests, later expanded to
370:
are usually responsible for managing the control of outbreaks and transmission and the supply of information to the public.
1156:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (14 September 2017). "3. Managing Dual Use Research of Concern".
3562:
3541:
3509:
3386:
3313:
2385:
768:
502:
427:
141:
1131:
226:", defined as "biological research with legitimate scientific purpose that may be misused to pose a biological threat to
3298:
2566:
1991:
1859:
1327:
834:
577:
391:
235:
398:. It helps support "partner" agencies and organisations prepare for public health emergencies that could require MCMs.
222:
In the US, the
National Science Advisory Board on Biosecurity was created in 2004 to provide biosecurity oversight of "
3406:
3338:
2714:
2234:
Pannu, Jaspreet; Palmer, Megan J.; Cicero, Anita; Relman, David A.; Lipsitch, Marc; Inglesby, Tom (16 December 2022).
1775:
819:
2541:
2017:
3108:
2729:
1973:
Criminal
Investigation Handbook for Agroterrorism|2008|U.S. Government Printing Office|Washington, D.C.|pages=34-36
1494:
783:
599:, and globalising force which is making the world more interdependent and more susceptible to spread of epidemics.
1282:
5. Anderson, F. Biosecurity - a new term for an old concept: how to apply it. Bovine Practitioner; 1998; 32:61-70.
3308:
3103:
2941:
2593:
2517:
1379:
438:(CPM) develop standards pertinent to their focuses, which then become international reference points through the
304:
126:
939:
922:
3241:
3118:
3083:
2832:
2822:
2796:
2530:
778:
439:
94:
is a recent example of a threat for which biosecurity measures have been needed in all countries of the world.
1024:
995:
954:
2440:
1647:"1540 Committee (Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)): 1540 Fact Sheet"
394:(FDA) runs a program called the "FDA Medical Countermeasures Initiative" (MCMi), with programs funded by the
3529:
3303:
3146:
2956:
2928:
2651:
2641:
2559:
156:
76:
1211:
102:
The term "biosecurity" has been defined differently by various disciplines. The term was first used by the
3555:
3548:
3368:
3323:
3278:
3093:
3057:
3047:
2842:
2817:
2801:
2786:
2768:
2453:
547:
909:
3446:
3391:
3348:
3231:
3206:
3171:
2847:
1936:
687:
Biosecurity requires the cooperation of scientists, technicians, policy makers, security engineers, and
615:
211:
107:
2487:
2465:"From biodefence to biosecurity: the Obama administration's strategy for countering biological threats"
883:
Koblentz, Gregory D. (2010). "Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and Responses".
253:
are used to prevent dangerous biological materials from falling into the hands of malevolent parties.
3584:
3411:
3381:
3333:
3328:
3251:
3156:
3052:
2875:
2734:
2719:
2694:
2679:
2636:
2250:
700:
282:
215:
207:
188:
115:
51:
etc.) intentionally or unintentionally outside their native range and/or within new environments. In
1911:
3343:
3226:
3221:
2966:
2885:
2704:
2684:
2674:
2072:"An integrated process and management tools for ranking multiple emerging threats to animal health"
1053:
728:
682:
569:
383:
223:
199:
1435:"Alliance for Biosecurity applauds subcommittee efforts to sustain medical countermeasure funding"
1223:
3288:
3283:
2918:
2880:
2837:
2756:
2282:
2156:
2099:
1488:
1200:
900:
749:
596:
462:
250:
246:
192:
111:
330:, bacterial, or viral infections which can affect fish at different stages of their life cycle.
2536:
996:"Biosecurity: An integrated approach to manage risk to human, animal and plant life and health"
955:"Biosecurity: An integrated approach to manage risk to human, animal and plant life and health"
3497:
3480:
3451:
3246:
3130:
2936:
2689:
2626:
2509:
2479:
2422:
2389:
2274:
2266:
2183:
2148:
2140:
2091:
1954:
1836:
1741:
1702:
1467:
1181:
1171:
1103:
1062:
736:
603:
510:
367:
363:
265:
231:
91:
2408:
2332:
Whitby, Simon; Novossiolova, Tatyana; Walther, Gerald; Dando, Malcolm, eds. (December 2015).
1095:
319:
levels. Biocontainment works to improve specific immunity towards already present pathogens.
