1504:
1534:
1545:
162:
1529:
1511:
1539:
1523:
435:, which contains all other recognized anaspid taxa. Birkeniida is further divided into several families, including Birkeniidae, Pterygolepididae, Rhyncholepididae and Pharyngolepididae, which contain those taxa known from whole body fossils (in addition to several taxa known only from scales) and the family Septentrioniidae, whose subtaxa are known exclusively from scales. Two recently described genera,
479:
1517:
140:
296:
373:, anaspids did not possess a bony shield or armor, hence their name. The anaspid head and body are instead covered in an array of small, weakly mineralized scales, with a row of massive scutes running down the back, and, at least confirmed among the
1192:
Blom, Henning, T. Märss, and C. G. Miller. "Silurian and earliest
Devonian birkeniid anaspids from the Northern Hemisphere." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 92.03 (2001):
349:
analysis, although some analysis show these group would be at least related. Anaspids were small marine fish that lacked a heavy bony shield and paired fins, but were distinctively
299:
Anaspids are characterized by a large, tri-radiate spine (red) posteriorly to the series of branchial openings. It is assumed that the most primitive anaspids, such as
1202:
Blom, Henning. "A new anaspid fish from the Middle
Silurian Cowie Harbour fish bed of Stonehaven, Scotland." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28.3 (2008): 594-600.
2086:
1358:
377:, the body was covered in rows of tile-like scales made of aspidine, an acellular bony tissue. Anaspids all had prominent, laterally placed eyes with no
1168:
Sansom, Robert S., et al. "Taphonomy and affinity of an enigmatic
Silurian vertebrate, Jamoytius kerwoodi White." Palaeontology 53.6 (2010): 1393-1409.
1503:
1180:
Blom, Henning. "New birkeniid anaspid from the Lower
Devonian of Scotland and its phylogenetic implications." Palaeontology 55.3 (2012): 641-652.
2256:
1153:
2091:
2261:
2246:
1253:
1033:
1006:
1533:
2251:
1351:
2096:
1213:
2103:
475:
A newer taxonomy based on the work of Mikko's
Phylogeny Archive, Nelson, Grande and Wilson 2016 and van der Laan 2018.
1544:
1383:
1344:
1538:
385:
opened as a row of holes along either side of the animal, typically numbering anywhere from 6-15 pairs. The major
2071:
161:
2081:
1528:
1510:
2129:
1522:
1103:
Reeves, Jane C.; Wogelius, Roy A.; Keating, Joseph N.; Sansom, Robert S. (March 2023). Cavin, Lionel (ed.).
224:
2153:
2213:
2200:
2124:
2076:
1763:
1245:
836:
929:
755:
616:
583:
572:
437:
1812:
1660:
744:
638:
605:
507:
405:
275:
261:
156:
2218:
918:
907:
627:
594:
315:(bottom), possessed a shorter paired fin-fold (green) and enlarged, spine-shaped, median dorsal
1051:"Histology and affinity of anaspids, and the early evolution of the vertebrate dermal skeleton"
998:
Major events in early vertebrate evolution: palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and development
2241:
1986:
1934:
1891:
1885:
1848:
1836:
1806:
1461:
1367:
1249:
1149:
1126:
1072:
1029:
1023:
1002:
996:
798:
652:
2119:
2030:
2013:
1727:
1642:
1278:
1116:
1080:
1062:
975:
885:
706:
679:
320:
242:
125:
1516:
1999:
1962:
1842:
1793:
1614:
1416:
733:
521:
422:
418:
414:
1104:
389:
for the anaspids is the large, tri-radiate spine behind the series of the gill openings.
1300:
2191:
1974:
1952:
1897:
1879:
1830:
1822:
1799:
1757:
1733:
1478:
1085:
550:
449:
410:
378:
266:
206:
2235:
1923:
1770:
1745:
1694:
1607:
1489:
1469:
940:
809:
663:
306:
301:
129:
88:
2035:
1914:
1854:
1739:
1672:
1567:
847:
717:
690:
386:
366:
330:
311:
233:
139:
2185:
2022:
2008:
1944:
1873:
1678:
1633:
1580:
1425:
825:
532:
478:
370:
362:
346:
63:
39:
2040:
1939:
1784:
1721:
1666:
1648:
1447:
1438:
896:
858:
771:
561:
469:
457:
443:
432:
374:
148:
108:
73:
17:
2176:
1130:
1076:
1994:
1751:
1715:
1706:
1620:
1050:
399:
173:
113:
57:
35:
1105:"Lasanius , an exceptionally preserved Silurian jawless fish from Scotland"
1067:
2170:
1957:
1902:
1859:
1453:
1431:
1393:
1282:
869:
782:
465:
427:
350:
342:
338:
334:
193:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
31:
2045:
1585:
1575:
1557:
1121:
461:
118:
93:
1319:
1408:
316:
183:
2147:
1336:
295:
979:
1864:
477:
294:
2205:
1378:
1238:
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016).
