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scholar has proposed that abstraction originated from
African art, and that Black artists are claiming their birthright through abstraction. However, the American art world expected that Black artists would create representational and figurative work featuring smiling black faces, reflecting stereotypical images of the Black experience, and shying away from abstraction. The irony is that many Black artists in the 1700s and 1800s created work that did not reflect âthe Black experience" in their subject matter; they painted portraits of white families, sweeping landscapes of white owned lands, nativity scenes with all white characters, etc., as a way to make money as an artist. Some have argued that this was a âBlack experience.â
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the work of Black artists. According to a 2022 report surveying 31 museums in the United States, Black artists and their work represent 2.2% of museum acquisitions and 6.3% of museum exhibitions during the period from 2008 to 2020, and are often relegated to museum basement showings and limited-run exhibitions. In recent years, art historians, museum curators, and gallery dealers have shown increased interest in Black abstract painters and sculptors, yet Black visual artists represent less than two percent of the $ 187 billion global art auction market for the period from 2008 to mid-2022.
3658:. List of "Hidden Heritage: Afro-American Art, 1800-1950", exhibition locations: Bellevue Art Museum, Bellevue, WA (September 14-November 10, 1985); Bronx Museum of the Arts, The Bronx, NY (January 14-March 10, 1986); California Afro-American Museum, Los Angeles, CA (April 7-June 2, 1986); Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, CT (July 4-August 31, 1986); Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC (September 22-November 17, 1986); San Antonio Museum of Art, San Antonio, TX (December 15, 1986-February 9, 1987); Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH (March 8-May 3, 1987).
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Abstractionism pushed art in a new direction. Since 1950, the understanding and presenting of abstract work by Black artists has been a major movement in
African American and American art history. Black abstract artists face all of the same aesthetic, intellectual, and value questions that other abstract artists face and also have to confront individual and institutional biases regarding content as it relates to black abstract signals and symbols.
411:. His 1940s jazz-inspired abstract paintings would lay the foundation for Black Abstractionism. Many abstract artists embraced the blues, jazz, and bebop as their guide for improvisation, lyricism and spontaneity, and the recognition of Black artists who worked in abstraction runs parallel to the northward migration of the blues, jazz, and bebop. Lewisâ abstract jazz images place his work in the center of the
2692:. See also Dallas Morning News, Centennial Edition, June 7, 1936. Kenneth B. Ragsdale, The Year America Discovered Texas-Centennial '36 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1987). Harold Schoen, comp., Monuments Erected by the State of Texas to Commemorate the Centenary of Texas Independence (Austin: Commission of Control for Texas Centennial Celebrations, 1938). Texas Almanac, 1936.
903:, Kenneth Victor Young, and others. After its Washington, DC, opening, the exhibit traveled to Muscarelle Museum of Art (Williamsburg, VA), Mennello Museum of American Art (Orlando, FL), Peabody Essex Museum (Salem, MA), The Albuquerque Museum of Art and History (Albuquerque, NM), Hunter Museum of American Art (Chattanooga, TN), and the Crocker Art Museum (Sacramento, CA). That same year, the
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Artâ, a sweeping perspective of Black
Abstractionism including significant work from the Joyner/Giuffrida Collection. In addition, the Hunter College Art Galleries hosted, âActs of Art and Rebuttal in 1971â, a 2018 revisit of the 1971 âRebuttal to the Whitney Museum Exhibition: Black Artists in Rebuttalâ, a show that explored abstraction, expressionism, satire, and symbolism. As well, the
175:, showcased the âHall of Negro Lifeâ, the first recognition of black culture at a world's fair. The Hall of Negro Life attracted more than 400,000 visitors, who entered through a lobby featuring murals by Aaron Douglas, a modern abstract painter who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance. The Hall of Negro Life showcased works on loan from the
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3922:
137:, Americans viewed art more conservatively and grew suspicious of abstract images and art, some thinking that abstract images were propaganda of foreign countries. Some may view abstract art as difficult to understand, yet black abstract artists have a history of using abstraction to speak to real situations.
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https://library.nga.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma99404603504896&context=L&vid=01NGA_INST:NGA&lang=en&search_scope=MainLibrary&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=MainLibrary&query=sub,exact,African%20American%20art%20--%2020th%20century,AND&mode=advanced&offset=0
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The following list represents significant black artists who produced abstract work at some point in their careers. Many artists reject being labeled or categorized and express their creative development by moving to and from different mediums. These artists and many of their works would be considered
704:
In 1985, David C. Driskell organized and curated, âHidden
Heritage: Afro-American Art, 1800-1950â, a major survey show of Black art for the Bellevue Art Museum and Art Museum Association of America. The touring show consisted of 84 paintings, drawings and sculptures by 42 artists and was exhibited at
627:
opened at the DeLux
Theater in Houstonâs Fifth Ward, partially to respond to the exhibit controversies at museums in Houston and New York.The De Luxe Show is credited with being one of the first racially integrated art exhibitions in the United States, and more than 1,000 people attended the opening.
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Also that Spring, the Black
Emergency Cultural Coalition presented âRebuttal to the Whitney Museum Exhibition: Black Artists in Rebuttalâ, at a Greenwich Village gallery operated by Nigel Jackson, a Black painter. "Rebuttal" featured the work of 47 black artists who opposed the 1971 Whitney exhibit.
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presented the âWhoosahâ exhibit to showcase the contributions of six black artists creating works in different forms of Black
Abstractionism. The featured artists included Lillian T. Burwell, Sam Gilliam, Howardena Pindell, Junius Redwood, Frank Smith, and Hubert C. Taylor. The exhibited works were
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The Saint Louis Art Museum presented âThe Shape of
Abstraction: Selections from the Ollie Collectionâ. The Thelma and Bert Ollie Memorial Collection was gifted to the museum by Monique McRipley Ollie and Ronald Maurice Ollie, who named the collection of black abstract work to honor his parents. The
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In 2010, the Wilmer
Jennings Gallery at Kenkeleba House in New York organized âAfrican American Abstract Mastersâ that was presented at the Anita Shapolsky Art Foundation in Jim Thorpe, PA, and the Opalka Gallery at the Sage Colleges in Albany, NY. African American Abstract Masters featured the work
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began creating work with nontraditional painting items. He is best known using a push broom to complete canvases, as opposed to a standard paint brush. His âpush broom techniqueâ allowed him to expand how and where he could apply paint to a surface, and fueled an energy into his work that paralleled
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The first Black artist to be recognized for creating an abstract work is just as interesting; the challenge with the abstract work associated with black artists is that it did not announce itself as BLACK, it did not conform to the image of
Blackness that non-Black viewers expected to see. A leading
22:
is a term that refers to a modern arts movement that celebrates Black artists of African-American and African ancestry, whether as direct descendants of Africa or of a combined mixed race heritage, who create work that is not representational, presenting the viewer with abstract expression, imagery,
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launched, âBlack Artists in America: From Civil Rights to the Bicentennialâ, featuring abstract and figurative works by 48 artists, including Romare Bearden, Sam Gilliam, Betye Saar, Alma Thomas, Charles White, and Samella Lewis, whose grandson curated the Crockerâs previous effort, âBlack Artists
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In 2016, the Newark Museum opened a seven-month long exhibition, âModern Heroics: 75 Years of African-American Expressionism at Newark Museumâ. The exhibit featured works by self-taught artists, works from the museum's permanent collection that were displayed for the first time, and a wide range of
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unveiled âTwo Centuries of Black American Artâ, a major exhibit of African American art. The survey show covered the work of black artists during the period of 1750 to 1950, and excluded work by artists born after the 1920s. The exhibit travelled to Atlanta, Brooklyn, and Dallas, and, at the time,
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Black Abstractionism and the art that it represents was motivated by an attraction to blackness, embracing the discovery of âstrategic abstractionâ for all of its blackest possibilities, and enabling an artist to avoid "corporeal materializations.â Abstract artists and those associated with Black
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celebrated the nearly 80th anniversary of its landmark exhibition, âContemporary Negro Artâ, with a new show that included 14 prints and drawings by African American artists who were featured in the 1939 exhibit. The following year, the museum would open, âGenerations: A History of Black Abstract
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unveiled, âContemporary Black Artists in Americaâ. The show received a chorus of reactions, including 15 artists withdrawing from the show in solidarity with the Black Emergency Cultural Coalition and to protest the appointment of a single white curator rather than a mixed race team of black art
44:
The glaring omission of Black artists is evident throughout American art history. What an artist creates has much to do with the artist's life experiences and history. Many black artists felt marginalized in the white-dominated art world. Museum leaders and gallery owners were rarely interested in
407:, who began his career as a social realist painter, participated in the Artistsâ Sessions lecture series at Studio 35 in New York, that became âSubjects of the Artist Schoolâ, signaling that abstract art was a serious field of study. Lewis was one of the first Black abstract artists to exhibit at
82:
presented a Chicago Womanâs Club organized exhibit featuring more than 100 artworks from the Blondiau-Theatre Arts Collection of Primitive African Art and examples of modern and contemporary art, including abstraction, portraiture, realism, and ritualism. The exhibition catalogue was designed by
36:
signed â1910â to one of his abstract watercolors, âComposition VII,â although many researchers believe that the work was actually created in 1913; Kandinsky may have backdated his work to claim credit for being the first abstract artist in modern art history unaware of Picabia's work the previous
3705:
The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of African American art : exhibition. an Antonio Museum of Art. Catalogue for âtraveling exhibition of the Kelley collection, comprised of 124 works by 70 artists, including Edward M. Bannister, Elizabeth Catlett, William H. Johnson, Emma Lee Moss,
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19th Atlanta Annual Art Exhibition Register, 1960. A list of participating artists and medium categories for the Atlanta University Annual Exhibition of Paintings, Sculpture, and Prints by Negro Artists held at the Art Gallery at Trevor Arnett Library. Also listed are prize winners and honorable
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opened, "Now Dig This!: Art and Black Los Angeles 1960â1980." The exhibit featured 140 works from 35 artists and honored the Black artists that started their careers in LA, such as Melvin Edwards, David Hammons, Maren Hassinger, Senga Nengudi, John Outterbridge, Noah Purifoy, and Betye Saar, and
833:
presented a blockbuster exhibition, "Energy/Experimentation: Black Artists and Abstraction 1964-1980", featuring the work 15 significant black abstract artists. As part of the exhibit, Studio Museum hosted a round-table discussion and related events where artists, gallerists, and museum leaders
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In 1991, Kenkeleba Gallery in New York hosted âThe Search for Freedom: African American Abstract Painting 1945-1975â, an Exhibition that featured 35 Black artists who considered to be at the âforefront of experiments and commitment to abstractionâ during the middle part of the 20th century.