3421:
3293:
3268:
3161:
2987:
2961:
2913:
2908:
2890:
2827:
2778:
2699:
2669:
2664:
2621:
2258:
2132:
2083:
1944:
1826:
1816:
1163:
934:
892:
798:
645:
Communication between the citizen and law enforcement officials is important. Indicators of
327:
72:
68:
2070:
Del Rio Vilas, Alberto; Voller, Fay; Montibeller, Gilberto; et al. (1 February 2013).
3256:
3166:
3151:
3017:
2982:
2791:
2367:
2333:
732:
688:
576:
as a security issue in Africa and designated it a threat in the following month. The UNDP
556:
64:
2254:
1885:
3181:
3098:
3032:
3027:
2746:
2724:
2659:
2608:
2582:
1831:
1804:
824:
646:
631:
552:
274:
210:, the term started to include the prevention of the theft of biological materials from
1646:
3578:
3486:
3211:
3196:
3191:
3176:
2997:
2951:
2709:
2287:
839:
808:
655:
635:
592:
395:
366:, or they may be deliberate attacks (bioterrorism). The country/federal and/or state
239:
227:
172:
2160:
2104:
2087:
1912:"Why experts are terrified of a human-made pandemic — and what we can do to stop it"
1690:
904:
3459:
2857:
2616:
1159:
Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies
849:
670:
406:
315:
184:
168:
130:
103:
84:
2306:"Stanford Researchers Recommend Stronger Oversight of Risky Research on Pathogens"
303:, which may in turn threaten human health, are typically overseen by a government
136:
Measures taken to counter biosecurity risks typically include compulsory terms of
16:
Preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission
546:
For a long time, health security or biosecurity issues were not considered as an
31:
refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction and/or spread of harmful
3042:
3037:
3002:
1821:
1157:
803:
727:-based measures to reduce the large risks from life sciences research – such as
666:
651:
506:
411:
347:
323:
52:
3201:
3186:
3012:
2992:
1774:
Dankosky, John; Oye, Kenneth; Garrett, Laurie; Carr, Peter (8 November 2013).
1353:
896:
844:
763:
683:
Pandemic prevention § Biosafety technologies and biotechnology regulation
607:
137:
2393:
2270:
2187:
2144:
1855:
1745:
1620:
1249:
3470:
3416:
2870:
2262:
560:
488:) and WHO are the most important organisations associated with biosecurity.
379:
351:
300:
149:
60:
56:
20:
2494:
2278:
2152:
2095:
1840:
1185:
1594:
3263:
1569:"What are the International Health Regulations and Emergency Committees?"
711:
696:
584:
573:
564:
343:
339:
164:
80:
40:
32:
2464:
2071:
1132:"Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Realm of Dual-Use Research of Concern"
1055:
Biological Security Education Handbook: The Power of Team-Based Learning
994:
International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) (3 March 2010).
3236:
2136:
1094:
Salerno, Reynolds M.; Gaudioso, Jennifer; Brodsky, Benjamin H. (2007).
773:
160:
145:
2379:
2310:
Stanford University Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
509:
treaty banning the production of an entire category of weapons, being
2900:
2407:
Chen, Lincoln, Jennifer Leaning, and Vasant Narasimhan, eds. (2003).
2018:"Tacit Diplomacy in Life Sciences A Foundation for Science Diplomacy"
793:
724:
619:
410:
Biosecurity sign for use on a farm or agricultural area experiencing
48:
1949:
1380:"Australian Health Management Plan for Pandemic Influenza (AHMPPI)"
1167:
595:, which increases the possibility for malevolent use, evolution of
484:(IMO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (
444:
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
159:
to people, industries or environment. These may be from foreign or
748:
bioterrorism, particularly by the series of large-scale offensive
44:
36:
2551:
2476:
Biosecurity Interventions: Global Health and Security in Question
642:
can make it easier for terrorists to produce biological weapons.
2372:
1677:
662:
588:
533:
485:
359:
355:
2555:
2421:(Illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media.
1941:
Globalization, Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences
1673:"OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres"
326:
industry is also vulnerable to pathogenic organisms, including
695:
likely that further synergies with other disciplines, such as
580:
also recognise health issues as international security issue.
