152:
119:. If symptoms do appear, they tend to be mild: respiratory infection or fever. These are known as primary BK infections. Although without any clinical symptoms, footprints of BK virus have been detected in specimens from females affected by spontaneous abortion. Serum antibodies against BK virus have also been found in spontaneous abortion affected women as well as in women who underwent voluntary interruption of pregnancy.
45:
458:
had clearance or a progressive reduction in viral load and a stabilization or improvement of graft function (7). In a study conducted by
Teschner et al. in 2009, 12/13 patients who had their MMF exchanged with leflunomide cleared the virus by 109 days. In a case series, there was improvement or stabilization in 23/26 patients with BKVAN after switching MMF to leflunomide.
357:
122:
The virus then disseminates to the kidneys and urinary tract where it persists for the life of the individual. It is thought that up to 80% of the population contains a latent form of this virus, which remains latent until the body undergoes some form of immunosuppression. Typically, this is in the
457:
in BKVAN comes from its combined immunosuppressive and antiviral properties. Two studies consisting of 26 and 17 patients who developed BKVAN on a three-drug regimen of tacrolimus, MMF, and steroids had their MMF replaced with leflunomide 20–60 mg daily. 84 and 88% of patients, respectively
296:
It is not known how this virus is transmitted, except that it spreads from person to person, and not from an animal source. It has been suggested that this virus may be transmitted through respiratory fluids or urine, since infected individuals periodically excrete virus in the urine. A survey of
347:
BK viremia load > 185 000 copies/ml at the time of first positive BKV diagnosis – to be the strongest predictor for BKVAN (97% specificity and 75% sensitivity). In addition the BKV peak viral loads in blood reaching 223 000 copies/ml at any time was found to be predictive for BKVAN (91%
127:
or multi-organ transplantation. Presentation in these immunocompromised individuals is much more severe. Clinical manifestations include renal dysfunction (seen by a progressive rise in serum creatinine), and an abnormal urinalysis revealing renal tubular cells and inflammatory cells.
325:. From 1–10% of renal transplant patients progress to BK virus associated nephropathy (BKVAN) and up to 80% of these patients lose their grafts. The onset of nephritis can occur as early as several days post-transplant to as late as 5 years.
420:
Single center study showed renal allografts were preserved in 8/8 individuals managed with reduction in immunosuppression while graft loss occurred in 8/12 patients treated with an increase in therapy for what was thought to be organ
468:
One study of 21 patients found that low levels (< 40 μg/ml) and high levels (> 40 μg/ml) had similar effects on the rate of viral clearance. Those with higher levels had more adverse events (hematologic,
475:
In the
Teschner study, low drug concentrations were associated with decrease in viral load. This makes it difficult to determine whether or not reduction of viral load or addition of leflunomide was the cause for viral
514:(JCV), since their genomes share 75% sequence similarity. Both of these viruses can be identified and differentiated from each other by carrying out serological tests using specific antibodies or by using a
465:
Study of 26 and 17 patients were dosed between 20 mg/day and 60 mg/day with trough levels of 50—100 μg/ml. Failure was seen in patients with leflunomide plasma levels < 40 μg/ml.
1857:
1280:
2349:
1166:
1871:
115:
The BK virus rarely causes disease but is typically associated with patients who have had a kidney transplant; many people who are infected with this virus are
461:
There are no dosing guidelines for leflunomide in BKVAN. Patient to patient variability has made dosing and monitoring of leflunomide extremely difficult.
1537:
1368:
510:
The BK virus was first isolated in 1971 from the urine of a renal transplant patient, initials B.K. The BK virus is similar to another virus called the
1408:
2336:
77:
391:(MMF). Studies have not shown any correlation between BKVAN and a single immunosuppressive agent but rather the overall immunosuppressive load.
1222:
107:. BK virus is an abbreviation of the name of the first patient, from whom the virus was isolated in 1971 (the patient was then 29 years old).
