42:
813:
1556:
722:, or in soil near roots of a fallen tree, often well away from water. Together, the male and female excavate a horizontal tunnel that is 15–100 cm (5.9–39.4 in) long, 3.8–4.5 cm (1.5–1.8 in) in diameter, and ends in an unlined egg chamber. One pair dug 25 cm (9.8 in) of their burrow, in sand, in about 40 minutes. The unlined chamber is 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) wide and 5–7 cm (2.0–2.8 in) high. Both the tunnel and egg chamber are inclined upwards, which is thought to minimize water entry into the chamber and to help the flow of waste material out of the nest. The
557:
235:
99:
645:, overgrown rubber gardens, or in dense aggregations of palms, bamboos, or shrubs. They tend to keep near forest streams and ponds, but their nests are often well away from water. They keep low to the ground and are known to perch and fly within 1-2m of the forest floor. Their preferred habitat is densely shaded forest lowlands near small streams or ponds. The lowlands they are present in typically do not exceed 1000-1300m in elevation.
795:
74:
516:, and north into Europe and temperate Asia. As implied by their name, pygmy kingfishers are relatively tiny compared to other kingfishers. Other than their size, kingfishers in this subfamily are also characterized by their bright colours. Their habitats range from dense forest to woodland-savannah, and they can also be found along waterways in both wooded and open terrain.
595:
wing-coverts. This species of kingfisher has three toes, explaining why it is sometimes called the three-toed kingfisher, however, there are other kingfishers which also have three toes. The toe-count in these kingfisher species does not appear to be adaptive. The vocalization is a high pitched, shrill "tsriet-tsriet" or soft "tjie-tjie-tjie" in flight.
802:
Black-backed dwarf kingfishers forage solitarily and perch in low vegetation or on rocks before flying out to capture prey from the ground or from among foliage. They can take spiders from their webs and catch insects in flight. They can also dive into water for prey at or just below the surface,
669:, as well as at light stations on many islands up to 60 km (37 mi) off the western coast. It is still uncertain whether the most northerly parts of the species' range are vacated during the winter. The black-backed dwarf kingfisher is also a breeding visitor across much of the range in
594:
crown, rump, and tail; a dark blue back and wings; a white chin and throat; pale yellow-orange underparts; a dark brown iris; and red legs, feet, and bill. Juveniles are duller and have less lilac colouring; a white chin, throat and belly; yellow-orange bill with pale tip; and blue scapulars and
852:
and it is not globally threatened. The population trend, however, is decreasing and the number of mature individuals is unknown. It is widely distributed, but in the northern parts of the range, it is often reported as scarce. This scarcity could be due to the species being overlooked, and/or a
298:. It resides in lowland forests, typically near streams or ponds, where it feeds upon insects, spiders, worms, crabs, fish, frogs, and lizards. It is easily distinguishable from other birds in its range due to its red bill, yellow-orange underparts, lilac-
734:
begins after the final egg is laid and the incubation period lasts 17–18 days. Both the male and female incubate the eggs, however, the female has a larger role in the incubation period because she is responsible for incubating the eggs at night. The
532:
in this genus are characterized by their terrestrial habitats, their diet which consists mostly of insects, their dorso-ventrally flattened orange bills and their more rufous upperparts. Within this genus, molecular data indicates that
861:
The main threat being faced by the black-backed dwarf kingfisher is the clearing of their forest habitat. Population levels are likely to decrease due to the continued loss of critical breeding habitats due to human activities.
1154:
Shakya, S.B.; Alexander, A.; Lim, H.C.; Manthey, J.D.; Prawiradilaga, D.; Chan, K.O.; Sheldon, F.H.; Moyle, R.G. (2023). "Demographic history of a complex polymorphism in populations of the
Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher
492:
and many are found far from water and are predators to terrestrial invertebrates and small vertebrates. This family is largely tropical, however, there are a few species which have adapted to temperate regions.