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opened, âCentury: 100 Years of Black Art at MAMâ, in February 2024. The largest exhibition in the museumâs history centered on six themes, including abstraction, and featured abstract work by Emma Amos, Chakaia Booker, Nanette Carter, and Joyce J. Scott, and others. In March 2024, the
3923:
https://philamuseum.org/calendar/exIhibition/represent-200-years-of-african-american-art-ex#:~:text=January%2010âApril%205%2C%202015&text=Represent%3A%20200%20Years%20of%20African%20American%20Art%20highlights%20selections%20from,breadth%20of%20these%20noteworthy%20collections
2754:
Edna Manley. Pocomania. 1936. The Wallace Campbell Collection. On Extended loan to the National Gallery of Jamaica. Archer Straw, Petrine and Kim Robinson. Jamaican Art: An Overview, With Focus on Fifty Artists. Kingston, Jamaica : Kingston Publishers, 1990. Page 14.
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In 1994, âThe Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of African American Artâ, including abstract works, was exhibited at the San Antonio Museum of Art. The show featured 70 artists and more than 120 works of art, including Untitled (Abstraction), 1961; gouache on paper by
486:, Guy Ciarcia, and Billy Rose, founded Smokehouse Associates. For more than two years, Smokehouse filled vacant lots, barren walls, pocket parks, and neighborhood grocery store signs with abstract murals and sculptures as a way to engage the residents of and visitors to
2192:
Failing, Patricia. How Top U.S. Art Museums Excluded Black Artists During the 1980s: From the Archives. Art News. January 14, 2021. âThe following article first appeared in the March 1989 issue of ARTnews under the headline âBlack Artists Today: A Case of Exclusionâ.
950:
In 2017, the Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture unveiled, âThe Future is Abstractâ, highlighting the abstract paintings and mixed-media work of four Black artists and testifying to the importance of abstraction and Black Abstractionism. The
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19th Annual Art Exhibition Opening, May 1, 1960. Three unidentified men admire artwork (an abstract drawing/painting) at the art exhibition opening.Atlanta University Photographs. Clark Atlanta University. Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library.
580:
developed a partnership with undergraduates at UMass Boston and PhD researchers at Stony Brook University to delve into the historical significance of â5+1ââthen and now - with satellite exhibitions at UMass Boston (2022) and Stony Brook University (2023).
509:, were expanding the boundaries of Black Abstractionism and pushing the medium into new directions. Painters were moving away from scenes of real events or the âouter world,â and delving into explanations of their souls or âinner worldâ. In response to the
3820:
Thornton Dial, Sr., Top of the Line (Steel), 1992, mixed media: enamel, unbraided canvas roping, and metal on plywood, 65 x 81 x 7 7â8 in. (165.2 x 205.7 x 20.1 cm), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift from the collection of Ron and June Shelp, 1993.47.
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Many artists have claimed responsibility for creating the first piece of abstract art, given the ânon-representationalâ and ânon-objectiveâ subject matter of the work. In the early 1900s, Francis Picabia painted Caoutchouc (Picabia) in 1909. A year later,
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on Art: Past, Present, and Futureâ, in 2022. This exhibit was organized by the Dixon Gallery and Gardens (Memphis, Tennessee), and confirms that during the latter part of the 20th century that there was not a singular ideology or an âall Blackâ style.
155:âs "Harlem Renaissance and Transatlantic Modernism" exhibition in 2024. In 1945, he created two abstract pieces, âBreakfastâ, an oil painting, and âLoversâ, a terracotta sculpture, that are housed in the Melvin Holmes Collection of African American Art.
109:, or New Negro Movement of the 1920s, attempted to redefine the meaning of blackness, the Black experience, and Black art and established black abstract, objective, and representational art as central to modern art history. From 1928 to 1933, the
2379:
Powell, Richard J. âWalking on Water: Embodiment, Abstraction, and Black Visualityâ, in Represent: 200 Years of African American Art in the Philadelphia Museum of Art, ed., Gwendolyn DuBois Shaw (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2014),
3289:
Sharp, Sarah Rose. Half a Century of Black Art in Detroit: An exhibition revisits the ongoing legacy of Gallery 7, a space dedicated to Black artists experimenting with abstraction and minimalism in the 1970s. Hyperallergic. September 1, 2024.
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stained a large canvas with hot pinks and reds, draped it, and titled the work, âRed Aprilâ, a reference to the blood of a dead black man. Gilliam is recognized as the first modern artist to create canvas work that is not supported by a frame.
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Driskell, David L. The Evolution of a Black Aesthetic, 1920-1950. Introductory Essay. Two Centuries of Black American Art. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Museum Associates of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Alfred A. Knopf, New York,
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in New Orleans hosted, âSouthern Abstraction: Works from the Permanent Collectionâ, including pieces by artists of all colors, including Black artists Beauford Delaney, Clementine Hunter, John T. Scott, Merton Simpson, and others. As well,
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Morrison, Keith. Art in Washington and Its Afro-American Presence: 1940-1970. âThis exhibition and catalogue would not have been possible without the generous support of the Washington Post Company and The Washinton Project for the Arts.â
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History of the Hall of Negro Life. African American Museum, Dallas. (On December 9, 2023, a historical marker was dedicated to the Hall of Negro Life on the grounds of the African American Museum to memorialize this piece of our history.)
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In 2007, Michael Rosenfeld Gallery presented âDecoding Myth: African American Abstraction, 1945-1975â, featuring the work of Charles Alston, Harold Cousins, Beauford Delaney , Sam Gilliam, Norman Lewis, Alma Thomas, and Hale Woodruff.
61:, encouraging her to âgo downtown and show with the white boysâ, and scolded for making work that was ânot sufficiently blackâ. In recent years, just 0.5 percent of museum and gallery acquisitions were of work by Black American women.
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sponsored, âThe Room of Chicago Art: Paintings and Sculpture by Negro Artistsâ, an exhibit that featured 21 works art that were on loan from the Parkway Center and Southside Community Center in Chicago. Participating artists included
385:âs exhibit, âNew Names in American Art: Recent Contributions to Painting and Sculpture by Negro Artistsâ, that featured 36 artists, including those who would be recognized for their work in abstraction. The exhibit originated at the
183:, Allen Rohan Crite, Arthur Diggs, Aaron Douglas, Palmer Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson, Sargent Johnson, Henry Letcher, Archibald J. Motley, Jr., Henry O. Tanner, Laura Wheeler Waring, James L. Wells, and Hale Woodruff. In addition,
3225:
Compagnon, Madeliene. How Black Artists Fought Exclusion in Museums; When the Metropolitan Museum of Art excluded artworks from a major exhibition all about Harlem, Black artists protested the erasure. JSTOR Daily. July 6, 2020.
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5+1. Art Gallery. State University of New York at Stony Brook. October 16 - November 8, 1969, and the Princeton University Art Museum. November 12-23, 1969. Sponsored by the Afr-American Studies Program. Exhibition catalogue.
422:, a Black graphic artist, opened the Printmaking Workshop, a 8,000 square foot studio in Chelsea. A product of Harlem, Edwards designed and printed some of the most influential abstract and pop art prints of the 20th century.
559:
mounted a tribute show, "Kinship: The Legacy of Gallery 7," featuring the work of Naomi Dickerson, Lester Johnson, Allie McGhee, Charles McGee, Harold Neal, Gilda Snowden, Robert Stull, and Elizabeth Youngblood. Also in 1969,
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Felrath Hines, Red Stripe with Green Background, 1986, oil on linen, 51 x 39 7â8 in. (129.4 x 101.4 cm), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Dorothy C. Fisher, wife of the artist, 2011.25.1, © 1986, Dorothy C. Fisher.
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presented, âAfrican Modernism in America, 1947-67â, an exhibition that explored the relationship between African artists and their relationship to Black artists, cultural organizations, and audiences in America. In 1967,
87:. âThe Negro in Art Week: Exhibition of Primitive African Sculpture, Modern Paintings, Sculpture, Drawings, Applied Art, and Booksâ, is considered to be the first major museum show of Black artists in the United States.
4089:
4481:
Frederick Douglass Memorial, "an eight-foot bronze portrait sculpture by Gabriel Koren, and a large circle and fountain with ornamental and symbolic features designed by Algernon Miller." NYC Parks. City of New York.
