682:
that a contingent of officers arrived on
Comercio Street brandishing weapons as they exited their vehicles. As the soldiers retreated to Ayacucho Street, they fired tear gas behind them, at which point a fire-fight commenced. Sociologist Natalia Camacho Balderrama recounts that "for one day, the center of the city of La Paz, seat of government, served as a 'battlefield', indiscriminate crossfire". From the roof of the Foreign Ministry, police units shot tear gas and ammunition at the soldiers, who responded in kind. A police officer walking outside the Foreign Ministry building was shot in the leg, while another was shot in the head, dying instantly. The PN's Immediate Action Group (GAI) arrived at GES headquarters soon after, carrying long storage boxes—presumed to be containing
894:. In compliance with the Bolivian government's request, the OAS also published a full report describing the events that occurred between 12 and 13 February, outlining the body's conclusions in this regard and making recommendations to prevent the recurrence of similar happenings. The OAS attributed blame for the unrest to the PN, stating that what occurred between 12 and 13 February was an "insubordination by members of the police against the Bolivian Constitution and laws". However, the report also included that, though Sánchez de Lozada's life was endangered, "at the moment, there is not enough evidence to affirm categorically that said shots responded to a pre-established plan to assassinate the president of the Republic of Bolivia".
553:
818:
bloodshed confrontation". On 14 February, the IMF issued a public statement saying that it "regretted the tragic events in
Bolivia", denying that it bore any responsibility for the violence, and pledging to continue negotiations with the government. By 2005, both sides had still been unable to reach consensus on a long-term lending agreement. In their analysis of events, Jim Shultz and Lily Whitesell wrote that "over and over again, when confronted with realities on the ground that fall short of their theories and predictions, IMF and
814:, columnist Lorgio Orellana stated that "a most serious wound has been inflicted on the legitimacy of the current social regime, from which it will take years to recover, if it is not first swept away by a popular insurrection". The events that came to be known as "Black February" served as a precursor to prolonged public discontent with President Sánchez de Lozada's administration. Within eight months, the president had resigned and fled the country in the face of a resurgent wave of violence.
660:, shattering windows on the ground floor and up to the second floor. In an attempt to protect the building, palace guards fired tear gas at the students. According to Vargas, the tear gas, which reached police headquarters, was taken as an act of provocation, causing the police to fire back. By this point, an army contingent about a thousand strong moved in to occupy the plaza, commencing a standoff between soldiers and police.
673:. Despite surviving the initial shot, he later died from his injuries, becoming one of the first casualties of the deadly events that soon unfolded. Major Vargas subsequently reported to local media that the PN would be executing "Plan Red", warning citizens to stay in their homes. Privately, however, he resumed dialogue with Brigadier General Hugo TellerĂa and Defense Minister Freddy Teodovich in a meeting mediated by
397:—the then-vice president—stated that the government had told IMF officials that the budget cuts required to meet their goal were too drastic. Nonetheless, according to National Budget Director Edwin Aldunate, the IMF stood firm on the stated 5.5%, rejecting Bolivia's counteroffer to aim for 6.5%, despite being warned of the "serious social problems" the policies required to reach the organization's target could cause.
784:. These were supported by the CEPB and the COB, the latter of which publicly declared the president "arrogant" and "incapable" and demanded that he resign, calling for popular demonstrations in all nine departmental capitals. In response, Sánchez de Lozada assured that he had no intentions of stepping down, instead calling for a public conference between the country's leading political parties and
686:—that they brought into the National Institute of Agrarian Reform. Police also occupied the building housing Radio Nueva América, seizing apartments and offices between the sixth and tenth floors, from which they fired on military units below. An infantry captain standing on the roof of the Palacio Quemado was shot dead and a soldier attempting to aid him was also killed.