585:
and measures 12.5–14 cm (4.9–5.5 in) in length (including bill and tail). Females typically weigh 14-16g and males 14-21.5g, making the males slightly larger. The two sexes are otherwise alike and
1505:
351:
meaning "robin" and hence "red-breasted". Linnaeus based his account on "The small kingfisher from
Bengall" that had been described and illustrated in 1738 by the English naturalist
1271:
Moyle, Robert G.; Fuchs, Jérôme; Pasquet, Eric; Marks, Ben D. (2007). "Feeding behavior, toe count, and the phylogenetic relationships among alcedinine kingfishers (Alcedininae)".
607:. The breeding range includes eastern Bangladesh, northeastern India, Myanmar, the extreme south of China, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. There is a disjunct population in the
374:
1829:
2002:
1868:
803:
without submerging themselves. Larger prey are typically brought back to a perch, where the bird will strike it repeatedly with its beak before swallowing.
41:
661:
from August to
September and return north in March. Large numbers of night-flying migrants are reported from August to December at Maxwell's Hill and at
392:) was formerly considered to be a colour morph of the black-backed dwarf kingfisher. The combined species were known as the "oriental dwarf kingfisher".
1961:
1803:
1842:
1477:
1007:
997:
1378:
Andersen, Michael J.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Filardi, Christopher E.; Moyle, Robert G. (2013). "Phylogeography of the
Variable Dwarf-Kingfisher
2042:
826:
653:
The northern populations winter in the southern parts of the breeding range and the species is defined as a partial migrant. They often
982:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
512:(the pygmy kingfishers). The subfamily Alcedinidae is distributed across tropical Africa and Asia, south into northern Australia and
2017:
603:
The black-backed dwarf kingfisher is a forest and wetland-dwelling species that is endemic to parts of the Indian subcontinent and
366:
590:
is not present. Both males and females have a black spot on the forehead; blue and white patches on the side of the neck; a lilac-
2037:
2032:
1907:
319:
224:
730:
size is 3-7 eggs, averaging to around 5 eggs per clutch. The eggs are laid in the morning with a one day interval in between.
1123:
Lim, H.C.; Sheldon, F.H.; Moyle, R.G. (2010). "Extensive color polymorphism in the southeast Asian oriental dwarf kingfisher
385:
272:
1847:
865:
Black-backed dwarf kingfishers may also face other threats common to kingfishers and other migrating bird species, such as:
2022:
1493:
1754:
561:
448:
434:. Disjunctly in southwest India and Sri Lanka. In non-breeding season some birds migrate to south Malay Peninsula and
1033:
A Natural
History of Birds : Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Curiously Engraven from the Life
1873:
1648:
1191:"A phylogeny of kingfishers reveals an Indomalayan origin and elevated rates of diversification on oceanic islands"
1050:
430:, 1758) – northeast India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, southeast China, Indochina and Thailand south to north
2027:
473:
1189:
Andersen, Michael J.; McCullough, Jenna M.; Mauck, William M.; Smith, Brian
Tilston; Moyle, Robert G. (2018).
1979:
373:. This is incorrect as the specific epithet is a noun and its ending does not change. Under the rules of the
845:
604:
295:
98:
1741:
1668:
1502:
Zoological results of the George
Vanderbilt Sumatran expedition, 1936-1939. Part 3- Birds from Nias Island
927:
1759:
853:
result of its movement patterns. There are conservation sites identified over the species' entire range.
203:
954:
1912:
2012:
2007:
1733:
1715:
1594:
1497:
556:
1237:"A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history"
699:
658:
481:
444:
311:
291:
63:
1706:
1626:
1417:
93:
234:
1834:
1894:
1860:
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1618:
1610:
1473:
1409:
1212:
1036:. Vol. 3. London: Printed for the author and sold by William Innys. p. 28, Plate 29.
1003:
630:
587:
393:
170:
17:
1899:
1602:
1399:
1391:
1280:
1248:
1202:
1168:
1136:
985:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 115.