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presented, âAfrican American Art: Harlem Renaissance, Civil Rights Era, and Beyondâ, an exhibition that showcased paintings, sculpture, prints, and photographs by forty-three Black artists, including abstract work by
792:
unveiled, "Driven to Abstraction: Works by Contemporary American Artists". The exhibit paid tribute to Black Dimensions in Art, an arts organization in the Capital area, and featured abstract artists Stephen Tyson of
2182:
McGee, Julie L. McGee. âThe Evolution of a Black Aesthetic, 1920â1950â: David C. Driskell and Race, Ethics, and Aesthetics. Callaloo. Johns Hopkins University Press. Volume 31, Number 4, Fall 2008. pp. 1175-1185.
2354:
McMillan, Uri. Embodied Avatars: Genealogies of Black Feminist Art and Performance. Chapter 4: Is This Performance about You? The Art, Activism, and Black Feminist Critique of Howardena Pindell. NYU Press. 2012.
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Magri, Ken. Crocker presents how Black artists âshaped the futureâ of Americaâs art history: Museumâs new exhibition highlights Black artists from the 1950s through â70s. Sacramento News and Review. February 9,
162:
hosted, âAfrican Negro Artâ, a show that featured a variety of African sculptures and masks, as well Belgian Congolese abstract tufted cloth patterns, on loan from the Collection Henri-Matisse in Nice, France.
3068:
Office of War Information. Announcement for "New Names in American Art" opening, 1944. The Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago records, 1917-1981. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
3278:
https://www.swanngalleries.com/news/african-american-art/2022/05/black-abstract-artists-exploring-innovative-techniques/#:~:text=These%20artists%20include%20Alma%20Thomas,Victor%20Young%20and%20Jack%20Whitten
150:
was creating abstract work that married geometric shapes and forms rooted in African aesthetics as early as 1934. A pioneer in the New Negro movement, Johnson's copper and enamel Mask (1934) was exhibited at
3167:
The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of African American Art: Works on Paper. âThe Importance of Black Printmakers: Innovation and Influenceâ. Exhibition Guide. Bullock Museum. 05/20/2023 - 10/01/2023.
2471:(introduction), "The Blondiau-Theatre Arts Collection of Primitive African Art assembled as a private collection by a Belgian connoisseur, M. Raoul Blondiauâ. The Met: Watson Library Digital Collections.
2305:
3692:
The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of African American Art: Works on Paper. Bullock Texas State History Museum. See Sam Middleton 1961 abstract image from 2023 exhibition of the Kelley Collection.
2768:
2565:
Catalogue of an Exhibition of Paintings and Sculpture by American Negro Artists at the National Gallery of Art, 1929. Smithsonian Institution Archives Record Unit 311, National Collection of Fine Arts,
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presented, âRepresent: 200 Years of African American Artâ, and showcased a range of subjects and styles, including abstract paintings and sculpture from the 1960s through the 1980s. That same year, the
52:
focused on a racial equality narrative and viewed abstraction as a reflection of inequality, a privilege of the rich, and frowned on abstract work that was viewed as not contributing to racial justice.
4828:
490:. The group presented abstract geometrical forms and uneven forms to promote community engagement with ultimate goal of inspiring Harlem residents to create art that would enhance their neighborhood.
2241:
Zorach, Rebecca. Rebecca Zorach reviews Mounting Frustration. Susan E. Cahan. Mounting Frustration: The Art Museum in the Age of Black Power. Duke University Press, 2016. 360 pp. November 23, 2016.
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Art Exhibition. Unidentified women view work the annual art exhibit. Atlanta University Photographs. Clark Atlanta University. Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library. March 30, 1958.
955:
presented the traveling abstract art show, âSolidary and Solitaryâ, featuring 70 works from the Pamela J. Joyner and Alfred J. Giuffrida (Joyner/Giuffrida) Collection. The exhibit travelled to the
919:
In 2014, Michael Rosenfeld Gallery in New York hosted a painting and sculpture show that featured the work of Black abstract artists and their work in the years just before, during, and after the
4077:
2640:
Brock, Charles. Toward a History of Modernism in Washington: The 1933 Display of Art by African Americans at the Smithsonian Institutionâs National Gallery of Art. American Art 2019 33:2, 4-10.
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Stifler, Sarah L. The Hammer Museum Presents Now Dig This!: Art and Black Los Angeles 1960â1980: On View October 2, 2011 â January 8, 2012. News Release. Hammer Museum. September 21, 2011.
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In 2022, the Green Family Foundation in Dallas, Texas, presented âBlack Abstractionists: From Then 'til Nowâ, a show of 38 established and emerging Black abstract artists. Two weeks later,
327:
movement. His 1941 abstract oil, âThe Burning Bushâ, was created before World War II, and his 1946 abstract painting, âGreene Streetâ, was inspired by his Greenwich Village neighborhood.
2767:
Garrett, Daniel. Some of the Art Notes of A Solitary Walker: On Richard Powellâs Black Art and Culture in the 20th Century and Other Great Artists. Compulsive Reader. February 22, 2014.
4008:
Radsken, Jill. A Philanthropic Eye Reframes African American Abstract Art. Alumni Stories: Re: Pam Joyner (MBA 1984); Reggie Van Lee (MBA 1984). Harvard Business School. April 5, 2018.
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4090:
https://obits.nj.com/us/obituaries/starledger/name/ronald-ollie-obituary?id=8832529#:~:text=Ronald%20Maurice%20Ollie%2C%2069%2C%20longtime,%2C%20School%20of%20Mines%20%26%20Metallurgy
670:âs Mead Art Gallery. His earlier work was representational, and this exhibit announced his transition to an âorganic reductivismâ, where he explored color pairings and relationships.
4194:
Skunder Boghossian (1937-2003). Blue Composition (1967). Acrylic, gouache, and air brush on panel in artist's frame. African Modernism in America, 1947-67. The Phillips Collection.
3383:
Gaither, Edmund Barry. Black Power in Print. Introduction to âAfro-American Artists: New York and Bostonâ Exhibition Catalogue. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. May 19 to June 23, 1970.
3330:
2170:
Stead, Rexford. Two Centuries of Black American Art. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Museum Associates of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1976.
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13th St. trolley station in Philadelphia. In 1983, Taylor, an artist and architect, would become a founding member of Recherche, a Philadelphia-based coalition of black artists.
4076:
Valentine, Victoria. Hometown Pride: Collectors Ronald and Monique Ollie Donate 81 Works by African American Artists to Saint Louis Art Museum. Culture Type. December 6, 2017.
3392:
Doty, Robert M. Contemporary Black artists in America. Catalogue of an exhibition held at Whitney Museum of American Art, April 6-May 16, 1971. Whitney Museum of American Art.
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presented, "Twelve New Acquisitions in American Painting," an exhibition of "variously realist, romantic, expressionist and abstract" work; Junius Redwood, a Black artist from
382:
2710:
Lucko, Paul M. âHall of Negro Life,â Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. February 1, 1995. Updated: November 9, 2020. accessed September 23, 2024,
572:. Five Black abstract artists born in the United States, Melvin Edwards, Daniel LaRue Johnson, Al Loving, Jack Whitten, and William T. Williams, and Bowling, who was born in
141:
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2438:
Ologundudu, Folasade, and Darby English. Art Historian Darby English on Why the New Black Renaissance Might Actually Represent a Step Backwards. ArtNet. February 26, 2021.
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Energy/Experimentation: Black Artists and Abstraction, 1964-1980, April 2-July 2, 2006. Studio Museum in Harlem exhibition publication. The Studio Museum in Harlem, 2006.
3563:
Art in Washington and its Afro-American presence : 1940-1970. Exhbition Catalogue. Author: Keith Morrison. Publisher: Washington Project for the Arts. The Met. 1985.
2942:
See, Sebastian. This artist transformed a trash can fire into a pulsing vision. Beauford Delaney was friends with Georgia OâKeeffe and James Baldwin. He never got his due.
2343:
2306:
https://hyperallergic.com/352161/how-black-modern-artists-defied-a-singular-narrative-in-1971/#:~:text=Many%20of%20these%20artists%20worked,came%20at%20the%20expense%20of
2629:
2769:
https://compulsivereader.com/2014/02/22/some-of-the-art-notes-of-a-solitary-walker-on-richard-powells-black-art-and-culture-in-the-20th-century-and-other-great-artists/
3416:
Weng, Sherry. "Color and Abstraction: Peter Bradleyâs Resistance Against âBlack Artâ Through Curation and Painting" (2022). Research Days Posters 2022. 133.
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Jennings, Corrine. The Search For Freedom: African American Abstract Painting 1945-1975. Catalogue Introduction from Director. Kenkeleba Gallery, New York, USA. 1991.
463:âs âThe 1930s: Painting and Sculpture in Americaâ, that did not include one Black artist. The Studio Museum show included works by more than twenty artists, including
3077:
New Names in American Art: Recent Contributions to Painting and Sculpture by Negro Artists. The Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago. Oct 6âOct 31, 1944.
3026:
Press Releases from 1943: Room of Chicago Art: Negro Artists of Chicago, exhibition, list of participants and works on view 40. Art Institute Chicago. June 14, 1943.
2356:
3846:
Kenneth Victor Young, Untitled, 1973, acrylic on canvas, 37 5â8 x 37 5â8 in. (95.6 x 95.6 cm.), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mr. Val E. Lewton, 1987.46.