1273:
1501:
1027:
99:
family. Past infection with the BK virus is widespread, but significant consequences of infection are uncommon, with the exception of the
1558:
850:"The impact of surveillance and rapid reduction in immunosuppression to control BK virus-related graft injury in kidney transplantation"
938:
Gardner SD, Field AM, Coleman DV, Hulme B (June 1971). "New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation".
472:
In the study by
Teschner et al., dosages and drug concentration showed no correlation with substantial variation from person to person.
1159:
1022:
1877:
1403:
1360:
1792:
1863:
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1462:
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442:
848:
Elfadawy, NS; Flechner, SM; Xiaobo, L; Schold, J; Tian, D; Srinivas, TR; Poggio, E; Fatica, R; Avery, R; Mosaad, SB (2013).
667:
610:
553:
412:
Some cyclosporine trough levels reported to be reduced to 100–150 ng/ml and tacrolimus levels reduced to 3–5 ng/ml
151:
417:
Retrospective analysis of 67 patients concluded graft survival was similar between reduction and discontinuation of agents.
1152:
552:
Tagliapietra A, Rotondo JC, Bononi I, Mazzoni E, Magagnoli F, Maritati M, Contini C, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F (2019).
1667:
1661:
1572:
1566:
1456:
2030:
1956:
1950:
1623:
1112:"Current recommendations for diagnosis and management of polyoma BK virus nephropathy in renal transplant recipients"
379:
The cornerstone of therapy is reduction in immunosuppression. A recent surge in BKVAN correlates with use of potent
2377:
492:
434:
371:, in addition to carrying out a biopsy in the kidneys. PCR techniques are often carried out to identify the virus.
489:: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) was shown to significantly lower viral loads but no data on survival and graft loss exist.
2087:
1694:
515:
2314:
1796:
1708:
1613:
1443:
1416:
1388:
1321:
1207:
992:
889:
Bista, BR; Ishwad, C; Wadowsky, RM; Manna, P; Randhawa, PS; Gupta, G; Adhikari, M; Tyagi, R; Gasper, G (2007).
1592:
1247:
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1986:
1964:
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1839:
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1831:
1724:
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124:
1971:
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1702:
1531:
1227:
1217:
1212:
486:
341:
146:
363:
showing a polyomavirus infected cell – large (blue) cell below-center-left. Urine cytology specimen.
1653:
1374:
668:"Footprints of BK and JC polyomaviruses in specimens from females affected by spontaneous abortion"
611:"Footprints of BK and JC polyomaviruses in specimens from females affected by spontaneous abortion"
554:"Footprints of BK and JC polyomaviruses in specimens from females affected by spontaneous abortion"
532:
1756:
1512:
1098:
754:
705:
648:
591:
271:
56:
1258:
445:
is now generally accepted as the second treatment option behind reduction of immunosuppression.
395:
No guidelines or drug levels and doses exist for proper reduction of immunosuppressants in BKVAN
2354:
891:"Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of BK Virus"
2323:
2220:
2171:
2152:
2133:
1923:
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1915:
1911:
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1315:
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830:
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329:
104:
72:
321:
has the side-effect of allowing the virus to replicate within the graft, a disease called BK
2195:
1905:
1585:
1517:
1398:
1329:
1237:
1123:
1080:
1046:
947:
910:
902:
861:
822:
785:
774:"Prevalence of polyomavirus BK and JC infection and replication in 400 healthy blood donors"
736:
687:
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630:
622:
573:
565:
314:
302:
100:
2119:
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1944:
1933:
1804:
1768:
1688:
1474:
1335:
1232:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
725:"Low incidence of BK virus nephropathy after simultaneous kidney pancreas transplantation"
495:(IVIG) has use in the treatment of infection and allograft rejection – hard to distinguish
438:
212:
1355:
915:
890:
236:
224:
951:
813:
Fishman, J. A. (2002). "BK Virus
Nephropathy – Polyomavirus Adding Insult to Injury".