949:
896:
715:
662:
634:
509:
505:
458:
261:
1746:
1881:
1080:
723:
695:
638:
612:
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466:
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324:
276:
78:
931:
1598:
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1027:
731:
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283:
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1582:
1996:
1855:
1284:
1140:
1023:
976:
940:
849:
727:
608:
469:
427:
401:
359:. The black-backed kingfisher is now one of 23 small kingfishers placed in the genus
352:
338:
315:
220:
150:
83:
1649:"Collision Course: The Hazards of Lighted Structures and Windows to Migrating Birds"
1421:
1101:
1084:
1952:
1630:
812:
711:
1782:
1769:
1345:
Limparungpatthanakij, W.L.; Hansasuta, C. (2022). Sly, N.D.; Keeney, B.K. (eds.).
980:
611:
of western India and in Sri Lanka. During winter some birds migrate south to the
1816:
1700:
772:
719:
582:
524:
462:
361:
268:
264:
180:
54:
1925:
1691:
1089:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 184.
1031:
1920:
760:
752:
578:
454:
416:
160:
1614:
1557:"Status, Habitats and Threats of Kingfishers in Chittagong University Campus"
1413:
1216:
1054:
1606:
1382:(Aves: Alcedinidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences".
1253:
1236:
869:
691:
627:
623:
513:
497:
489:
110:
1622:
1395:
1347:
886:
Collisions with artificial obstacles, like buildings, in their flight path
1946:
1886:
1685:
1102:"The supposed significance of originally capitalized species-group names"
666:
642:
287:
130:
1974:
1966:
1808:
1728:
892:
703:
616:
529:
435:
400:
is a distinct taxon and that the polymorphism is the result of ancient
50:
1404:
1207:
1190:
1172:
238:
Black-backed Dwarf
Kingfisher in Abloli,Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India.
788:
768:
748:
736:
591:
565:
333:
299:
120:
1821:
1795:
1662:
1528:
Palkar, SB; Katdar VD; Lovalekar RJ; Mone RV & VV Joshi (2009).
877:
Public dislike for kingfishers (fishermen)/illegal human persecution
1790:
793:
687:
670:
555:
538:
520:
345:
329:
233:
1564:
Bangladesh
Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources
784:
780:
776:
707:
257:
140:
1666:
577:
The black-backed dwarf kingfisher is one of the smallest known
764:
756:
747:
Their diet consists primarily of insects, including mantises (
739:
is 18–20 days and chicks typically fledge out in the morning.
883:
Climate-induced changes in timing of migration and breeding
279:
was known by the English name "oriental dwarf kingfisher".
488:). Despite their name, members of this family are not all
1472:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 198–199, Plate 20.
1127:: a result of gene flow during population divergence?".
581:
species. It is only slightly larger than a medium-sized
827:
Listen to the oriental dwarf kingfisher on xeno-canto
365:
that was introduced in 1799 by the French naturalist
1936:
1675:
472:. Members of this family range in size from the 9g
375:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
369:. The binomial name has sometimes been written as
1346:
955:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22683135A234032210.en
496:This family can be further divided into the three
328:. He placed it with the other kingfishers in the
806:
1530:Breeding biology of Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher
1506:Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
673:, but its movements here are still uncertain.
541:of three-toed pygmy kingfishers that includes
461:of approximately 118 species belonging to the
1535:. Vol. 4. Indian Birds. pp. 98–103.
1359:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology
798:Black-backed dwarf kingfisher with skink kill
8:
1106:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
999:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
686:Egg laying occurs from July to September in
1055:"Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers"
1663:
72:
40:
31:
1647:Evans Ogden, Lesley J. (September 1996).
1403:
1252:
1206:
1002:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 148.
953:
1100:David, Norman; Gosselin, Michel (2000).
1053:; Donsker, David, eds. (December 2023).
519:Within the Alcedinidae subfamily is the
1468:Fry, C.H.; Fry, K.; Harris, A. (1992).