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975:
in 2018. The show featured different generations of Black women artists; the twenty-one artists were born between 1891 and 1981. âMagnetic Fieldsâ artists include
179:, including paintings, sculpture, and graphic art work by modern, figurative and representational artists, including Richmond Barthe, Leslie Boling, Hilda Brown,
23:
and ideas. Black Abstractionism can be found in painting, sculpture, collage, drawing, graphics, ceramics, installation, mixed media, craft and decorative arts.
4768:
4343:
4078:
https://www.culturetype.com/2017/12/06/hometown-pride-collectors-ronald-and-monique-ollie-donate-81-works-by-african-american-artists-to-saint-louis-art-museum/
3898:
589:
As abstract art gained acceptance and more black artists experimented with abstractions, black abstract artists became new discoverers of paintings techniques.
3329:
Yost, Zara. Remembering Black Power: A Review of âKinship: A Legacy of Gallery 7â at the Museum of Contemporary Art of Detroit. New City Art. August 15, 2024.
4115:
338:. The exhibit would be held every year until 1970, and featured the work of approximately 900 Black artists working in various forms, including abstraction.
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9. Temperance by Samuel Joseph Brown. Contemporary Negro Art. On Exhibition from February 3-19, 1939. Foreward. Exhibition Catalog. Baltimore Museum of Art.
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Blondiau-Theatre Arts collection of primitive African art : on exhibition, February 7th to March 5th, 1927, The New Art Circle b1264170_001. Catalogue.
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3538:
Afro-American Abstraction: An Exhibition of Contemporary Painting and Sculpture by Nineteen Black American Artists. MoMA PS 1. February 17 - April 6, 1980.
2848:
Black Artists in the Museum, a collaborative venture between the Baltimore Museum of Art and the Johns Hopkins Universityâs Program in Museums and Society.
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Sims, Lowery Stokes, in Seph Rodney's "How to Embed a Shout: A New Generation of Black Artists Contends with Abstraction". Hyperallergic. August 23, 2017.
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Caoutchouc. 1909. Picabia Francis (1879-1953), painter. Centre Pompidou - Musée national d'art moderne - Centre de création industrielle. Paris, France.
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Anonymous, âTexas Centennialâ, Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 1952. Updated: July 7, 2017. accessed September 23, 2024,
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In 1980, MoMA PS 1 presented, "Afro-American Abstraction: An Exhibition of Contemporary Painting and Sculpture by Nineteen Black American Artists", in
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OâGrady, Megan. Once Overlooked, Black Abstract Painters Are Finally Given Their Due. New York Times Magazine. Feb. 12, 2021. Updated Oct. 13, 2021.
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hosted five shows featuring Black artists. These exhibits and the annual Harmon Foundation awards were high-profile opportunities for Black artists.
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received a gift of modern African Art, from the Harmon Foundation. Among the Black artists to have their abstract work featured in the exhibit were
3331:
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mounted, âAfroâAmerican Artists: New York and Bostonâ, a large group exhibition that included 158 works, including abstract, by 70 Black artists.
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4114:
Black Abstractionists: From Then 'til Now, October 8, 2022 - January 29, 2023. Exhibition press release. Green Family Foundation, Dallas, Texas.
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Crawford, Margo Natalie. Black Post-Blackness: The Black Arts Movement and Twenty-First-Century Aesthetics. University of Illinois Press. 2017.
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during the 1930s and 1940s. The Chicago Renaissance featured artists working in varying styles, from abstraction to figurative and portraiture.
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Alvin Smith lectures at the University of Connecticut. Archives and Special Collections, University of Connecticut Library. November 14, 1978.
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in 2008. The show featured several black abstract artists who began their careers in the late 1950s and early 1960s, which may explain why the
2676:
Sweeney, James Johnson (ed). African Negro art. Museum of Modern Art: New York. 1935. Exhibition URL: www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2937;
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Black Artists in America: From Civil Rights to the Bicentennial. Press release. Crocker Art Museum. Sacramento, California. January 9, 2023.
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Gelder, Lawrence. Travel Advisory; Santa Fe Trail Exhibit, New England Fair. (See Afro-American Art Exhibit). New York Times. Sept. 7, 1986.
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initiated âExhibitions of Paintings, Sculpture, and Prints by Negro Artists in Americaâ, an annual juried show that included a cash prize at
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1096:, Mary Lovelace OâNeal, and Stanley Whitney.The Trio Foundation of St. Louis sponsored âThe Shape of Abstractionâ and related activities.
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Hathaway, Matthew. Exhibition of abstract works by Black artists closes soon. Press release. Saint Louis Art Museum. September 28, 2020.
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Cooks, Bridget R. Exhibiting Blackness: African Americans and the American Art Museum. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011.
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Knick, Dawson. Beauford Delaney: Harlem Renaissance & Abstract Painter. Off the Grid. Village Preservation Blog. February 18, 2020.
773:"Something To Look Forward To: An Exhibition Featuring Abstract Art By 22 Distinguished Americans Of African Descent", was presented at
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exhibition space dedicated to promoting Black abstract and minimalist artists. The gallery would produce shows until 1979. In 2024, the
94:
in Washington, DC hosted on the ground floor of the US National Museum building, "American Negro Artists", and included artists such as
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2344:
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Magnetic Fields: Expanding American Abstraction, 1960s to Today. National Museum of Women in the Arts. Oct 13, 2017, to Jan 21, 2018.
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The Search For Freedom: African American Abstract Painting 1945-1975. Exhibition catalogue. Kenkeleba Gallery, New York, USA. 1991.
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Book summary. Cahan, Susan E. Mounting Frustration: The Art Museum in the Age of Black Power. Art History Publication Initiative.
198:âs âTemperanceâ, an abstraction, was featured in the exhibition catalog. In addition to Brown, the participating artists included
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Beyond the Spectrum: Abstraction in African American Art, 1950-1975. Press Release. Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York. 2014.
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3793:
Decoding Myth: African American Abstraction, 1945-1975. Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. New York, NY. January 6 â March 10, 2007.
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Black Abstract Artists: Exploring Innovative Techniques. Abstract Artists From Alma Thomas to Jack Whitten. Swann Galleries.
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Letts, K.A. Kinship: The Legacy of Gallery 7 and From Scratch: Seeding Adornment @ MOCAD. Detroit Art Review. July 2, 2024.
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Harper, Darla Simone. Black Abstract Artists Are Finally Being Recognized by the Art Market. Artsy.net. February 15, 2021.
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created paintings that were âgeometric symbolismâ, abstract, flat, and not adhering to standard conventions. His murals at
4718:
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Valdés, Constanza Ontiveros. Pamela J. Joyner: an activist collector reframing art history. Art Collection. May 17, 2022.
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3192:âRemembering Ed Clark,â Hauser & Wirth, accessed October 10, 2022, hauserwirth.com/events/35059-remembering-ed-clark/
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Southern Abstraction: Works from the Permanent Collection. Ogden Museum of Art, New Orleans. March 4 - October 13, 2024.
947:
hosted âBlackness in Abstraction,â featuring the work of 29 Black and white abstract artists from different generations.
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2024:
Cramer, Charles, and Kim Grant. Who created the first abstract artwork? Historicism. The Center for Public Art History.
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movement. Clark is credited with being the first artist to exhibit a shaped canvas at Brata Gallery, New York, in 1957.
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Contemporary Negro Art. On Exhibition from February 3-19, 1939. Foreward. Exhibition Catalog. Baltimore Museum of Art.
401:, who went to school at Hampton, was the youngest artist in the exhibition, represented by his 1941 oil "Night Scene".
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Hard Edged: Geometrical Abstraction and Beyond. California African American Museum. August 13, 2015 - April 24, 2016.
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168:
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The Future is Abstract. Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture. January 28, 2017 - July 8, 2017.
3119:
Rubin, Lena. The April 1950 Artistsâ Sessions at Studio 35. Off The Grid. Village Preservation Blog. April 21, 2021.
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their significant contributions to American art history. After its Los Angeles opening, the exhibit would travel to
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Brown, Jessica Bell. How Black Modern Artists Defied a Singular Narrative in 1971. Hyperallergic. January 17, 2017.
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The Room of Chicago Art: Paintings and Sculpture by Negro Artists. Art Institute Chicago. Jun 17 and Aug 8, 1943.
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Modern Heroics. 18 Jun 2016âââ8 Jan 2017 at the Newark Museum in Newark, United States. Meer. December 12, 2016.
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Modern Heroics: 75 Years of African American Expressionism, Newark Museum of Art. June 18, 2016-January 8, 2017.
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abstract painting âTraneâ (1969) that was in the exhibition, âThat painting has nothing to do with being Black.â
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delved into topics that shaped black abstraction, including the Black Arts Movement, jazz, and racial politics.
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African American Art: Harlem Renaissance, Civil Rights Era, and Beyond. Smithsonian American Art Museum. 2012.
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Meyer, Richard. âEnergy/Experimentation: Black Artists and Abstraction, 1964-1980.â Artforum. January 1, 2006.
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Generations: A History of Black Abstract Art. Baltimore Museum of Art. September 28, 2019 â January 18, 2020.
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ERDC Public Affairs. ERDC researchers revive history of WWII Black art exhibit in Arizona. February 29, 2024.
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The Harlem Renaissance and Transatlantic Modernism. Exhibition Catalogue. The Met. February 25âJuly 28, 2024.
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Robinson, Shantay. Black Abstraction: Symbolizing Reality for Meaning. Black Art in America. August 20, 2022.