741:
724:
2371:
1350:
1345:
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1068:
200:
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652:
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188:
176:
116:
96:
44:
997:
666:
Tagliapietra A, Rotondo JC, Bononi I, Mazzoni E, Magagnoli F, Maritati M (2019).
609:
Tagliapietra A, Rotondo JC, Bononi I, Mazzoni E, Magagnoli F, Maritati M (2019).
2308:
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2159:
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2010:
1849:
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1340:
527:
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426:
368:
322:
298:
1008:
2101:
1885:
1642:
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64:
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2146:
2127:
2094:
2082:
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2055:
2001:
1929:
1900:
1823:
1815:
1777:
1546:
1525:
1431:
1309:
1301:
1289:
626:
569:
498:
430:
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1137:
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924:
875:
834:
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644:
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356:
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1891:
1633:
1489:
1128:
1111:
906:
692:
635:
578:
511:
52:
826:
17:
2341:
1997:
1144:
984:
866:
849:
683:
1606:
60:
2270:
367:
This virus can be diagnosed by a BKV blood test or a urine test for
1051:
1034:
790:
773:
2257:
2016:
1648:
163:
2274:
1262:
1148:
723:
Gupta G, Shapiro R, Thai N, Randhawa PS, Vats A (August 2006).
1483:
67:") but the inclusion body reveals its viral pathophysiology.
59:. The high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio makes it resemble
974:
2283:
2234:
2210:
2118:
2041:
1996:
1985:
1814:
1776:
1755:
1723:
1678:
1632:
1511:
1500:
1473:
1300:
978:
772:Egli A; Infanti L; Dumoulin A; et al. (2009).
301:was reported as showing that 82% were positive for
71:
37:
1033:Reploeg MD, Storch GA, Clifford DB (July 2001).
1274:
1160:
8:
1110:Blanckaert K, De Vriese AS (December 2006).
501:has limited data and is highly nephrotoxic.
409:Overall reduction of immunosuppressive load
2271:
1993:
1773:
1538:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
1508:
1281:
1267:
1259:
1167:
1153:
1145:
975:
135:
34:
1409:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1127:
1084:
1050:
914:
865:
789:
740:
691:
634:
577:
406:Replacement of tacrolimus by cyclosporine
355:
340:recipients it is notable as a cause for
544:
55:of a polyomavirus infected cell, using
1223:Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus
7:
1559:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
348:specificity and 88% sensitivity) .
1079:(Suppl 10): 89–91. November 2004.
425:Other therapeutic options include
25:
1878:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
1404:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1028:MicrobiologyBytes: Polyomaviruses
742:10.1097/01.tp.0000228899.05501.a7
27:Member of the polyomavirus family
1864:Middle East respiratory syndrome
1086:10.1111/j.1600-6135.2004.00730.x
895:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
150:
43:
815:New England Journal of Medicine
403:Withdrawal of MMF or tacrolimus
317:patients, the necessary use of
1463:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1449:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
443:pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
1:
1035:"Bk virus: a clinical review"
952:10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91776-4
1668:Tropical spastic paraparesis
1573:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
518:-based genotyping approach.