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
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1322:
1320:
1318:
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1314:
908:
1642:
1640:
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1544:
1542:
1463:
1461:
1459:
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1453:
1451:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
889:Exhaustion, starvation and dehydration
726:is approximately 4.2 years. A typical
282:This tropical kingfisher is a partial
2003:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1266:
1264:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1184:
1182:
1061:. International Ornithologists' Union
1045:
1043:
771:); but also includes spiders; worms (
7:
1980:79CC2561-26D0-42EC-AC12-228DBAEC8EB0
1653:Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP)
1470:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers
1555:Biswas, J.K.; Rahman, M.M. (2012).
941:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
314:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
25:
302:upperparts, and blue-black back.
1348:"Black-backed Dwarf-Kingfisher (
1285:10.1111/J.2007.0908-8857.03921.x
1141:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04913.x
1086:Check-list of Birds of the World
811:
551:C. argentatus and C. cyanopectus
310:The black-backed kingfisher was
267:. It was formerly considered as
97:
837:Conservation status and threats
344:. The specific epithet is from
1583:"Migratory birds under threat"
1581:Bairlein, Franz (2016-11-04).
706:, and from December to May in
386:rufous-backed dwarf kingfisher
273:rufous-backed dwarf kingfisher
35:Black-backed dwarf kingfisher
1:
622:It is most commonly found in
244:black-backed dwarf kingfisher
18:Black-backed dwarf-kingfisher
1059:World Bird List Version 14.1
2043:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
874:Drying of ponds and streams
562:Sanjay Gandhi National Park
449:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
412:around 140,000 years ago.
367:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
2059:
996:Jobling, James A. (2010).
357:A Natural History of Birds
1500:& S D Ripley (1939).
1235:Moyle, Robert G. (2006).
948:: e.T22683135A234032210.
404:in which some genes from
209:
202:
94:Scientific classification
92:
70:
61:
48:
39:
34:
2018:Birds of Northeast India
1273:Journal of Avian Biology
1129:Journal of Avian Biology
599:Distribution and habitat
474:African dwarf kingfisher
396:studies have shown that
377:the correct spelling is
306:Taxonomy and systematics
2038:Birds described in 1758
2033:Birds of Southeast Asia
1607:10.1126/science.aah6647
1195:Journal of Biogeography
1157:Ceyx erithaca/rufidorsa
846:Near threatened species
605:Mainland Southeast Asia
537:forms a well-supported
296:Mainland Southeast Asia
1396:10.1525/auk.2012.12102
1159:) of Southeast Asia".
928:BirdLife International
799:
690:, February to July in
569:
239:
1254:10.1093/auk/123.2.487
797:
710:. Nests are built in
677:Behaviour and ecology
559:
254:three-toed kingfisher
252:), also known as the
237:
2023:Birds of South India
1494:Meyer de Schauenesee
844:is classified as a "
457:(Alcedinidae) are a
408:were transferred to
256:, is a pocket-sized
49:With frog kill from
1599:2016Sci...354..547B
1508:. pp. 399–414.
700:peninsular Malaysia
698:, March to July in
659:peninsular Malaysia
482:laughing kookaburra
292:Indian Subcontinent
64:Conservation status
1357:Birds of the World
800:
759:), water beetles (
694:, April to May in
570:
486:Dacelo novaeguinea
312:formally described
240:
1990:
1989:
1895:Open Tree of Life
1669:Taxon identifiers
1593:(6312): 547–548.
1479:978-0-7136-8028-7
1208:10.1111/jbi.13139
1173:10.1111/ibi.13207
1081:Peters, James Lee
1009:978-1-4081-2501-4
833:
832:
751:), grasshoppers (
635:secondary forests
588:sexual dimorphism
394:Molecular genetic
275:and together the
232:
231:
87:
16:(Redirected from
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1504:. Vol. 91.
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1167:(4): 1267–1279.