382:
2151:
1340:
1025:
Molecules and morphology in evolution: conflict or compromise?
341:
period. They were classically regarded as the ancestors of
1028:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 142.
456:
Some recent studies have suggested that anaspids are stem-
1049:
Keating, Joseph N.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2016-03-16).
1055:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1001:. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. p. 188.
2027:
1982:
1949:
1931:
1781:
1703:
1630:
1597:
1485:
1474:
1465:
1458:
1443:
1421:
1404:
2160:
2112:
2064:
1973:
1922:
1913:
1821:
1780:
1702:
1693:
1629:
1596:
1566:
1556:
1392:
309:fin-fold (green). More advanced forms, such as
1352:
971:
969:
8:
38:. For the freshwater crustacean family, see
329:("shieldless ones") is an extinct group of
2148:
1919:
1699:
1563:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1301:"The Anaspida - unarmoured "ostracoderms""
1188:
1186:
1176:
1174:
722:Kiær 1911 non Miquel 1843 non Nuttall 1841
431:and represents a basal anaspid group, and
138:
46:
1120:
1084:
1066:
305:(top), possessed a long, ribbon-shaped,
965:
7:
1324:Australia: The Land Where Time Began
1098:
1096:
425:Lasaniida, which contains the genus
27:Group of extinct jawless vertebrates
1271:Family-group names of fossil fishes
447:, are considered to be Birkeniida
25:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1502:
160:
1305:Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time
1269:van der Laan, Richard (2018). "
498:Janvier 1996 non Williston 1917
34:. For the gastropod clade, see
1:
945:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
934:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
923:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
912:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
901:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
890:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
814:Blom, Märss & Miller 2003
803:Blom, Märss & Miller 2003
760:Miller, Märss & Blom 2004
749:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
738:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
643:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
632:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
599:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
577:Blom, Märss & Miller 2002
417:Anaspida now consists of two
403:and its close cohorts, i.e.,
345:, but it is denied in recent
2257:Llandovery first appearances
2104:List of transitional fossils
1275:European Journal of Taxonomy
1218:In Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
983:The Tree of Life Web Project
333:that existed from the early
1148:. Oxford University Press.
30:For the reptile group, see
2278:
2262:Early Devonian extinctions
1384:Timeline of fish evolution
1144:Janvier, Philippe (2003).
995:Ahlberg, Per Erik (2001).
460:, more closely related to
29:
2138:
2072:Lists of prehistoric fish
1500:
1374:
1022:Patterson, Colin (1987).
281:
274:
258:
253:
239:
232:
157:Scientific classification
155:
146:
137:
49:
2247:Prehistoric fish classes
2130:Vertebrate paleontology
1212:Haaramo, Mikko (2003).
482:Life reconstruction of
361:Compared to many other
2252:Paleozoic jawless fish
1320:"Anaspida "no shield""
1214:"†Anaspida – anaspids"
1068:10.1098/rspb.2015.2917
486:
484:Lasanius problematicus
323:
2214:Paleobiology Database
1246:John Wiley & Sons
684:ObruÄŤhev 1964 corrig.
481:
409:, have been moved to
298:
2125:Transitional fossils
1764:Pseudopetalichthyida
1283:10.5852/ejt.2018.466
526:Stensiö 1939 corrig.
1241:Fishes of the World
337:period to the late
1813:Ischnacanthiformes
1661:Cephalaspidomorphi
1122:10.1111/pala.12643
1061:(1826): 20152917.
508:Endeiolepidiformes
487:
324:
262:Endeiolepidiformes
2229:
2228:
2154:Taxon identifiers
2145:
2144:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
1987:Palaeonisciformes
1935:Onychodontiformes
1892:Petalodontiformes
1886:Iniopterygiformes
1849:Phoebodontiformes
1837:Ctenacanthiformes
1807:Diplacanthiformes
1689:
1688:
1462:Myllokunmingiidae
1368:Evolution of fish
1155:978-0-19-852646-9
1146:Early Vertebrates
976:Janvier, Philippe
946:
935:
924:
913:
902:
891:
875:
864:
853:
842:
831:
815:
804:
799:Ramsaasalepididae
788:
777:
761:
750:
739:
723:
712:
711:Kiær 1924 corrig.
696:
685:
669:
658:
657:Kiær 1924 corrig.