2031:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
1951:Human parainfluenza viruses
1624:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
453:The rationale behind using
328:It is also associated with
2394:
493:Intravenous immunoglobulin
1695:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1183:
1116:Nephrol. Dial. Transplant
277:
270:
145:
138:
51:
42:
1797:Infectious mononucleosis
1614:Chandipura vesiculovirus
1444:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1389:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1322:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1208:Merkel cell polyomavirus
1023:Overview of the BK virus
854:Transplant International
1593:Encephalitis lethargica
1294:viral systemic diseases
1248:New Jersey polyomavirus
481:Other treatment options
381:immunosuppressant drugs
319:immunosuppressive drugs
1965:Human orthopneumovirus
1619:Herpesviral meningitis
1580:Arbovirus encephalitis
364:
338:bone marrow transplant
125:kidney transplantation
1423:Merkel-cell carcinoma
1243:Human polyomavirus 12
627:10.1093/humrep/dey375
570:10.1093/humrep/dey375
487:Quinolone antibiotics
389:mycophenolate mofetil
359:
95:, is a member of the
2315:Human polyomavirus 1
2285:Human polyomavirus 1
2068:Adenovirus infection
1532:Human polyomavirus 2
1361:Oropharyngeal cancer
1228:Human polyomavirus 9
1218:Human polyomavirus 7
1213:Human polyomavirus 6
907:10.1128/JCM.01024-06
449:Leflunomide in BKVAN
398:Most common methods:
342:hemorrhagic cystitis
263:Human polyomavirus 1
147:Virus classification
140:Human polyomavirus 1
92:Human polyomavirus 1
1654:Post-polio syndrome
1290:Infectious diseases
827:10.1056/NEJMe020076
533:Low-dose naltrexone
1787:Epstein–Barr virus
1757:Respiratory system
1394:Burkitt's lymphoma
1129:10.1093/ndt/gfl404
441:. Leflunomide, a
365:
305:against BK virus.
111:Signs and symptoms
78:Infectious disease
57:Papanicolaou stain
2378:Alphapolyomavirus
2365:
2364:
2277:Taxon identifiers
2268:
2267:
2230:
2229:
1981:
1980:
1912:Influenza virus A
1829:Human coronavirus
1719:
1718:
1709:Herpes of the eye
1256:
1255:
1073:Am. J. Transplant
1039:Clin. Infect. Dis
1018:
1017:
867:10.1111/tri.12134
684:10.1002/jcp.27490
332:and interstitial
330:ureteral stenosis
289:
288:
101:immunocompromised
83:
82:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2385:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2272:
1994:
1989:digestive system
1906:Orthomyxoviridae
1872:SARS coronavirus
1858:MERS coronavirus
1774:
1586:Orthomyxoviridae
1509:
1475:Immune disorders
1399:Hodgkin lymphoma
1375:Kaposi's sarcoma
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1238:STL polyomavirus
1169:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1106:
1088:
1064:
1054:
976:
964:
963:
946:(7712): 1253–7.
935:
929:
928:
918:
886:
880:
879:
869:
845:
839:
838:
810:
804:
803:
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720:
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713:
695:
663:
657:
656:
638:
606:
600:
599:
581:
549:
439:fluoroquinolones
315:renal transplant
250:Betapolyomavirus
155:
154:
136:
105:immunosuppressed
89:, also known as
63:(thus the name "
47:
35:
21:
2393:
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2269:
2264:
2226:
2206:
2114:
2088:Gastroenteritis
2046:
2043:Gastroenteritis
2037:
2025:Cytomegalovirus
1988:
1977:
1945:Paramyxoviridae
1934:Avian influenza
1810:
1805:Cytomegalovirus
1769:viral pneumonia
1767:
1764:nasopharyngitis
1763:
1760:
1751:
1715:
1689:Cytomegalovirus
1674:
1628:
1516:
1503:
1496:
1469:
1336:Cervical cancer
1296:
1287:
1257:
1252:
1233:MW polyomavirus
1203:WU polyomavirus
1198:KI polyomavirus
1193:JC polyomavirus
1188:BK polyomavirus
1179:
1173:
1109:
1067:
1032:
1019:
1014:
1013:
987:
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729:Transplantation
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551:
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546:
541:
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508:
483:
451:
377:
354:
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280:BK polyomavirus
266:
214:Papovaviricetes
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33:
28:
23:
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15:
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11:
5:
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1725:Cardiovascular
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1504:nervous system
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1356:Vaginal cancer
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1184:
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1177:polyomaviruses
1174:
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1171:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1122:(12): 3364–7.