1983:
The Bipartisan WMD Terrorism Research Center (October 2011).
530:
OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres
148:
arriving at a specific location that could damage crops and
1302:"Biosecurity in Aquaculture: Fighting Disease Transmission"
940:
10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0593:BMTACA]2.0.CO;2
449:
Other important global and regional agreements include the
2417:
Falk, Ian; Wallace, Ruth; Ndoen, Marthen L., eds. (2011).
2176:"Covid-19 has shown humanity how close we are to the edge"
1760:
The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity
717:
The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity
71:, and other organisms not conducive to the welfare of the
1543:"Protecting Australia's Health Through Human Biosecurity"
532:, a consensus report created in 2001 after experts from
261:
Components of a laboratory biosecurity program include:
155:
In general, the term is today taken to include managing
120:
National Association of State Departments of Agriculture
3441:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
338:
Direct threats to human health may come in the form of
2504:
Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou. and Chenoy, Anuradha. (2007).
2209:"Forschung an Krankheitserregern soll sicherer werden"
1734:"Why we need worst-case thinking to prevent pandemics"
1595:"Biological Weapons:The Biological Weapons Convention"
2474:
Lakoff, Andrew, and Sorensen, Georg. (October 2008).
2454:"A Double-Edged Sword: Globalization and Biosecurity"
2236:"Strengthen oversight of risky research on pathogens"
2016:
Benson, David; Kjelgren, Roger K. (13 January 2014).
1621:"The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) At A Glance"
1805:"Laboratory biosafety for handling emerging viruses"
378:
Medical countermeasures (MCMs) are products such as
3430:
3367:
3139:
3066:
2975:
2927:
2899:
2856:
2810:
2777:
2650:
2607:
2045:"Paths to Biosafety and Biosecurity Sustainability"
1803:Artika, I. Made; Ma'roef, Chairin Nisa (May 2017).
1518:"Australia's international biosecurity obligations"
610:from its genetic sequence, and the modification of
214:, called "laboratory biosecurity" by WHO. The term
2437:High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change
1466:. Published online 14 April 2013. 16 August 2012.
921:Meyerson, Laura A.; Reaser, Jamie K. (July 2002).
206:From the late 1990s, in response to the threat of
2334:"Preventing Biological Threats: What You Can Do"
1463:Inquiry into Australia's food processing sector
1102:(Illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. xi.
140:, and are put in place to minimise the risk of
3465:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2043:Nasim, Anwar; et al. (26 November 2013).
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
2567:
2452:Hoyt, Kendall and Brooks, Stephen G. (2003).
1856:"Biosecurity and Biosafety—A Growing Concern"
1809:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
1704:The Millennium Development Goals Report: 2006
299:Threats to animals and plants, in particular
8:
2495:"Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?"
1776:"Biosecurity for the Age of Redesigned Life"
1205:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1025:"Explainer: why Australia needs biosecurity"
729:pandemics through accident or misapplication
2410:Global Health Challenges for Human Security
1162:. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
426:Standard-setting organisations include the
203:awareness and understanding of the risks".
3536:
2574:
2560:
2552:
1727:
1725:
1460:"Chapter 5: Biosecurity and food safety".
1358:Coronavirus: latest information and advice
1332:Australian Government Department of Health
1047:
1045:
1018:
1016:
723:American scientists have proposed various
314:Animal biosecurity takes into account the
3476:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
2506:Human Security: Concepts and Implications
2286:
2103:
1948:
1830:
1820:
1403:
1401:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
938:
455:International Plant Protection Convention
419:Agricultural biosecurity and human health
179:Laboratory biosafety and intentional harm
55:, these measures are aimed at protecting
3504:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
2542:OIE Biological Threat Reduction Strategy
1413:FDA: Emergency Preparedness and Response
1089:
1087:
1085:
1061:. Bradford Disarmament Research Centre.
405:
862:
402:International agreements and guidelines
163:organisms, but they can also extend to
3074:Corporate environmental responsibility
2339:. Bradford Disarmament Research Centre
1486:
1198:
1130:Kanabrocki, Joseph (20 January 2017).
1052:Novossiolova, Tatyana (January 2016).
471:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2112:from the original on 6 November 2023.
2059:from the original on 28 January 2023.