506:, which evades tax payments. In an emergency meeting, the Confederation of Private Entrepreneurs of Bolivia (CEPB) requested an urgent meeting with Sánchez de Lozada to negotiate a reversal of the president's tax project. Sánchez de Lozada stood firm on his stance, justifying that any other budget plan would be infeasible without "endangering the stability of our economy
669:
streets and began advancing north along BolĂvar Street towards
Ballivián Street, where another group of protesters had gathered. Police responded by lobbing tear gas, causing the army to retreat south and take up defensive positions around the Legislative Palace. At one point, a 17-year-old PN firefighter, Julián Huáscar Sánchez, was shot in or near the eye by a
727:
withdrawal of the bill from
Congress. He also ordered the withdrawal of military forces, pleading for the populace to end the violence. By that point, Mesa states it was already realized that "the city, without a government, without a police force, was abandoned to its fate". In the absence of rule of law, La Paz devolved into anarchy, engulfed by a wave of
701:
in 1946. At around 1:30 p.m., TellerĂa informed
President Sánchez de Lozada that the military was no longer confident in its ability to protect him inside the building and requested that he evacuate the palace. In the ensuing days, multiple outlets reported that the president was smuggled out in
681:
At some point during the military withdrawal, around 2 p.m., the situation escalated, and live ammunition was exchanged between the military and national police. Which side shot first is unclear, with police claiming it was the military. The official report of events lays blame on the police, stating
726:
called Vice
President Mesa asking him to relay to the president her request that he withdraw the tax hike to avoid a wider catastrophe across the country. Sánchez de Lozada agreed, and an hour later, in a televised address to the nation, the president announced the suspension of the tax plan and the
606:
had convened an emergency meeting the hour prior. After a brief discussion between the president and his ministers, it was resolved not to give in to the PN's demands but to instead attempt to negotiate with Vargas and his mutineers. Sánchez de Lozada delegated this difficult task to his presidency,
817:
The IMF was also questioned for its role in pushing for public policies that resulted in mass unrest. Economist Carlos
Villegas assured that "in addition to the stubbornness of the government, the IMF, which imposes economic policies". Morales, in turn, deplored the Fund, stating that it "provokes
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prison demanding a 40% pay increase—the agreement returned around 22,000 law enforcement agents to the streets. With the return of police, the riots quickly subsided. Thirty-one people, between civilians, police, and soldiers, died as a result of the unrest, with a further 268 wounded. At the time,
548:
just under three years prior, though he never faced legal repercussions. The GES demanded a 40% increase in police wages. Additionally, they sought a modification to the tax bill so that it would only apply to the most affluent sectors of society, those earning the equivalent of $ 660 per month. If
668:
Army units continued to take up positions in and around the Plaza
Murillo and Palacio Quemado, maintaining formation in the face of a growing crowd of protesting police and civilians, who levied shouts, obscenities, and tear gas. Elsewhere, the military occupied the corner of Comercio and Socabaya
622:
to request US$ 120 million in aid in order to add some flexibility to possible amendments to the tax bill. Snow offered US$ 15 million, an amount Sánchez de Lozada found insulting and unacceptable. Exasperated, the president responded, in perfect
English, that with that he "couldn't even afford to
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A total of nineteen people—nine police officers, six civilians, and four soldiers—were charged for the deaths that occurred. The trial against them was installed in 2008, but various legal challenges have led to the suspension or postponement of over twenty hearings. On 24 August 2021, the Eighth
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troops fired on the looters, killing four and wounding several more. Sometime after noon, Ronald
Collanqui, a 28-year-old handyman, was sighted on the roof of a building and was shot from across the street by a police sniper who mistook him for an enemy combatant. At 1:20 p.m., Ana Colque, a
734:
Vandals targeted multiple public buildings, with government and municipal institutions bearing the brunt of the damage. A total of seven buildings were set on fire, which, given the absence of firefighters, continued to smolder into the night. Most notable was the Vice Presidency, which caught on
569:
Gasser arrived at GES headquarters at 6 a.m. on the morning of 12 February, where he told Vargas and other senior officers that the tax could not be withdrawn due to the government's commitment to the IMF. By that point, uniformed and plainclothes police officers from various units had begun to
735:
fire at around 5 p.m. As the building burned, the vice president's security team worked to safeguard the archives at the Library of Congress from being consumed by the flames. Other buildings that sustained heavy damage included the Ministry of Finance, which was looted and burned, and the
337:
attributing all responsibility for the social upheaval to the National Police. A total of nineteen people were charged for the deaths caused, and the trial against them was installed in 2008. However, the legal process has since stalled; as of 2024, the trial has not yet been initiated.