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Sargent Claude Johnson (1888-1967). The Melvin Holmes Collection of African American Art. San Francisco, CA.
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The Harlem Renaissance and Transatlantic Modernism. Exhibition Catalogue. The Met. February 25âJuly 28, 2024.
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Walker, Kendra. Five Contemporary Black Abstract Artists You Should Know. Cultured Magazine. March 16, 2021.
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Exhibit of Abstract Art by African-American Artists Opens Jan. 28. New York State Museum. January 30, 2006.
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Kinship: The Legacy of Gallery 7. Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit | MOCAD. June 28 â September 15, 2024.
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Harmon Foundation Exhibition Catalogue. The WolfsonianâFlorida International University. February 26, 2021.
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Gasman, Marybeth. Why Historically Black Fisk University Needs An Art Museum Now. Forbes. March 14, 2023.
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Christian, Reâal. The Moment Is Not Sufficient. Art Papers. Spring 2020: Art of the New Civil Rights Era.
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378:, presented "Exhibition of the Work of 37 Negro Artists", featuring drawings, paintings, and sculptures.
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presented âMagnetic Fields: Expanding American Abstraction, 1960s to Todayâ, an exhibit organized by the
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Glueck, Grace. 15 of 75 Black Artists Leave As Whitney Exhibition Opens. New York Times. April 6, 1971.
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https://www.army.mil/article/274159/erdc_researchers_revive_history_of_wwii_black_art_exhibit_in_arizona
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Porter, Melissa. Abstract Expressionism (1943â1955). African American Museum of Iowa. August 30, 2023.
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Barcio, Phillip. The Most Influential Living African American Abstract Artists. IDEELART. Jun 24, 2020.
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Ianco-Starrels, Josine. âHidden Heritage at Afro-American Museumâ. Los Angeles Times. April 6, 1986.
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Acts of Art and Rebuttal in 1971. Hunter College Art Galleries. October 4, 2018 - November 25, 2018.
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Represent: 200 Years of African American Art. Philadelphia Museum of Art. January 10âApril 5, 2015.
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Halperin, Julia and Charlotte Burns. Introducing the 2022 Burns Halperin Report. December 13, 2022.
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movement, and he was the only Black artist among the first generation of Abstract Expressionists.
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In 1933, the Smithsonian presented, "Exhibition of Works by Negro Artists", a show sponsored by the
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is best known for his 1970s squeegee paintings, a style that he developed at least a decade before
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debuted âArt in Washington and Its Afro-American Presence: 1940-1970â, including abstract work by
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organized and opened, âInvisible Americans, Black Artists of the â30sâ, as a protest show of the
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created âPocomania,â a sculpture that features abstract and representative qualities in 1936.
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African Modernism in America. Fifth Third Gallery, Taft Museum. February 10âMay 19, 2024.
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2990:
2555:
https://siarchives.si.edu/history/featured-topics/African-Americans/american-negro-artists
2529:
2439:
2368:
2090:
https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2021/03/16/five-black-abstract-artists-you-should-know
1997:
1837:
1737:
1732:
1712:
1602:
1577:
1542:
1512:
1487:
1387:
1382:
1297:
1292:
1257:
1131:
1012:
1008:
1004:
976:
884:
826:
667:
594:
464:
263:
243:
235:
203:
126:
4342:âThe Harlem Artists Guildâ by Gwendolyn Bennett from Art Front. Vol. 3 No. 4. May, 1937.
4166:
Century: 100 Years of Black Art at MAM. Montclair Art Museum. February 9 - July 7, 2024.
3950:
3909:
Now Dig This!: Art and Black Los Angeles 1960â1980. MoMA PS1. Oct 21, 2012âMar 11, 2013.
3564:
3373:
https://artcollection.io/blog/pamela-j-joyner-an-activist-collector-reframing-art-history
532:
College of Fine Arts, became the first African-American woman to have a solo show at the
3361:
https://d1nn9x4fgzyvn4.cloudfront.net/2023-04/frank-bowling-5-1_exhibition-catalogue.pdf
3292:
https://hyperallergic.com/939245/half-a-century-of-black-art-in-detroit-gallery-7-mocad/
3109:
https://www.blackartinamerica.com/blogs/news/why-abstract-art-matters-to-black-americans
2606:
https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/the-harlem-renaissance-and-transatlantic-modernism
2408:
Frank Bowling and 5+1: A Conversation with Eddie Chambers. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
2211:
4666:
4508:
4417:
Hanson, Sarah P. and Pac Pobric. Pioneering American artist Daniel LaRue Johnson dies.
3744:
https://nysm.nysed.gov/press/exhibit-abstract-art-african-american-artists-opens-jan-28
2286:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1692:
1687:
1667:
1662:
1617:
1532:
1467:
1462:
1437:
1432:
1392:
1317:
1282:
1252:
1215:
1205:
1139:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1056:
1028:
992:
984:
880:
872:
860:
810:
806:
798:
653:
637:
612:
573:
533:
483:
460:
398:
363:
359:
351:
255:
227:
215:
199:
172:
4378:
1948/1949 Harlan Jackson, Stanley Hayter, Haiti, 'The Lead Shoes.' SF Artists Alumni.
4283:
Buhe, Elizabeth. Harold Cousins: Forms of Empty Space. The Brooklyn Rail. March 2023.
2888:
Reynolds, Mark. Chicago -- The Other Black Renaissance. PopMatters. January 21, 2013.
4707:
4630:
4211:
https://www.phillipscollection.org/event/2023-10-07-african-modernism-america-1947-67
4196:
https://www.phillipscollection.org/event/2023-10-07-african-modernism-america-1947-67
4061:
https://www.slam.org/press/exhibition-of-abstract-works-by-black-artists-closes-soon/
3808:
Kalina, Richard. African American Abstract Masters. Art in America. October 7, 2010.
3695:
https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/visit/exhibits/kelley-collection-african-american-art
3264:
The Hampton University Museum Presents: Whoosah Exhibit. October 21, 2022 â Ongoing.
2890:
https://www.popmatters.com/166805-chicago-the-other-black-renaissance-2495787717.html
2498:
Charles C. Dawson Born: June 12, 1889 | Died: March 1, 1981. Norman Rockwell Museum.
1842:
1767:
1752:
1727:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1497:
1482:
1477:
1447:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1327:
1322:
1287:
1073:
1032:
1000:
980:
956:
904:
900:
896:
868:
852:
848:
767:
751:
561:
494:
493:
In the years surrounding the Smokehouse murals in Harlem, several artists, including
452:
371:
331:
291:
219:
95:
4507:
Tyrone Mitchell (b. 1944). Artist in Residence. Studio Museum in Harlem. 1981-1982.
4469:
Live Painting by Donovan Mclean!, October 22, 2020, and Saturday, October 24, 2020.
3936:
https://caamuseum.org/exhibitions/2015/hard-edged-geometrical-abstraction-and-beyond
3847:
2977:
2861:
2742:
536:. Following the opening of âSoul of a Nation: Art in the Age of Black Powerâ at the
298:(then referred to as âNegro History Weekâ) and attracted more than 10,000 visitors.
4394:
4318:
DeShawn Dumas. Holocene Extension. June 22 - August 5 2017. Ethan Cohen New York.
4235:
https://www.otis.edu/admissions-aid/documents/charleswhite_artistandteacher-ocr.pdf
3860:
https://americanart.si.edu/blog/eye-level/2012/27/722/open-now-african-american-art
3406:
https://www.artforum.com/columns/melvin-edwards-and-frank-bowling-in-dallas-223831/
3201:
Haas, Eleanor. Blacks Talk Back to the Whitney. Press release. November 14, 1968.
1822:
1742:
1717:
1677:
1562:
1442:
1397:
944:
940:
876:
590:
506:
375:
267:
4556:
4457:
D.E. Johnson. Ernest G. Welch School of Art and Design, Georgia State University.
4178:
Baker, Melinda. Fisk University shares pieces from influential Harmon Collection.
2834:
2665:
4665:
Stanley Whitney: How High the Moon. Buffalo AKG Museum. February 9âMay 26, 2024.
3910:
3515:
2243:
https://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/rebecca_zorach_reviews_mounting_frustration/
4041:
3181:
2468:
1987:
1807:
1787:
1707:
1702:
1587:
1567:
1507:
1337:
1235:
1182:
1089:
1024:
864:
814:
706:
641:
537:
521:
514:
502:
498:
347:
275:
184:
91:
3967:
3477:
https://www.artnews.com/feature/the-deluxe-show-peter-bradley-menil-1234601096/
133:
students with daily exposure to art and the work of a black artist. During the
2730:
1802:
1682:
1572:
283:
4258:
4168:
https://www.montclairartmuseum.org/exhibition/century-100-years-black-art-mam
4156:
https://www.crockerart.org/press/black-artists-on-art-past-present-and-future
3003:
4545:
https://marianneboeskygallery.com/artists/42-serge-alain-nitegeka/biography/
4458:
4285:
https://brooklynrail.org/2023/03/artseen/Harold-Cousins-Forms-of-Empty-Space
3708:
https://cdm17477.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/JPC-Lib-Coll/id/5737/
3645:
3578:
3015:
1607:
1154:
659:
That same year, Hubert Taylor (1937â1991) painted an abstract mural at the
576:, were featured in the exhibit, hence the âFive plus One.â Years later, the
304:, a skilled artist in multiple artistic mediums, played a major role in the
294:, and others. âContemporary Negro Artâ ran for two weeks in February during
3528:
https://www.moma.org/interactives/moma_through_time/1980/black-abstraction/
4025:
https://artbma.org/exhibition/generations-a-history-of-black-abstract-art/
3552:
2849:
2142:
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/12/t-magazine/black-abstract-painters.html
3978:
Blackness in Abstraction, Jun 24 â Aug 19, 2016. Pace Gallery. New York.