1107:
1065:
1052:10.1086/321813
1045:(2): 191–202.
1030:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1000:
988:
983:
982:
980:
979:Classification
972:
971:External links
969:
966:
965:
930:
881:
840:
821:(7): 527–530.
805:
791:10.1086/597126
764:
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678:(3): 433–440.
658:
621:(3): 433–440.
601:
564:(3): 433–440.
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238:Polyomaviridae
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2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:Parainfluenza
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:EBV infection
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Poliomyelitis
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Vulvar cancer
1349:
1347:
1346:Penile cancer
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
994:
990:
989:
986:
981:
977:
970:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
931:
926:
922:
917:
912:
908:
904:
901:(5): 1581–7.
900:
896:
892:
885:
882:
877:
873:
868:
863:
860:(8): 822–32.
859:
855:
851:
844:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
806:
801:
797:
792:
787:
784:(6): 837–46.
783:
779:
775:
768:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
693:11392/2397717
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
636:11392/2397214
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
579:11392/2397214
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
548:
545:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
519:
517:
513:
505:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
484:
480:
474:
471:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
456:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
393:
392:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
362:
358:
351:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
291:
282:
279:
278:
276:
273:
269:
265:
264:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
226:Sepolyvirales
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:Cossaviricota
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
141:
137:
131:
129:
126:
120:
118:
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
88:
79:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2284:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2219:
2212:Pancreatitis
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2151:
2132:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2081:
2060:
2023:
2009:
1970:
1963:
1949:
1943:
1910:
1904:
1884:
1870:
1856:
1827:
1803:
1785:
1740:Pericarditis
1732:
1701:
1687:
1660:
1641:
1599:
1584:
1565:
1551:
1530:
1513:Encephalitis
1482:
1455:
1436:
1415:
1381:
1367:
1328:
1314:
1119:
1115:
1076:
1072:
1042:
1038:
1002:
991:
943:
939:
933:
898:
894:
884:
857:
853:
843:
818:
814:
808:
781:
778:J Infect Dis
777:
767:
735:(3): 382–8.
732:
728:
718:
675:
671:
661:
618:
614:
604:
561:
557:
547:
509:
460:
452:
424:
378:
366:
346:
327:
312:
309:Risk factors
299:blood donors
297:400 healthy
295:
292:Transmission
262:
261:
249:
237:
225:
213:
201:
190:Shotokuvirae
189:
178:Monodnaviria
177:
170:
160:(unranked):
139:
121:
117:asymptomatic
114:
97:polyomavirus
91:
90:
86:
84:
29:
2309:Wikispecies
2109:Coronavirus
1850:Common cold
1762:acute viral
1745:Myocarditis
1589:(probable)
1341:Anal cancer
528:Decoy cells
455:leflunomide
427:Leflunomide
369:decoy cells
323:nephropathy
123:setting of
2236:Urogenital
2102:Astrovirus
2062:Adenovirus
1886:SARS-CoV-2
1643:Poliovirus
1518:meningitis
1069:"BK virus"
1004:DiseasesDB
672:Hum Reprod
615:Hum Reprod
558:Hum Reprod
539:References
476:clearance.
437:, and the
421:rejection.
385:tacrolimus
383:, such as
361:Micrograph
65:decoy cell
2147:RNA virus
2128:DNA virus
2120:Hepatitis
2095:Norovirus
2083:Rotavirus
2077:RNA virus
2056:DNA virus
2002:Esophagus
1930:Influenza
1816:RNA virus
1778:DNA virus
1547:RNA virus
1526:DNA virus
1432:RNA virus
1310:DNA virus
1302:Oncovirus
499:Cidofovir
469:hepatic).