653:Pharyngolepididae
644:
633:
622:
611:
600:
589:
578:
567:
556:
538:
527:
513:
499:
293:
292:
228:
132:
16:(Redirected from
2269:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2149:
2120:Prehistoric life
2031:Pycnodontiformes
2029:
2014:Acipenseriformes
1984:
1951:
1933:
1920:
1783:
1728:Brindabellaspida
1705:
1700:
1643:Pteraspidomorphi
1632:
1599:
1564:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1487:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1445:
1423:
1406:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1244:(5th ed.).
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1178:
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1141:
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1039:
1019:
1013:
1012:
992:
986:
973:
944:
933:
922:
911:
900:
889:
886:Septentrioniidae
873:
862:
851:
840:
829:
813:
802:
786:
775:
759:
748:
737:
721:
710:
707:Rhyncholepididae
694:
683:
680:Pterygolepididae
667:
656:
642:
631:
620:
609:
598:
587:
576:
565:
554:
536:
525:
511:
497:
321:Philippe Janvier
243:Birkenia elegans
223:
218:
205:
165:
164:
142:
124:
123:
60:
53:Temporal range:
47:
21:
2277:
2276:
2272:
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2232:
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2230:
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2199:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2108:
2052:
2000:Polypteriformes
1969:
1963:Tetrapodomorpha
1909:
1843:Hybodontiformes
1817:
1794:Acanthodiformes
1776:
1685:
1625:
1615:Paraconodontida
1592:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1520:
1508:
1498:
1417:Cephalochordate
1388:
1370:
1365:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1268:
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1256:
1237:
1236:
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1222:
1220:
1211:
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1201:
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1138:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1009:
994:
993:
989:
974:
967:
962:
956:
734:Tahulalepididae
522:Endeiolepididae
395:
359:
249:
246:
222:
216:
203:
159:
133:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
56:444–358.9
55:
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43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2110:
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2094:
2089:
2084:
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2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Porolepiformes
1942:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1898:Symmoriiformes
1894:
1888:
1882:
1880:Eugeneodontida
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1831:Elasmobranchii
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
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1809:
1803:
1800:Climatiiformes
1796:
1789:
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1777:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1758:Acanthothoraci
1754:
1748:
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1734:Petalichthyida
1730:
1724:
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1711:
1709:
1697:
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1657:
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1627:
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1617:
1611:
1608:Protoconodonta
1603:
1601:
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1570:
1561:
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1483:
1479:Myllokunmingia
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450:incertae sedis
411:Jamoytiiformes
394:
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379:sclerotic ring
365:, such as the
358:
355:
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1801:
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1771:Stensioellida
1768:
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1746:Ptyctodontida
1743:
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1549:
1546:
1540:
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1524:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1490:Zhongxiniscus
1484:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1470:Haikouichthys
1463:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:
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1418:
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1411:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1401:Basal member
1400:
1399:
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1382:
1380:
1377:
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1373:
1369:
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1325:
1321:
1318:Monroe M. H.
1316:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
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1276:
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1255:9781118342336
1251:
1247:
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1234:
1231:
1219:
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1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1187:
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1175:
1171:
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1162:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1115:(2): e12643.