2473:
https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16028coll4/id/44373
1372:
1081:
909:
856:
802:
633:
431:
4643:
https://archivessearch.lib.uconn.edu/repositories/2/digital_objects/2971
4407:
https://www.ericfirestonegallery.com/index.php/artists/jamillah-jennings
3682:
https://diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=746&table=artefacts
2425:
https://diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=746&table=artefacts
1068:
collection includes 81 works by 33 artists, including Robert Blackburn,
3886:
3858:
Open Now: African American Art. Smithsonian American Art Museum. 2012.
2617:
2515:
https://interactive.wttw.com/art-design-chicago/charles-clarence-dawson
785:
rejected the curatorial team's grant proposal to fund the exhibition.
4445:
African American Artists. D.E. Johnson (b. 1963). High Museum of Art.
4320:
https://www.ecfa.com/exhibitions/66-deshawn-dumas-holocene-extinction/
4209:
African Modernism in America, 1947-67. The Phillips Collection. 2024.
3604:
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-06-ca-24750-story.html
3228:
https://daily.jstor.org/how-black-artists-fought-exclusion-in-museums/
2820:
https://artbma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15264coll3/id/48
2808:
https://artbma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15264coll3/id/66
2117:
https://artbma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15264coll3/id/48
475:, two artist who were normally associated with representational work.
4010:
https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=6615
3504:
https://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/two-centuries-black-american-art
3028:
https://www.artic.edu/press/press-releases/5/press-releases-from-1943
2920:
https://blackiowa.org/cool_timeline/abstract-expressionism-1943-1955/
4520:
4366:
Soboleva, Ksenia. Gerald Jackson. The Brooklyn Rail. Dec 21-Jan 22.
3836:
https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/red-stripe-green-background-80359
3885:
Now Dig This!: Art and Black Los Angeles 1960â1980. Hammer Museum.
3514:
Afro-American Abstraction. MoMA PS 1. February 17 - April 6, 1980.
2796:
https://artbma.org/exhibition/1939-exhibiting-black-art-at-the-bma/
2457:
https://www.ideelart.com/magazine/african-american-abstract-artists
678:
was the largest museum exhibition of black artists and their work.
4555:
African American: Two Hundred Years of African American Fine Art.
3215:
https://www.artforum.com/events/black-artists-of-the-1930s-234751/
660:
393:, and travelled to other cities after Chicago. Also, in 1944, the
370:, and others. That same year, the Mountain View Officers' Club at
4533:
https://buffaloakg.org/artworks/201429a-c-black-subjects-still-ii
4331:
3980:
https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/blackness-in-abstraction/
3502:
Two Centuries of Black American Art. LACMA. Sep 30âNov 21, 1976.
2541:
4581:"These Black Collectors Are Shaping the Future of the Art World"
4233:
Adler, Esther. Charles White, Artist and Teacher. OTIS. p. 147.
3002:
mentions. Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library.
2678:
https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_2937_300086871.pdf
2026:
https://smarthistory.org/who-created-the-first-abstract-artwork/
632:, selected forty abstract works by nineteen artists, including
194:
presented, âContemporary Negro Artâ, a major museum exhibition.
130:
4678:
4495:
4245:
Art Workshop Folio. Committee for the Negro in the Arts (CNA).
3995:
https://www.ganttcenter.org/exhibitions/the-future-is-abstract/
3619:
3094:
https://assets.moma.org/documents/moma_press-release_325421.pdf
2932:
https://www.artsy.net/artwork/beauford-delaney-the-burning-bush
3157:
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/blackburn/blackburn-founding.html
2833:
Black Artists in the Galleries. Black Artists in the Museums.
2712:
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/hall-of-negro-life
666:
In 1975, Alvin Smith had a one-man show, âAmherst Seriesâ, at
4484:
https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/central-park/monuments/2098
4435:
https://peytonwright.com/modern/artists/daniel-larue-johnson/
3723:
Uhles, Steven. Exhibition focuses on works of black artists.
3394:
https://archive.org/details/contemblac00doty/page/10/mode/2up
3241:
ABSTRACTION. Collection in Context. Studio Museum in Harlem.
2757:
https://scholar.library.miami.edu/emancipation/jamaica2_2.htm
1138:, who was born in Africa and lived in the United States, and
4607:
https://www.dailypress.com/1991/06/20/junius-redwood-artist/
4569:
https://thestudiovisit.com/artists-directory/james-phillips/
4356:
https://bombmagazine.org/articles/2016/01/19/gerald-jackson/
3872:
https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/african-american-2012
3348:
https://www.mfa.org/beyond-the-gallery/frank-bowling-and-5-1
2690:
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/texas-centennial
2500:
https://www.illustrationhistory.org/artists/charles-c-dawson
2038:
https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/06-509253-2C6NU0BSU01T.html
935:
mounted, âHard Edged: Geometrical Abstraction and Beyondâ.
4594:
4271:"WILLIAM LAWRENCE COMPTON KOLAWOLE (1931 ) Two untitled et"
3706:
Charles E. Porter, Henry O. Tanner, and Dox Thrash.â 1994.
3616:
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth305304/m1/3/
4447:
https://high.org/highlight/african-american-artists/page/3
3243:
https://www.studiomuseum.org/collection/themes/abstraction
3180:
Ed Clark (1926â2019). Studio Museum in Harlem Collection.
766:, a âPost-Blackâ show that featured abstract paintings by
701:, Robert Gates, Sam Gilliam, Lois Jones, and Alma Thomas.
455:
had featured the work of Black artists. In 1968 and 1969,
4654:
3622:; crediting UT San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.
3489:
https://saxoncapers.wordpress.com/2017/03/01/__trashed-5/
3448:
http://huntercollegeartgalleries.org/events/2018/rebuttal
3418:
https://orb.binghamton.edu/research_days_posters_2022/133
2642:
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/705620
381:
In 1944, The G. Place Gallery (Washington, DC) organized
3465:
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/de-luxe-show
3307:
https://mocadetroit.org/kinship-the-legacy-of-gallery-7/
2398:
https://ogdenmuseum.org/exhibition/southern-abstraction/
4368:
https://brooklynrail.org/2021/12/artseen/Gerald-Jackson
4223:
https://www.taftmuseum.org/exhibitions/africanmodernism
3823:
https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/top-line-steel-33718
3014:
Previous Exhibitions. Clark Atlanta University Museum.
2991:
https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/auc.001%3A0531
2741:
Anderson, Nancy. âAaron Douglas,â NGA Online Editions,
2530:
https://www.artpapers.org/the-moment-is-not-sufficient/
2513:
Art and Design Chicago. Charles Clarence Dawson. WTTW.
2440:
https://news.artnet.com/art-world/darby-english-1947080
2369:
https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041006.003.0003
3951:
https://newarkmuseumart.org/exhibition/modern-heroics/
3565:
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/857064
2486:
The Negro in Art Week, November 16-23, 1927. The Met.
4088:
Ronald Ollie Obituary. The Star-Ledger. Jun. 7, 2020.
3143:
Norman Lewis, Abstract Expressionist. June 16, 2016.
2958:
History of the Collection. Clark Atlanta University.
2212:
https://www.artforum.com/features/alvin-smith-209704/
4667:
https://buffaloakg.org/art/exhibitions/how-high-moon
4509:
https://www.studiomuseum.org/artists/tyrone-mitchell
3346:
Frank Bowling and 5+1. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
2287:
https://arthistorypi.org/books/mounting-frustrations
383:
The Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago
1146:
Related collectives, movements, schools, and trends
142:
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History
4631:https://americanart.si.edu/artist/alvin-smith-5884
2067:Kandinsky's First Abstract Work? Centre Pompidou.
1157:(African Coalition of Black Revolutionary Artists)
4829:Postâcivil rights era in African-American history
4774:Cultural organizations based in the United States
4393:Afro-Abstraction Exhibition Artists. MoMA. 1980.
4205:
4203:
4125:
4123:
4072:
4070:
4068:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3848:https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/untitled-28318
3598:
3596:
3487:Saxon, Robert S., Sr. Hubert Taylor (1937-1991).
2978:https://www.cau.edu/art-galleries/collection.html
2862:https://www.artic.edu/artists/42434/charles-white
2743:https://purl.org/nga/collection/constituent/38654
2724:
2722:
2720:
2210:Ghent, Henri. Alvin Smith. Artforum. March 1975.
1247:contributions to the Black Abstractionism canon.
4395:https://www.moma.org/artists/?exhibition_id=4154
4036:
4034:
4032:
3789:
3787:
3498:
3496:
2914:
2912:
2871:
2869:
2829:
2827:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2482:
2480:
2254:
2252:
2250:
4557:https://home.hamptonu.edu/msm/african-american/
4543:Serge Alain Nitegeka. Marianne Boesky Gallery.
4389:
4387:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
3738:
3736:
3301:
3299:
2844:
2842:
2835:https://black-artists-in-the-museum.com/people/
2666:https://www.holmesartgallery.com/sargentjohnson
2600:
2598:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
1187:Committee for the Negro in the Arts (1947-1954)
78:As part of "The Negro in Art Week" (1927), the
4531:Serge Alain Nitegeka. Buffalo AKG Art Museum.