431:Cidofovir
375:Treatment
352:Diagnosis
334:nephritis
257:Species:
185:Kingdom:
73:Specialty
2372:Category
2355:11459158
2294:Wikidata
2245:BK virus
2048:diarrhea
1892:COVID-19
1634:Myelitis
1138:16998219
1103:30891138
1095:15504220
1061:11418879
925:17314224
876:23763289
835:12181409
800:19434930
759:12310204
751:16906037
710:53106591
702:30590693
653:58621197
645:30590693
596:58621197
588:30590693
522:See also
512:JC virus
313:In some
283:BK virus
272:Synonyms
233:Family:
197:Phylum:
103:and the
87:BK virus
53:Cytology
38:BK virus
18:Bk virus
2342:9888794
2300:Q582873
1998:Pharynx
1502:Central
998:D027601
960:4104714
916:1865893
506:History
245:Genus:
221:Order:
209:Class:
1662:HTLV-I
1607:Rabies
1457:HTLV-I
1175:Human
1136:
1101:
1093:
1059:
958:
940:Lancet
923:
913:
874:
833:
798:
757:
749:
708:
700:
651:
643:
594:
586:
61:cancer
2350:IRMNG
2329:3MT8J
2258:Mumps
2017:Mumps
1987:Human
1417:MCPyV
1099:S2CID
1009:32797
755:S2CID
706:S2CID
649:S2CID
592:S2CID
336:. In
171:Realm
164:Virus
132:Cause
2337:GBIF
1972:hMPV
1844:OC43
1840:HKU1
1836:NL63
1832:229E
1490:AIDS
1369:KSHV
1134:PMID
1091:PMID
1057:PMID
993:MeSH
956:PMID
921:PMID
872:PMID
831:PMID
796:PMID
747:PMID
698:PMID
641:PMID
584:PMID
435:IVIG
387:and
85:The
2324:CoL
2252:MuV
2221:CBV
2196:HEV
2184:HDV
2172:HCV
2160:HAV
2153:CBV
2134:HBV
2011:MuV
1942:V,
1734:CBV
1703:HSV
1680:Eye
1567:LCV
1553:MeV
1484:HIV
1438:HCV
1383:EBV
1330:HPV
1316:HBV
1124:doi
1081:doi
1047:doi
948:doi
911:PMC
903:doi
862:doi
823:doi
819:347
786:doi
782:199
737:doi
688:hdl
680:doi
631:hdl
623:doi
574:hdl
566:doi
516:PCR
303:IgG
2374::
2352::
2339::
2326::
2311::
2296::
1948::
1909::
1903:,
1826::
1824:IV
1601:RV
1292:–
1132:.
1120:21
1118:.
1114:.
1097:.
1089:.
1075:.
1071:.
1055:.
1043:33
1041:.
1037:.
1007::
996::
954:.
942:.
919:.
909:.
899:45
897:.
893:.
870:.
858:26
856:.
852:.
829:.
817:.
794:.
780:.
776:.
753:.
745:.
733:82
731:.
727:.
704:.
696:.
686:.
676:34
674:.
670:.
647:.
639:.
629:.
619:34
617:.
613:.
590:.
582:.
572:.
562:34
560:.
556:.
433:,
429:,
344:.
173::
2203:)
2201:E
2199:(
2191:)
2189:D
2187:(
2179:)
2177:C
2175:(
2167:)
2165:A
2163:(
2141:)
2139:B
2137:(
2090:)
2086:(
2045:/
2000:/
1932:/
1924:D
1922:/
1920:C
1918:/
1916:B
1914:/
1901:V
1842:/
1838:/
1834:/
1795:/
1766:/
1759:/
1515:/
1282:e
1275:t
1268:v
1168:e
1161:t
1154:v
1140:.
1126::
1105:.
1083::
1077:4
1063:.
1049::
985:D
962:.
950::
944:1
927:.
905::
878:.
864::
837:.
825::
802:.
788::
761:.
739::
712:.
690::
682::
655:.
633::
625::
598:.
576::
568::
20:)
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