1114:
1110:
1109:Palaeontology
1106:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1035:0-521-32271-5
1031:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:0-415-23370-4
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
988:
984:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
959:
957:
943:
942:
941:Septentrionia
937:
932:
931:
930:Spokoinolepis
926:
921:
920:
915:
910:
909:
904:
899:
898:
893:
892:
888:
887:
882:
879:
874:Traquair 1898
872:
871:
866:
861:
860:
855:
850:
849:
844:
839:
838:
834:Genus ?â€
833:
832:
830:Traquair 1899
828:
827:
822:
819:
812:
811:
810:Ramsaasalepis
806:
805:
801:
800:
795:
792:
787:Traquair 1898
785:
784:
779:
778:
776:Goodrich 1909
774:
773:
768:
765:
758:
757:
756:Trimpleylepis
752:
747:
746:
741:
740:
736:
735:
730:
727:
720:
719:
714:
713:
709:
708:
703:
700:
695:Cossmann 1920
693:
692:
687:
686:
682:
681:
676:
673:
666:
665:
664:Pharyngolepis
660:
659:
655:
654:
649:
646:
641:
640:
635:
630:
629:
624:
619:
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613:
608:
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586:
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569:
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348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
307:ventrolateral
304:
303:
302:Pharyngolepis
297:
286:
283:
282:
280:
277:
273:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
257:
252:
248:Traquair 1898
245:
244:
238:
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158:
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150:
145:
141:
136:
131:
130:Late Devonian
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
59:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2161:
2077:spiny sharks
2036:Halecomorphi
1855:Xenacanthida
1740:Phyllolepida
1673:Pituriaspida
1654:
1634:Ostracoderms
1568:Cyclostomata
1558:Jawless fish
1507:
1488:
1477:
1468:
1446:
1424:
1407:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1274:
1270:
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1223:November 25,
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1207:
1198:
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1112:
1108:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1024:
1017:
997:
990:
982:
955:
939:
928:
917:
906:
895:
884:
880:
868:
857:
852:Matthew 1907
848:Ctenopleuron
846:
835:
824:
820:
808:
797:
793:
781:
770:
766:
754:
743:
732:
728:
718:Rhyncholepis
716:
705:
701:
691:Pterygolepis
689:
678:
674:
662:
651:
647:
637:
626:
617:Schidiosteus
615:
604:
593:
584:Kerreralepis
582:
573:Hoburgilepis
571:
560:
549:
545:
537:Stensiö 1939
531:
520:
516:
506:
502:
494:
490:
483:
474:
455:
448:
442:
438:Kerreralepis
436:
426:
404:
398:
396:
387:synapomorphy
367:Heterostraci
363:ostracoderms
360:
347:phylogenetic
331:jawless fish
326:
325:
312:Rhyncholepis
310:
300:
241:
234:Type species
219:
200:Superclass:
147:
44:
2186:Wikispecies
2097:lobe-finned
2023:Neopterygii
2009:Chondrostei
1945:Rhipidistia
1924:Lobe-finned
1874:Holocephali
1679:Osteostraci
1581:Hyperoartia
1426:Cathaymyrus
1394:Forerunners
826:Birkeniidae
745:Tahulalepis
639:Vesikulepis
621:Pander 1856
610:Pander 1856
606:Rytidolepis
533:Endeiolepis
458:cyclostomes
423:monogeneric
406:Euphanerops
381:, with the
371:Osteostraci
40:Anaspididae
2236:Categories
2082:placoderms
2041:Ginglymodi
1975:Ray-finned
1940:Coelacanth
1785:Acanthodii
1722:Arthrodira
1707:Placoderms
1695:Jawed fish
1667:Galeaspida
1649:Thelodonti
1448:Haikouella
1439:Olfactores
1329:2012-11-24
1310:2012-11-24
919:Ruhnulepis
908:Manbrookia
897:Liivilepis
859:Saarolepis
841:Märss 2002
772:Lasaniidae
668:Kiaer 1911
628:Silmalepis
595:Maurylepis
562:Cowielepis
470:jawed fish
444:Cowielepis
433:Birkeniida
375:birkeniids
351:hypocercal
149:Cowielepis
2140:†extinct
1995:Cladistia
1752:Rhenanida
1716:Antiarchi
1621:Conodonta
1600:Conodonts
1131:0031-0239
1077:0962-8452
588:Blom 2012
566:Blom 2008
555:Berg 1940
512:Berg 1940
400:Jamoytius
397:Now that
319:. –
287:Birkeniae
180:Kingdom:
174:Eukaryota
36:Anaspidea
2242:Anaspida
2192:Anaspida
2171:Wikidata
2162:Anaspida
1958:Lungfish
1903:Chimaera
1655:Anaspida
1454:Tunicate
1432:Lancelet
1193:263-323.
980:Anaspida
870:Birkenia
783:Lasanius
495:Anaspida
468:than to
466:lampreys
428:Lasanius
393:Taxonomy
343:lampreys
339:Devonian
335:Silurian
327:Anaspida
284:Anaspidi
276:Synonyms
225:Traquair
220:Anaspida
194:Chordata
190:Phylum:
184:Animalia
170:Domain:
50:Anaspida
32:Anapsida
2206:3014433
2177:Q132837
2113:Related
2046:Teleost
1586:Lamprey
1576:Hagfish
1086:4810860
978:(1997)
938:Genus â€
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614:Genus â€
603:Genus â€
592:Genus â€
581:Genus â€
570:Genus â€
559:Genus â€
530:Genus â€
462:hagfish
357:Anatomy
254:Orders
213:Class:
2219:134052
1409:Pikaia
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1005:
881:Family
821:Family
794:Family
767:Family
729:Family
702:Family
675:Family
648:Family
517:Family
421:, the
419:orders
317:scutes
227:, 1899
2065:Lists
1865:Shark
960:Notes
546:Order
503:Order
491:Class
415:Class
383:gills
2092:bony
1915:Bony
1379:Fish
1250:ISBN
1225:2018
1150:ISBN
1127:ISSN
1073:ISSN
1030:ISBN
1003:ISBN
464:and
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369:and
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