121:– here, the offspring of spring-emerging adults will develop directly into adults during the summer, mate, and die. Their offspring in turn constitute a second generation, which is the generation that will enter winter diapause and emerge as adults (and mate) in the spring of the following year. This results in a pattern of one short-lived generation (c. 2–3 months) that breeds during the summer, and one long-lived generation (c. 9–10 months) that diapauses through the winter and breeds in the spring. The
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species that are dependent on seasonal plant resources are univoltine. Some such species have the ability to diapause for a large part of the year, typically during a cold winter. Others that bore in wood or other low-grade, but plentiful, food material may spend nearly the entire year feeding, with
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is bivoltine, and is estimated to have about 2 or 3 broods annually. During winter, individuals remain in diapause, in their pharate or prepupal stage. This diapause stage continues until metamorphosis in the next spring or summer, whereupon the bees emerge as adults. Another example of a bivoltine
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only brief pupal, adult and egg stages to complete a univoltine life cycle. Yet other species that live in tropical regions with little seasonality may be highly multivoltine, with several generations feeding on constantly growing vegetation (such as some species of
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Aalberg Haugen IM, Berger D, and
Gotthard K. 2012. The evolution of alternative developmental pathways: footprints of selection on life-history traits in a butterfly. 12pp. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 25:7, Available online:
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Kivelä SM, Svensson B, Tiwe A, and
Gotthard K. 2015. Thermal plasticity of growth and development varies adaptively among alternative developmental pathways. 13pp. Evolution, 69:9, Available online:
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between a univoltine and a bivoltine area) and/or because environmental stimuli do not induce bivoltinism in all individuals (or across all years). For example, far-northern populations of the
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in anticipation of the winter, and emerge as adults the following year – thus resulting in a single generation of butterflies per year. In southern
Scandinavia, the same species is
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is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year. The term is most often applied to insects, and is particularly in use in
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Butterflies of
British Columbia: Including Western Alberta, Southern Yukon, the Alaska Panhandle, Washington, Northern Oregon, Northern Idaho, and Northwestern Montana
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160:. The brood of one winter will remain dormant underground until the following winter, and then will surface from their burrows to mate once, and establish new nests.
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in the northern part of its range, e.g. northern
Scandinavia. Adults emerge in late spring, mate, and die shortly after laying eggs; their offspring will grow until
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Hunter, M.D. and J.N. McNeil. 1997 Host-plant quality influences diapause and voltinism in a polyphagous insect herbivore. Ecology 78: 977-986.
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Seger J. 1983. Partial bivoltinism may cause alternating sex-ratio biases that favor eusociality. 4pp. Nature, 301:59-62, Available online:
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The number of breeding cycles in a year is under genetic control in many species and they are evolved in response to the environment. Many
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An organism wherein generations overlap in time, and so are not completely reproductively isolated. For example, in bees of the subfamily
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354:(European corn borer) mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase haplotypes. 9pp. Journal of Insect Science, 4:35, Available online:
180:, one generation is produced in the early summer and one in the late summer, but males produced in the early summer may also
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Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Carde (2009). Encyclopedia of INSECTS. 2nd edition, Academic Press , Elsevier 1169 pp. Link:
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Coates BS, Sumerford DV, and
Hellmich RL. 2004. Geographic and voltinism differentiation among North American
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which is known to reproduce once in the late spring and once again in the fall.
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is used to refer to two different (but not necessarily exclusive) situations:
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and many other genera of flies with a life cycle of just a week or two.
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and produce an additional generation under warm conditions.
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Number of generations or broods of an organism per year
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are mostly univoltine, but some individuals may avert
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41:varieties vary in their voltinism.
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383:. Academic Press. p. 159.
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237:Semelparity and iteroparity
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64:Multivoltine (polyvoltine)
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103:speckled wood butterfly
150:Dawson's burrowing bee
90:is more than one year.
309:Buchmann, Stephen L.
127:High brown fritillary
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156:insect of the order
184:in the late summer.
152:is an example of a
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