2032:from the original on 5 December 2023.
1905:
1903:
1328:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) health alert"
1224:"Controlling disease in farm animals"
7:
3447:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
2546:World Organisation for Animal Health
1854:Gaudioso, Jennifer (28 March 2008).
436:Commission on Phytosanitary Measures
432:World Organisation for Animal Health
2419:Managing Biosecurity Across Borders
1409:"What are Medical Countermeasures?"
482:International Maritime Organization
245:A number of nations have developed
3089:Environmental full-cost accounting
467:Convention on Biological Diversity
152:as well as the wider environment.
14:
3023:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
2304:Chasnoff, Ari (8 December 2022).
1880:McClellan, Paul (27 March 2009).
814:Global Health Security Initiative
478:Food and Agriculture Organization
3535:
3524:
3523:
3493:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
830:International Health Regulations
789:Biosecurity in the United States
650:promptly. Communication between
451:International Health Regulations
171:, both of which pose threats to
79:to people, including those from
3079:Corporate social responsibility
3008:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2947:Community-supported agriculture
2632:Human impact on the environment
2537:Canadian Food Inspection Agency
2516:p. 42. (Also 2005 article
2088:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.08.007
1757:This is an edited extract from
1100:Laboratory Biosecurity Handbook
1023:Fitt, Gary (15 November 2013).
542:As international security issue
459:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
3319:Socially responsible marketing
2076:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
1910:Piper, Kelsey (5 April 2022).
1884:. EDA Graffiti. Archived from
1441:. Washington, D.C. 8 June 2016
1415:. Food and Drug Administration
658:scientists is also important.
1:
3510:Sustainable Development Goals
3314:Socially responsible business
2478:, Columbia University Press,
2463:Koblentz, Gregory D. (2012).
2448:. United Nations. p. 41.
2386:University of New South Wales
769:Biological Weapons Convention
634:are a major threat to global
606:, including the synthesis of
602:Controversial experiments in
503:Biological Weapons Convention
428:Codex Alimentarius Commission
2213:Science Media Center Germany
1943:. National Academies Press.
835:Interplanetary contamination
578:Millennium Development Goals
392:Food and Drug Administration
236:National Academy of Sciences
3339:Sustainability organization
3124:Standards and certification
2715:Social return on investment
2174:Ord, Toby (23 March 2021).
1822:10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.020
1195:– via NCBI Bookshelf.
820:Good Agricultural Practices
735:measures may include novel
505:was the first multilateral
167:diseases and the threat of
3601:
2764:Systemic change resistance
2302:University press release:
1985:"Bio-Response Report Card"
1732:Ord, Toby (6 March 2020).
1439:Homeland Preparedness News
784:Biosecurity in New Zealand
703:, will develop over time.
680:
182:
98:Background and terminology
18:
3519:
2942:Climate-smart agriculture
2589:
2413:Harvard University Press.
1522:Department of Agriculture
1254:Department of Agriculture
897:10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.96
305:department of agriculture
127:World Health Organization
3084:Environmental accounting
2833:Sustainable architecture
2823:Environmental technology
1779:(Audio & transcript)
1625:Arms Control Association
779:Biosecurity in Australia
737:international guidelines
440:World Trade Organization
19:Not to be confused with
2957:Sustainable agriculture
2508:. New York, Routledge.
2493:Paris, Roland. (2001).
2263:10.1126/science.adf6020
2049:Science & Diplomacy
2022:Science & Diplomacy
374:Medical countermeasures
3500:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
3369:Sustainable management
3354:Urban drainage systems
3094:Environmental planning
3058:Water recycling shower
3048:Tidal stream generator
2843:Sustainable industries
2802:Sustainable population
2787:Demographic transition
2769:Tragedy of the commons
1710:. United Nations. 2006
1493:: CS1 maint: others (
885:International Security
548:international security
415:
3392:Humanistic capitalism
3207:Environmental finance
2848:Sustainable packaging
2499:International Affairs
2469:International Affairs
2458:International Affairs
1937:Institute of Medicine
701:chemical contaminants
616:airborne transmission
583:Several instances of
409:
273:Material control and
212:research laboratories
3359:Urban infrastructure
3053:Water heat recycling
2876:Conservation biology
2720:Steady-state economy
2695:Micro-sustainability
2680:Ecological footprint
2637:Planetary boundaries
1547:Department of Health
1384:Department of Health
699:or the detection of
572:convened to discuss
384:pharmaceutical drugs
283:Information security
216:laboratory biosafety
208:biological terrorism
189:Laboratory biosafety
116:Biosecurity Act 1993
75:. The term includes
3460:Earth Summit (1992)
3114:Metrics and indices
2967:Sustainable fishery
2886:Holocene extinction
2705:Product stewardship
2675:Earth Overshoot Day
2471:, Vol. 88, Issue 1.