4019:
4017:
3945:
3943:
3911:https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3759
3881:
3879:
3516:https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/4154
3237:
3235:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2151:
2149:
2111:
2109:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
4433:Daniel LaRue Johnson. Peyton Wright Gallery.
4042:https://nmwa.org/exhibitions/magnetic-fields/
3989:
3987:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3442:
3440:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3182:https://www.studiomuseum.org/artists/ed-clark
3064:
3062:
2524:
2522:
2434:
2432:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2178:
2176:
2166:
2164:
762:In 2001, the Studio Museum in Harlem mounted
374:, a predominantly black military base during
8:
4004:
4002:
3968:https://www.meer.com/en/21949-modern-heroics
3614:Bellevue Art Museum (Wash.). , text, 198?; (
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2419:
2417:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2281:
2279:
2020:
2018:
3804:
3802:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3427:
3425:
3088:
3086:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2731:https://aamdallas.org/hall-of-negro-life-2/
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
57:and her abstractions were rejected by the
4259:https://www.patrickalston.com/copy-of-home
3719:
3717:
3715:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3037:
3035:
3004:https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12322/fa:146
2930:Beauford Delaney, The Burning Bush, 1941.
2790:
2788:
4789:Arts organizations based in New York City
4459:https://artcloud.market/artist/de-johnson
3016:https://www.cau.edu/previous-exhibitions/
2451:
2449:
2447:
1092:, Norman Lewis, James Little, Al Loving,
4605:Junius Redwood, Artist. Obituary. 2019.
3103:
3101:
2899:
2897:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
1104:from the museum's permanent collection.
3553:https://keithmorrison.com/?page_id=1228
2850:https://black-artists-in-the-museum.com
2509:
2507:
2014:
511:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
467:-inspired abstract works by printmaker
4779:American artist groups and collectives
2875:Black Artists. Art Institute Chicago.
2860:Charles White. Art Institute Chicago.
1211:Organization of Black American Culture
723:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
528:native and the first graduate of the
171:, the first world's fair held in the
7:
4769:Art exhibitions in the United States
3887:https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this
2618:https://wolfsonian.org/blog/2021/08/
969:National Museum of Women in the Arts
323:âs early abstract works predate the
4784:African-American arts organizations
4567:James Phillips. The Studio Visit.
1177:Black Emergency Cultural Coalition
933:California African American Museum
829:, and others. In Spring 2006, the
557:Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit
14:
4794:African-American cultural history
4521:https://www.tyronemitchellart.com
973:Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art
939:abstract art, including folk and
606:School of the Museum of Fine Arts
564:organized the â5+1âexhibition at
4759:Paintings by movement or period
4330:Ray Grist. Abstract Paintings.
892:Smithsonian American Art Museum
783:National Endowment for the Arts
731:California Afro-American Museum
695:Washington Project for the Arts
570:Princeton University Art Museum
540:, an artist remarked about the
4332:https://raygrist.com/paintings
2745:(accessed September 23, 2024).
2542:https://muse.jhu.edu/book/4394
914:Williams College Museum of Art
27:Abstract art and Black artists
1:
4819:African and Black nationalism
4653:Shoshanna Wienberger Studio.
775:Franklin And Marshall College
4679:https://www.dmitriwright.com
4617:Tariku Shiferaw. Biography.
4496:https://www.gabrielmills.com
3620:https://texashistory.unt.edu
1151:African Modernism in America
1122:Ogden Museum of Southern Art
953:Ogden Museum of Southern Art
4629:Alvin Smith (1933-). SAAM.
1168:Black Artists in the Museum
611:In the Spring of 1971, the
602:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
169:Texas Centennial Exposition
4845:
4729:Contemporary art movements
928:Philadelphia Museum of Art
725:; Oklahoma Museum of Art;
4724:American contemporary art
3648:. Cleveland Museum of Art
3581:. Cleveland Museum of Art
2003:American Abstract Artists
1101:Hampton University Museum
1039:; and four alumna of the
711:San Antonio Museum of Art
4814:African-American culture
4595:https://www.naudline.com
1268:Ellsworth Augustus Ausby
727:Bronx Museum of the Arts
688:Long Island City, Queens
336:Clark Atlanta University
80:Art Institute of Chicago
1363:Yvonne Pickering Carter
1231:Weusi Artist Collective
1226:Washington Color School
1127:The Phillips Collection
1035:, Kianja Strobert, and
964:Baltimore Museum of Art
831:Studio Museum in Harlem
797:, the show's curator;
719:Baltimore Museum of Art
457:Studio Museum in Harlem
391:Baltimore Museum of Art
192:Baltimore Museum of Art
59:Studio Museum in Harlem
4809:20th century in Harlem
4739:American art movements
4655:https://shoshanna.info
3644:Aaron Douglas (1934).
3577:Aaron Douglas (1934).
1993:Abstract expressionism
1538:Sargent Claude Johnson
1160:Art Workersâ Coalition
566:Stony Brook University
437:Abstract Expressionist
435:the sentiment of the
413:Abstract Expressionism
325:Abstract Expressionism
280:Albert Alexander Smith
148:Sargent Claude Johnson
1976:Michaela Yearwood-Dan
1958:Reginald Sylvester II
1907:Spencer Russell Lewis
1848:Lynette Yiadom-Boakye
1783:Thelma Johnson Streat
1094:Evangeline Montgomery
1017:Evangeline Montgomery
989:Lilian Thomas Burwell
921:Civil Rights Movement
790:New York State Museum
343:Art Institute Chicago
272:Archibald Motley, Jr.
4719:African-American art
4180:Nashville Tennessean
1967:Shoshanna Weinberger
1925:Serge Alain Nitegeka
1901:Daniel LaRue Johnson
1874:Larry Compton Callow
1853:Kenneth Victor Young
1698:Helen Evans Ramsaran
1658:Mary Lovelace O'Neal
1493:Barkley L. Hendricks
1368:Barbara Chase-Riboud
1308:Betty Blayton-Taylor
1278:Jean-Michel Basquiat
1196:Harlem Artists Guild
1053:Mary Lovelace O'Neal
997:Barbara Chase-Riboud
821:, George Simmons of
779:Morris Museum of Art
777:in 2004, and at the
715:Toledo Museum of Art
628:The show organizer,
623:A few months later,
551:opened Gallery 7, a
409:Museum of Modern Art
395:Museum of Modern Art
160:Museum of Modern Art
121:In the early 1930s,
20:Black Abstractionism
4744:Black Arts Movement
4405:Jamillah Jennings.
2566:SIA-SIA2016-011407.
1943:Haywood Bill Rivers
1828:William T. Williams
1528:Malvin Gray Johnson
1343:Samuel Joseph Brown
1191:Federal Art Project
1172:Black Arts Movement
1164:Black Artists Group
1045:Alma Woodsey Thomas
542:William T. Williams
480:William T. Williams
306:Chicago Renaissance
296:Black History Month
288:James Lesesne Wells
240:Malvin Gray Johnson
232:Louise E. Jefferson
196:Samuel Joseph Brown
50:Black Arts Movement
4799:Harlem Renaissance
4583:. 9 February 2021.
4182:. March 11, 2018.
3727:. March 20, 2008.
2183:10.1353/cal.0.0241
1928:Odili Donald Odita
1518:Virginia Jaramillo
1418:Richard W. Dempsey
1313:Skunder Boghossian
1201:Hurufiyya movement
1136:Skunder Boghossian
1109:Crocker Art Museum
943:. That same year,
735:Wadsworth Atheneum
650:Virginia Jaramillo
430:During the 1950s,
389:, appeared at the
317:Harlem Renaissance
107:Harlem Renaissance
48:Historically, the
4593:Naudline Pierre.
4519:Tyrone Mitchell.
4421:. July 13, 2017.
3725:Augusta Chronicle
1898:Jamillah Jennings
1858:Brenna Youngblood
1673:Howardena Pindell
1553:Samuel Levi Jones
1523:Wadsworth Jarrell
1473:Ficre Ghebreyesus
1358:Lilian T. Burwell
1041:Howard University
1037:Brenna Youngblood
1021:Howardena Pindell
819:Howardena Pindell
646:Clement Greenberg
553:Detroit, Michigan
530:Howard University
526:Columbus, Georgia
387:Hampton Institute
248:Lois Mailou Jones
181:Samuel A. Countee
177:Harmon Foundation
111:Harmon Foundation
105:In New York, the
85:Charles C. Dawson
55:Howardena Pindell
34:Wassily Kandinsky
4836:
4734:Contemporary art
4693:
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4316:
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4261:
4257:Patrick Alston.
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2946:. June 8, 2022.
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2028:
2022:
1961:Hubert C. Taylor
1880:Mary Reed Daniel
1813:Carrie Mae Weems
1798:Mildred Thompson
1793:Mickalene Thomas
1778:Tavares Strachan
1723:Raymond Saunders
1653:Lorraine OâGrady
1638:E. J. Montgomery
1613:Eugene J. Martin
1403:Ralston Crawford
1378:Robert Colescott
1353:Beverly Buchanan
1348:Vivian E. Browne
1303:Robert Blackburn
1273:Rushern Baker IV
1117:Montclair Museum
1049:Mildred Thompson
1043:art department:
770:, among others.
699:Ralston Crawford
656:, and others.