435:
taxes. Further, the project proposed a 10% reduction in the bureaucratic expenses of the State: the central government, legislature, and judiciary. By doing this, Sánchez de Lozada hoped to release Bs280 million back into the economy. The controversy arose in the plan's imposition of a
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to disperse them. However, they later reconvened, making their way towards the Palacio Quemado and forcing the policemen to retreat to the Legislative Palace. A small contingent of soldiers attempted to disperse the students but was fired on with tear gas by PN officers. Lacking
481:
trade unions—decried Sánchez de Lozada's tax proposal as an attempt to "unload the economic crisis on the backs of the people". The People's General Staff—a consortium of social organizations opposed to the government of which Morales held membership—announced mobilizations in
422:
proposal within the framework of the 2003 General Budget of the Nation. With a focus on bolstering the economy and creating new jobs, the legislation projected a 25% increase in public investment—totaling some US$ 1 billion—a 2.45% increase in the minimum wage from
677:
of the Permanent Assembly of Human Rights of Bolivia (APDHB). A short ceasefire was reached in order to facilitate further negotiations. The military agreed to withdraw its forces from the plaza center, and in exchange, the police would halt their demonstrations.
502:(CSUTCB) proposed an open "revolt" against the government in coordination with other trade union organizations. Business interests also opposed the bill, deeming it harmful to the economy by reducing consumption, increasing unemployment, and promoting the
754:
Protests and riots in all parts of La Paz and El Alto continued into the afternoon of 13 February. Guards at the Bolivian Customs Service were overpowered, with looters stealing trucks full of imported merchandise. In El Alto, looters stormed the local
549:
their demands were met, the officers pledged to cease protesting. Although Minister of Government Alberto Gasser had publicly stated that the tax bill was "non-negotiable", he did nonetheless meet with Police High Command the following day.
1552:
el columnista Lorgio Orellana afirmaba el 16 de febrero: 'Se ha infligido la herida más grave a la legitimidad del régimen social vigente, de la cual le va a costar años recuperarse, si es que antes no resulta barrido por una insurrección
400:
In order to meet the IMF's demands, the government first set its sights on foreign oil producers, developing a taxation plan that would have generated up to US$ 160 million per year. However, this proposal was quickly shelved by President
861:
To reaffirm that the constitutional subordination of all state institutions to the legally constituted civilian authority and respect for the rule of law on the part of all institutions and sectors of society are essential elements of
879:
To support the efforts of the government of the Republic of Bolivia to reach, with due urgency, agreements with the international financial institutions` that will contribute to democratic, social and financial stability in that
409:
targeting the wealthiest 4% of the population, generating US$ 20 million per year. Given the relatively low amount of revenue this would generate, it was agreed to expand the tax to all individuals earning twice the national
759:
plant, breaking down the surrounding brick walls and overwhelming security and company employees attempting to repel them. By this point, the army had been deployed in an attempt to quell the unrest. At the Coca-Cola plant,
889:
met on 6 March with President Sánchez de Lozada. The OAS agreed to collaborate with the Prosecutor's Office in its investigation of events, providing technical cooperation as well as international experts in the field of
875:
To reiterate that the promotion and observance of economic, social, and cultural rights are inherently linked to integral development, equitable economic growth, and the consolidation of democracy in the states of the
795:, compensation for the families of dead or injured officers, and the allocation of funds for the procurement of new equipment and uniforms. Save for some holdouts—such as around 2,000 security personnel who rioted in
49:
1331:
386:. Failure to comply would have led the IMF to withdraw a long-term lending agreement. Without such an agreement, the Bolivian government faced the loss of not only Fund loans but also millions of dollars in
601:
At 10 a.m., about 100 police officers began marching through the plaza itself, shouting their demands at the windows of the Palacio Quemado, where President Sánchez de Lozada, Vice President Mesa, and the
333:, set the Vice President's Office and the Ministry of Finance on fire, and attacked other public and municipal buildings. The official death toll was listed at thirty-one deaths and 268 injured, with the
822:
officials place the blame not on the theory but on faulty implementation by poor governments. But the options open to poor governments are much more difficult than the IMF is willing or able to admit."