2368:Biosecurity Commons
2255:2022Sci...378.1170P
2249:(6625): 1170–1172.
1997:on 25 December 2011
1939:(31 January 2006).
1549:. 27 September 2017
1230:. 18 September 2012
714:, in his 2020 book
630:Diseases caused by
597:infectious diseases
570:UN Security Council
350:pandemic and other
346:, such as the 1918
290:Biological Security
200:Bradford University
2919:Sustainable energy
2881:Endangered species
2838:Sustainable design
2752:Consumer behaviour
2402:Articles and books
2381:Global Biosecurity
2137:10.1111/risa.12357
1860:Sandia Corporation
1575:. 19 December 2019
1386:. 5 September 2014
750:biological warfare
517:UN Resolution 1540
511:biological weapons
496:Biological weapons
463:Codex Alimentarius
416:
396:federal government
368:health departments
295:Animals and plants
287:Program management
279:Transport security
270:Personnel security
257:Laboratory program
247:biological weapons
193:Biological weapons
157:biological threats
118:. In 2001, the US
112:introduced species
77:biological threats
3572:
3571:
3498:Earth Summit 2002
3481:Lisbon Principles
3453:Our Common Future
3131:Sustainable yield
2937:Civic agriculture
2690:Green consumption
2627:Global governance
2501:, Vol. 26, No. 2.
2460:, Vol. 23, No. 3.
1960:978-0-309-10032-8
1882:"Designer Plague"
1627:. 28 January 2004
1473:978-1-74229-657-9
1334:. 6 February 2020
1308:. 30 October 2019
1177:978-0-309-45888-7
1068:978-1-85143-278-3
743:Role of education
604:synthetic biology
524:Laboratory safety
453:(IHR, 2005), the
364:COVID-19 pandemic
266:Physical security
232:national security
224:dual-use research
92:COVID-19 pandemic
3592:
3539:
3538:
3527:
3526:
3471:Agenda 21 (1992)
3442:
3407:Natural resource
3294:Organic movement
3269:Impact investing
2988:Hydroelectricity
2962:Sustainable diet
2914:Renewable energy
2909:Carbon footprint
2891:Invasive species
2828:Natural building
2779:World population
2740:Marketing myopia
2700:Over-consumption
2670:Circular economy
2665:Anti-consumerism
2622:Environmentalism
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2396:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2299:
2297:
2291:. Archived from
2290:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2131:(7): 1317–1335.
2120:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1990:. Archived from
1989:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1029:The Conversation
1020:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1000:
991:
974:
973:
971:
969:
959:
951:
945:
944:
942:
918:
912:
908:
880:
799:Cyberbiosecurity
632:emerging viruses
234:". In 2006, the
73:human population
69:invasive species
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3515:
3440:
3432:
3431:Agreements and
3426:
3363:
3167:Climate finance
3135:
3062:
3018:Reclaimed water
2971:
2923:
2895:
2852:
2806:
2792:Family planning
2773:
2646:
2603:
2585:
2580:
2527:
2445:
2435:
2429:
2416:
2404:
2378:
2363:
2358:
2356:Further reading
2353:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2298:on 23 May 2023.
2295:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2082:(2–3): 94–102.