625:The De Luxe Show
473:Archibald Motley
420:Robert Blackburn
356:Archibald Motley
321:Beauford Delaney
224:Palmer C. Hayden
208:Robert Blackburn
135:Great Depression
100:Archibald Motley
4844:
4843:
4839:
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4837:
4835:
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4833:
4704:
4703:
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4688:
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4677:Dmitri Wright.
4676:
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3649:
3646:"Go Down Death"
3643:
3642:
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3594:
3584:
3582:
3579:"Go Down Death"
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2944:Washington Post
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2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2011:
1998:Action painting
1984:
1979:
1970:Stanley Whitney
1940:Tariku Shiferaw
1934:Naudline Pierre
1919:Tyrone Mitchell
1913:Algernon Miller
1867:
1862:
1838:Frank Wimberley
1738:Yinka Shonibare
1733:Charles Searles
1713:Nellie Mae Rowe
1578:Claude Lawrence
1543:Jennie C. Jones
1513:Tomashi Jackson
1488:Maren Hassinger
1453:Jadé Fadojutimi
1388:Houston Conwill
1383:Bethany Collins
1298:McArthur Binion
1293:John T. Biggers
1258:Candida Alvarez
1244:
1148:
1132:Fisk University
1065:
1063:2020 to present
1013:Jennie C. Jones
1009:Maren Hassinger
1005:Abigail DeVille
977:Candida Alvarez
885:Frank Wimberley
844:
827:Frank Wimberley
760:
743:
684:
668:Amherst College
595:Gerhard Richter
587:
465:School of Paris
451:few museums in
449:1967 Race Riots
445:
428:
314:
264:Richard Lindsey
244:Sargent Johnson
236:Wilmer Jennings
204:Richmond Barthe
166:
127:Fisk University
119:
76:
71:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4754:Postmodern art
4751:
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4700:External links
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4494:Gabriel Mills.
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1937:Junius Redwood
1935:
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1910:Donovan Mclean
1908:
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1895:Harlan Jackson
1893:
1892:Gerald Jackson
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1693:Martin Puryear
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1668:Adam Pendleton
1665:
1663:Joe Overstreet
1660:
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1468:Herbert Gentry
1465:
1463:Theaster Gates
1460:
1458:Charles Gaines
1455:
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1438:Torkwase Dyson
1435:
1433:David Driskell
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1393:Eldzier Cortor
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1318:Chakaia Booker
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:Romare Bearden
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1253:Charles Alston
1249:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:Post-black art
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:David Driskell
1086:Herbert Gentry
1078:Nanette Carter
1070:Chakaia Booker
1064:
1061:
1057:Sylvia Snowden
1029:Shinique Smith
993:Nanette Carter
985:Chakaia Booker
881:Merton Simpson
873:Joe Overstreet
861:Herbert Gentry
843:
840:
811:Herbert Gentry
807:Gregory Coates
799:Nanette Carter
759:
756:
742:
739:
683:
680:
673:In 1976, the
654:Kenneth Noland
638:Melvin Edwards
613:Whitney Museum
586:
583:
574:British Guiana
534:Whitney Museum
484:Melvin Edwards
461:Whitney Museum
444:
441:
427:
424:
399:Columbus, Ohio
364:Charles Sebree
360:Marion Perkins
352:Eldzier Cortor
313:
310:
256:Jacob Lawrence
228:William Hayden
216:Elton Clay Fax
200:Charles Alston
118:
115:
102:, and others.
75:
72:
70:
67:
28:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4841:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Art in Harlem
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Expressionism
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4419:Art Newspaper
4414:
4411:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3580:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1973:Dmitri Wright
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1922:Oscar Murillo
1921:
1918:
1916:Gabriel Mills
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:DeShawn Dumas
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:Other artists
1864:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Hale Woodruff
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Charles White
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Gilda Snowden
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Lorna Simpson
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:John T. Scott
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Senga Nengudi
1646:
1644:
1643:Jayson Musson
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Sam Middleton
1631:
1629:
1628:Julie Mehretu
1626:
1624:
1623:Charles McGee
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Ronald Joseph
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Felrath Hines
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:David Hammons
1481:
1479:
1478:Lauren Halsey
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Fred Eversley
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:Leonardo Drew
1426:
1424:
1423:Thornton Dial
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Deborah Dancy
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Peter Bradley
1331:
1329:
1328:Mark Bradford
1326:
1324:
1323:Frank Bowling
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:Kevin Beasley
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:In 2023, the
1105:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Frank Bowling
1071:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:Gilda Snowden
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Deborah Dancy
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:Betty Blayton
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:In 2018, the
960:
958:
957:Nasher Museum
954:
948:
946:
942:
936:
934:
929:
926:In 2015, the
924:
922:
917:
915:
912:in 2012, and
911:
906:
905:Hammer Museum
902:
901:Felrath Hines
898:
897:Thornton Dial
893:
890:In 2012, the
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Sam Middleton
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Frank Bowling
850:
849:Betty Blayton
841:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
788:In 2006, the
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
768:Mark Bradford
765:
757:
755:
753:
752:Sam Middleton
747:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
700:
696:
693:In 1985, the
691:
689:
681:
679:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Peter Bradley
626:
621:
617:
616:specialists.
614:
609:
607:
603:
600:In 1970, the
598:
596:
592:
584:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Frank Bowling
558:
554:
550:
549:Charles McGee
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Frank Bowling
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
469:Ronald Joseph
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:New York City
450:
447:Prior to the
442:
440:
438:
433:
425:
423:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
372:Fort Huachuca
369:
368:Charles White
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
339:
337:
333:
332:Hale Woodruff
328:
326:
322:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
302:Charles White
299:
297:
293:
292:Hale Woodruff
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:Ronald Joseph
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Rex Goreleigh
217:
213:
212:Aaron Douglas
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:In 1939, the
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:In 1936, the
164:
161:
158:In 1935, the
156:
154:
149:
145:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Aaron Douglas
116:
114:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:Palmer Hayden
93:
90:In 1929, the
88:
86:
81:
73:
68:
66:
62:
60:
56:
51:
46:
42:
38:
35:
26:
24:
21:
4764:1970s in art
4685:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4418:
4413:
4401:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4291:
4279:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4190:
4179:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4137:
4084:
3974:
3930:
3917:
3905:
3893:
3866:
3854:
3842:
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3650:. Retrieved
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1964:Bob Thompson
1955:Vaughn Spann
1946:Thomas Sills
1904:D.E. Johnson
1823:Jack Whitten
1748:Gary Simmons
1743:Thomas Sills
1718:Allison Saar
1678:Adrian Piper
1593:James Little
1583:Norman Lewis
1563:Titus Kaphar
1548:Rachel Jones
1503:Richard Hunt
1443:Minnie Evans
1398:Adger Cowans
1245:
1221:Spiral Group
1114:
1106:
1098:
1066:
961:
949:
945:Pace Gallery
941:outsider art
937:
925:
918:
889:
877:Thomas Sills
845:
836:
795:Clifton Park
787:
772:
761:
748:
744:
703:
692:
685:
672:
665:
658:
622:
618:
610:
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591:Jack Whitten
588:
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507:Jack Whitten
492:
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471:and painter
446:
429:
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405:Norman Lewis
403:
380:
376:World War II
340:
329:
315:
300:
268:Ronald Moody
260:Norman Lewis
189:
165:
157:
146:
139:
120:
104:
89:
77:
63:
47:
43:
39:
30:
19:
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4824:Black Power
3526:MoMA PS 1.
2469:Alain Locke
1988:Abstraction
1952:Frank Smith
1949:Alvin Smith
1889:Zell Ingram
1833:Fred Wilson
1808:Kara Walker
1788:Alma Thomas
1708:John Rhoden
1703:Robin Rhode
1588:Glenn Ligon
1568:Wifredo Lam
1508:Bill Hutson
1408:Emilio Cruz
1338:Moe Brooker
1236:Where We At
1183:primitivism
1090:Sam Gilliam
1025:Mavis Pusey
865:Bill Hutson
815:Bill Hutson
707:Mint Museum
642:Sam Gilliam
538:Tate Modern
522:Alma Thomas
515:Sam Gilliam
503:Alma Thomas
499:Sam Gilliam
482:along with
348:Henry Avery
276:Robert Neal
185:Edna Manley
92:Smithsonian
4714:Modern art
4708:Categories
2009:References
1803:Leo Twiggs
1683:Rose Piper
1573:Doyle Lane
1206:Irascibles
578:MFA Boston
284:Dox Thrash
1886:Ray Grist
1608:Rick Lowe
1603:Al Loving
1598:Tom Lloyd
1263:Emma Amos
1155:AfriCOBRA
959:in 2020.
916:in 2013.
764:Freestyle
547:In 1969,
478:In 1968,
418:In 1948,
341:In 1943,
330:In 1942,
173:Southwest
129:provided
1982:See also
1373:Ed Clark
1082:Ed Clark
910:MoMA PS1
857:Ed Clark
803:Ed Clark
634:Ed Clark
568:and the
432:Ed Clark
319:painter
1242:Artists
153:The Met
69:History
1181:Black
1055:, and
883:. and
823:Albany
733:; and
604:, and
505:, and
488:Harlem
37:year.
4142:2024.
2592:1976.
2380:1-19.
842:2010s
758:2000s
741:1990s
682:1980s
675:LACMA
661:SEPTA
585:1970s
443:1960s
426:1950s
312:1940s
117:1930s
74:1920s
3654:2024
3587:2024
1115:The
705:the
524:, a
131:HBCU
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