623:
pay for the cigars he smoked" and hung up. Shortly thereafter, the palace chief of security instructed everyone to move to the third floor. As recounted by Mesa, the conversation shifted focus to
582:—and other government institutions were located. Throughout the morning, police in and around the capital abandoned their posts, gathering near the Plaza Murillo and GES headquarters armed with
706:
as part of a caravan of a dozen other vehicles: "You would have to be extremely inept to choose an ambulance having the presidential armored car—the only armored vehicle in the palace that day—
1155:
958:
499:
203:
1394:
847:
855:
To express its full and decisive support for the constitutional government of the president of the Republic of Bolivia, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, and for the democratic institutions.
1535:
739:
Mayor's Office, which suffered a large assault by rioters. Mobs also targeted the headquarters of the country's main political parties, destroying the offices of Sánchez de Lozada's
1827:
533:
where resolutions are final, resolved to oppose the government's tax reform bill. At the center of these discussions was the Special Security Group (GES) under the command of Major
1629:...'. El economista Carlos Villegas opinĂł que la responsabilidad de la convulsiĂłn en Bolivia es 'además de la tozudez del gobierno, del FMI, que impone las polĂticas econĂłmicas'.
846:(OAS) requesting an impartial investigation into "acts of terrorism that affect the security of the population and the rule of law itself". In response, on the same date, the
405:, who feared that it would harm the country's ability to project a stable image to foreign investors. Instead, the president and his advisers agreed on a second proposal, a
772:
In the capital and elsewhere in the country, protests erupted demanding Sánchez de Lozada's resignation. Large demonstrations against the government were carried out in
751:
partner. The former—an antique building from the early 20th century—sustained such heavy damage that it collapsed in on itself, leaving only the exterior walls intact.
552:
1321:
446:, the measure would have affected the wages of 500,000 workers, amounting to 5% of the population and around 25% of the salaried population. For those in the lowest
598:
and a small amount of retirees. Some officers positioned themselves on the roof of the GES and from there made their way to the adjacent Foreign Ministry building.
1909:
1134:
el diputado y dirigente sindical Evo Morales, dijo que las medidas econĂłmicas anunciadas pretenden 'descargar la crisis econĂłmica sobre las espaldas del pueblo'.
903:
Criminal Sentencing Court in La Paz held a hearing to make way for the commencement of the trial, but as of 20 September 2024, it has not been initiated.
329:. On the second day of rioting, the government and police reached an agreement, and law enforcement quelled the unrest, by which time mobs had stoned the
1751:
According to Mesa, such a meeting was an exceedingly exceptional occurrence as the president typically never called cabinet meetings earlier than 9 p.m.
948:
1742:
topography of La Paz, the Foreign Ministry is located on a higher level than the Palacio Quemado, offering a tactical advantage in an armed conflict.
1147:
393:
Following the events of February, the IMF stood its ground on the claim that the Bolivian government had fully agreed with the 5.5% target. However,
1117:
1023:
618:, Alberto Gasser, and Freddy Teodovich, respectively. Shortly after 10:30 a.m., the president got into contact with US Treasury Secretary
1384:
1815:
744:
544:. Vargas had a history of aiding and abetting acts considered "seditious" by the government, having previously participated in the so-called
463:
The president's tax announcement was near-unanimously repudiated by the general public, with businessmen, opposition political parties, and
1783:
1525:
872:
To urge all sectors of Bolivian society to strengthen channels of dialogue and tolerance and to refrain from promoting political violence.