2069:
2068:
2064:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1750:
1748:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1653:. 28 April 2004
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1601:. 10 April 1972
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
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1562:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
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1407:
1406:
1399:
1389:
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1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
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1347:
1337:
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1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
992:
977:
967:
965:
957:
953:
952:
948:
920:
919:
915:
882:
881:
864:
859:
854:
759:
745:
733:Risk management
689:law enforcement
685:
679:
628:
557:organised crime
544:
526:
498:
421:
414:(Dutch example)
404:
390:In the US, the
376:
336:
316:epidemiological
297:
259:
195:
183:Main articles:
181:
100:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3598:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3533:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3506:(Rio+20, 2012)
3501:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:Infrastructure
3249:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Eco-capitalism
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3099:Sustainability
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3067:Accountability
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2725:Sustainability
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Anthropization
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:Sustainability
2581:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2525:External links
2523:
2522:
2521:
2514:978-0415473385
2502:
2491:
2472:
2461:
2450:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2376:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2226:
2200:
2166:
2115:
2062:
2035:
2008:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1950:10.17226/11567
1928:
1899:
1888:on 12 May 2010
1872:
1846:
1815:(5): 483–491.
1795:
1766:
1721:
1694:
1664:
1651:United Nations
1638:
1612:
1599:United Nations
1586:
1560:
1534:
1509:
1500:
1472:
1452:
1426:
1397:
1371:
1345:
1319:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1241:
1215:
1176:
1168:10.17226/24761
1148:
1122:
1108:
1081:
1067:
1041:
1012:
975:
964:. 3 March 2010
946:
933:(7): 593–600.
913:
861:
860:
858:
855:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
825:Human security
822:
817:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
758:
755:
744:
741:
678:
675:
647:agro-terrorism
627:
624:
553:climate change
543:
540:
539:
538:
525:
522:
521:
520:
514:
497:
494:
473:(GATT, 1947).
469:(CBD) and the
434:(OIE) and the
420:
417:
403:
400:
375:
372:
335:
332:
296:
293:
292:
291:
288:
285:
280:
277:
275:accountability
271:
268:
258:
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180:
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142:invasive pests
99:
96:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3488:
3487:Earth Charter
3485:
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3398:
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3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Environmental
3375:
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3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
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3327:
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3309:Refurbishment
3307:
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3300:
3299:Organizations
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
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3258:
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3248:
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3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:Green economy
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Eco-socialism
3195:
3193:
3192:Eco-investing
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Disinvestment
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
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3148:
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3117:
3115:
3112:
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3087:
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3034:
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3029:
3026:
3024:
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3019:
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3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Marine energy
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Cultured meat
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
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1360:. 21 May 2020
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173:public health
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125:In 2010, the
123:
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108:environmental
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83:diseases and
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3217:Construction
3140:Applications
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2858:Biodiversity
2617:Anthropocene
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2441:
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2309:
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2246:
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2191:. Retrieved
2180:The Guardian
2179:
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1992:the original
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1915:
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1886:the original
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
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1737:
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1331:
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961:
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850:Select agent
746:
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710:Philosopher
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671:North Africa
660:
652:policymakers
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457:(IPPC), the
448:
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334:Human health
321:
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244:
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185:Bioterrorism
169:bioterrorism
154:
135:
131:human health
124:
104:agricultural
101:
89:
85:bioterrorism
28:
27:
25:
3585:Biosecurity
3433:conferences
3304:Procurement
3247:Development
3147:Advertising
3109:Measurement
3043:Tidal power
3038:Small hydro
3003:Micro hydro
2866:Biosecurity
2818:Appropriate
2747:Sustainable
2730:Advertising
2652:Consumption
2642:Development
2531:Biosecurity
2486:. (Details
2001:22 November
1137:. p. 2
804:Food safety
691:officials.
667:Middle East
507:disarmament
480:(FAO), the
430:(CAC), the
412:swine fever
354:epidemics,
348:Spanish flu
324:aquaculture
53:agriculture
29:Biosecurity
3324:Sanitation
3279:Livelihood
3202:Ecovillage
3187:Eco-cities
3104:Accounting
3013:Pico hydro
2993:Hydropower
2811:Technology
2609:Principles
2533:at the FAO
2315:17 January
2219:17 January
1354:"HSE news"
927:BioScience
857:References
845:Quarantine
764:Biodefence
681:See also:
626:Challenges
608:poliovirus
301:food crops
138:quarantine
57:food crops
3417:Recycling
3412:Planetary
3402:Materials
3397:Landscape
3382:Fisheries
3349:Transport
3274:Landscape
3257:Marketing
3232:Gardening
3172:Community
3119:Reporting
2983:Footprint
2871:Biosphere
2394:2652-0036
2288:254998228
2271:0036-8075
2188:0261-3077
2145:1539-6924
1746:0261-3077
1489:cite book
1312:12 August
1201:cite book
1096:"Preface"
910:Full text
585:epidemics
565:landmines
561:terrorism
380:biologics
362:, or the
352:influenza
344:pandemics
340:epidemics
251:protocols
150:livestock
61:livestock
33:organisms
21:Biosafety
3579:Category
3530:Category
3329:Sourcing
3264:Greening
3157:Business
3033:Security
3028:Scarcity
2439:(2004).