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763:), winged ants (
743:Food and feeding
639:alluvial forests
442:C. e. macrocarus
419:are recognised:
290:to parts of the
215:
195:C. erithaca
102:
101:
81:
76:
75:
44:
32:
21:
2058:
2057:
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2028:Birds of Hainan
1993:
1992:
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1951:
1950:
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1938:Alcedo erithaca
1932:
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1882:Observation.org
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1352:), version 2.1"
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1028:Derham, William
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839:
834:
829:
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821:Songs and calls
745:
737:fledging period
724:generation time
696:northeast India
688:southwest India
684:
679:
651:
613:Malay Peninsula
601:
575:
432:Malay Peninsula
342:Alcedo erithaca
337:and coined the
325:Systema Naturae
308:
277:species complex
228:
217:
211:
198:
96:
88:
79:Near Threatened
77:
73:
66:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2054:
2046:
2045:
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2010:
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1787:
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1738:
1725:
1712:
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1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1636:
1573:
1538:
1511:
1485:
1478:
1427:
1390:(1): 118–131.
1370:
1290:
1279:(3): 317–326.
1260:
1247:(2): 487–499.
1222:
1201:(2): 269–281.
1178:
1146:
1135:(3): 305–318.
1115:
1112:(4): 261–266 .
1092:
1083:, ed. (1945).
1072:
1039:
1024:Albin, Eleazar
1015:
1008:
988:
977:Linnaeus, Carl
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741:
718:, terrestrial
683:
680:
678:
675:
657:south towards
650:
647:
637:, but also in
600:
597:
574:
571:
480:) to the 500g
452:
451:
439:
424:C. e. erithaca
410:Ceyx rufidorsa
398:Ceyx rufidorsa
390:Ceyx rufidorsa
371:Ceyx erithacus
307:
304:
230:
229:
218:
207:
206:
200:
199:
192:
190:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
168:
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163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
90:
89:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2055:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1926:Ceyx-erithaca
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Ceyx_erithaca
1717:
1713:
1708:
1707:Ceyx erithaca
1702:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1677:Ceyx erithaca
1674:
1670:
1665:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:Ceyx erythaca
1531:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
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1442:
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1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1350:Ceyx erithaca
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Ceyx erithaca
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
992:
989:
984:
983:
978:
972:
969:
956:
951:
947:
943:
942:
937:
935:
934:Ceyx erithaca
929:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
863:
856:
854:
851:
850:IUCN Red List
847:
843:
836:
828:
822:
818:
816:
814:
809:
808:
804:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:); and small
774:
770:
769:Ephemeroptera
767:), mayflies (
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
740:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:road cuttings
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
681:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:Fraser's Hill
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
609:Western Ghats
606:
598:
596:
593:
589:
584:
580:
572:
567:
563:
558:
554:
552:
548:
544:
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536:
531:
527:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Ceyx lecontei
475:
471:
470:Coraciiformes
468:
464:
460:
456:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
421:
420:
418:
413:
411:
407:
406:Ceyx erithaca
403:
402:introgression
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
379:Ceyx erithaca
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:Eleazar Albin
350:
347:
343:
340:
339:binomial name
336:
335:
331:
327:
326:
321:
320:tenth edition
317:
316:Carl Linnaeus
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
249:Ceyx erithaca
245:
236:
226:
222:
216:
214:
213:Ceyx erithaca
208:
205:
204:Binomial name
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:Coraciiformes
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
91:
85:
80:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1937:
1676:
1652:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1533:
1529:
1501:
1488:
1469:
1387:
1383:
1380:Ceyx Lepidus
1379:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1356:
1349:
1276:
1272:
1244:
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1198:
1194:
1164:
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1095:
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1063:. Retrieved
1058:
1032:
1018:
998:
991:
981:
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959:. Retrieved
945:
939:
933:
897:stream banks
864:
860:
848:" under the
841:
840:
820:
810:
801:
746:
720:termitariums
712:stream banks
685:
652:
621:
602:
576:
550:
546:
543:C. melanurus
542:
534:
523:
518:
495:
485:
477:
453:
441:
423:
414:
409:
405:
397:
389:
383:
378:
370:
360:
356:
355:in his book
348:
341:
332:
323:
309:
281:
253:
248:
247:
243:
241:
212:
210:
194:
193:
181:
29:
2013:Kingfishers
2008:Ceyx (bird)
1817:iNaturalist
1701:Wikispecies
1051:Gill, Frank
842:C. erithaca
773:Oligochaeta
702:, March in
583:hummingbird
573:Description
535:C. erithaca
510:Alcedinidae
502:Halcyoninae
498:subfamilies
490:piscivorous
463:pantropical
455:Kingfishers
269:conspecific
265:Alcedinidae
171:Alcedininae
167:Subfamily:
161:Alcedinidae
55:Maharashtra
1997:Categories
1953:Q125706976
1921:Xeno-canto
1570:: 114–118.
1405:1808/13331
903:References
765:Formicidae
761:Dytiscidae
755:), flies (
753:Orthoptera
732:Incubation
579:kingfisher
547:C. lepidus
445:Oberholser
417:subspecies
1615:0036-8075
1414:0004-8038
1363:5 January
1217:1365-2699
1065:5 January
961:5 January
870:Pollution
692:Sri Lanka
649:Migration
643:mangroves
628:evergreen
624:deciduous
514:Melanesia
506:Cerylinae
447:, 1917 –
349:erithacus
271:with the
189:Species:
117:Kingdom:
111:Eukaryota
1947:Wikidata
1861:61658565
1835:10212929
1747:61658565
1742:BirdLife
1692:Q1052008
1686:Wikidata
1623:27811252
1498:Rodolphe
1422:55352878
1030:(1738).
979:(1758).
930:(2023).
749:Mantodea
682:Breeding
667:Malaysia
428:Linnaeus
286:that is
221:Linnaeus
157:Family:
131:Chordata
127:Phylum:
121:Animalia
107:Domain:
84:IUCN 3.1
57:, India
1975:ZooBank
1967:8723382
1913:1034719
1809:5228386
1796:bkbkin1
1770:bkbkin1
1729:Avibase
1655:: 1–47.
1631:6534104
1595:Bibcode
1587:Science
1384:The Auk
1241:The Auk
893:Erosion
857:Threats
789:lizards
757:Diptera
704:Sumatra
655:migrate
631:primary
617:Sumatra
568:, India
530:Species
436:Sumatra
322:of his
318:in the
288:endemic
284:migrant
260:in the
177:Genus:
147:Order:
137:Class:
82: (
51:Mangaon
1900:215691
1874:860587
1848:692714
1760:115052
1629:
1621:
1613:
1476:
1420:
1412:
1215:
1006:
728:clutch
592:rufous
566:Mumbai
508:, and
465:avian
459:family
334:Alcedo
300:rufous
262:family
1908:WoRMS
1887:71083
1830:IRMNG
1791:eBird
1767:BOW:
1627:S2CID
1560:(PDF)
1418:S2CID
785:frogs
777:crabs
671:India
539:clade
521:genus
467:order
346:Latin
330:genus
1962:GBIF
1869:NCBI
1856:IUCN
1843:ITIS
1822:2623
1804:GBIF
1783:T955
1755:BOLD
1619:PMID
1611:ISSN
1474:ISBN
1410:ISSN
1365:2024
1213:ISSN
1161:Ibis
1067:2024
1004:ISBN
963:2023
946:2023
787:and
781:fish
708:Java
633:and
626:and
615:and
525:Ceyx
415:Two
384:The
362:Ceyx
294:and
258:bird
242:The
225:1758
182:Ceyx
141:Aves
1778:CoL
1716:ADW
1603:doi
1591:354
1400:hdl
1392:doi
1388:130
1281:doi
1249:doi
1245:123
1203:doi
1169:doi
1165:165
1137:doi
1110:120
950:doi
895:of
665:in
560:In
1999::
1977::
1964::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