2375:Database
2279:36480598
2193:26 March
2161:30118666
2153:25850859
2110:Archived
2105:23937402
2096:22954461
2057:Archived
2030:Archived
1892:23 April
1841:32289025
1751:11 April
1186:29001489
968:13 April
905:57560210
757:See also
712:Toby Ord
697:virology
587:such as
574:HIV/AIDS
442:(WTO)'s
165:pandemic
146:diseases
81:pandemic
41:bacteria
3563:Degrees
3556:Studies
3549:Science
3344:Tourism
3237:Geopark
3227:Finance
3222:Fashion
2797:Control
2685:Ethical
2594:Outline
2361:General
2251:Bibcode
2243:Science
1921:8 April
1832:7103938
1783:NPR.org
1445:15 June
1419:15 June
962:WHO.int
774:Biorisk
620:mammals
476:The UN
230:and/or
161:endemic
49:animals
37:viruses
3512:(2015)
3489:(2000)
3483:(1997)
3467:(1992)
3455:(1987)
3387:Forest
3289:Market
3284:Living
2901:Energy
2757:Market
2512:
2482:
2425:
2392:
2343:22 May
2285:
2277:
2269:
2215:. 2022
2186:
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2143:
2102:
2094:
1957:
1865:23 May
1839:
1829:
1788:22 May
1744:
1714:22 May
1684:23 May
1657:23 May
1631:23 May
1605:23 May
1579:23 May
1553:23 May
1527:23 May
1479:23 May
1470:
1390:22 May
1364:22 May
1338:22 May
1306:Syndel
1259:22 May
1234:22 May
1228:GOV.UK
1191:23 May
1184:
1174:
1141:23 May
1115:23 May
1106:
1074:22 May
1065:
1034:21 May
1005:23 May
903:
816:(GHSI)
794:Biowar
725:policy
677:Future
563:, and
465:, the
461:, the
328:fungal
191:, and
45:plants
35:(e.g.
3542:Lists
3422:Waste
3334:Space
3242:Green
2976:Water
2735:Brand
2599:Index
2446:(PDF)
2337:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2283:S2CID
2239:(PDF)
2157:S2CID
2100:S2CID
2055:(4).
2028:(1).
1995:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1708:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
1059:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
958:(PDF)
901:S2CID
65:pests
63:from
3162:City
2929:Food
2518:here
2510:ISBN
2488:here
2480:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2390:ISSN
2373:Wiki
2371:, a
2345:2020
2317:2023
2275:PMID
2267:ISSN
2221:2023
2195:2021
2184:ISSN
2149:PMID
2141:ISSN
2092:PMID
2003:2011
1955:ISBN
1923:2022
1894:2009
1867:2020
1837:PMID
1790:2020
1753:2020
1742:ISSN
1716:2020
1686:2020
1678:OECD
1659:2020
1633:2020
1607:2020
1581:2020
1555:2020
1529:2020
1495:link
1481:2020
1468:ISBN
1447:2016
1421:2016
1392:2020
1366:2020
1340:2020
1314:2020
1261:2020
1236:2020
1207:link
1193:2020
1182:PMID
1172:ISBN
1143:2020
1117:2020
1104:ISBN
1076:2020
1063:ISBN
1036:2020
1007:2020
970:2020
669:and
663:MENA
661:The
654:and
614:for
589:SARS
534:OECD
501:The
486:OECD
382:and
360:SARS
356:MERS
322:The
106:and
90:The
59:and
3152:Art
2259:doi
2247:378
2133:doi
2084:doi
2080:108
1945:doi
1916:Vox
1827:PMC
1817:doi
1691:pdf
1573:WHO
1212:PDF
1164:doi
935:doi
893:doi
618:in
342:or
144:or
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