370:
growth that year measured just 2.5%—well below the projected 8%—and external debt had reached 54.2% of GDP. Most urgently, the country's
791:
By the end of the day, the government successfully brokered a deal with the PN that, among other aspects, granted police the payment of
450:, such as nurses, police, and teachers, the tax hike equated to two additional dollars per month or enough to buy food for three days.
740:
415:
162:
440:
beginning with those earning more than Bs880 (US$ 116) per month and increasing incrementally until it reached 12.5%. As reported by
866:
350:—characterized by a period of slow growth since 1986—entered into a slowdown phase induced by external troubles: a deterioration in
1576:
652:, the soldiers withdrew into the palace, leaving the building's exterior unguarded. Given the lack of security, the students began
1608:
1503:
1919:
1854:
1770:(Report). Cuadernos de desarrollo humano sostenible. CERES: Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Económica y Social. pp. 1–6.
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843:
334:
1206:
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abandoned their campus to join the protests in the plaza but were repelled on the corner of Ayacucho and Comercio streets by
603:
1879:
723:
1914:
785:
402:
100:
710:...". The president, vice president, and cabinet spent the rest of the day at Sánchez de Lozada's private residence in
375:
303:
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Outside the Palacio Quemado, the situation was rapidly deteriorating. Between 10 a.m. and 11 a.m., students from the
487:
198:
522:
322:
214:
414:. In a speech delivered to the nation on the evening of 9 February 2003, President Sánchez de Lozada presented to
858:
To condemn the use of violence and other undemocratic acts that disrupt democracy and good governance in Bolivia.
432:
307:
124:
1904:
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to 5.5%. The legislation mobilized a diverse array of groups against the proposal, including business sectors,
769:, was shot through the chest while attempting to apply first-aid to Collanqui; both died from their injuries.
1805:
291:, Bolivia, that took place between 12 and 13 February 2003. The riots were instigated by the imposition of a
781:
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326:
170:
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613:
387:
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311:
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had skyrocketed from 3.3% of national income in 1997 to 8.7% in 2002. The latter factor prompted the
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an ambulance. Mesa called that theory "lying nonsense", assuring that Sánchez de Lozada left in the
1899:
1603:
1498:
944:
837:
579:
355:
155:
31:
1168:'Otro tipo de presupuesto no serĂa posible sin poner en peligro la estabilidad de nuestra economĂa
534:
1389:
761:
703:
424:
347:
180:
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mutinied against the government, leading to violent armed confrontations between police and the
1847:"Report of the Organization of American States (OAS) on the events of February 2003 in Bolivia"
48:
1811:
1810:(in Spanish) (4th ed.). La Paz: Plural Editores and Fundación Comunidad. pp. 58–62.
690:
511:
383:
379:
1846:
1767:
1654:"CP/RES. 838 (1355/03): Support for the Constitutional Government of the Republic of Bolivia"
689:
From inside the palace, Mesa states that "what I saw was hell". He likened the events to the
53:
The Vice Presidency ablaze after having been vandalized by a riotous mob on 12 February 2003.
1838:
1826:
1787:
1202:
886:
503:
276:
1625:... deplorĂł 'cĂłmo el Fondo Monetario Internacional provoca hechos de sangre confrontaciĂłn
865:
To reaffirm the firm resolve of the member states to apply the mechanisms provided in the
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766:
575:
428:
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it was the worst period of violence since the country's transition to democracy in 1982.
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230:
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to 5.5% of GDP. Such an undertaking necessitated a cut of US$ 250 million, 8% of the
175:
116:
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negotiations it was carrying out with the government, declaring a twenty-four-hour
411:
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525:(PN), as their Bs880 monthly salaries stood to be directly affected. The majority
539:
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595:
472:
464:
442:
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394:
315:
295:
30:"Black February" redirects here. For the Black February flood in Australia, see
1869:
1530:
1172:... Si no se aprueba un presupuesto como Ă©ste, va ir a un colapso econĂłmico'.
819:
810:
773:
483:
17:
1322:"Todo lo que tiene que saber 19 años después de la crisis de 'Febrero negro'"
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1018:
796:
756:
419:
359:
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adopted Resolution CP/RES. 838 (1355/03) determining the body's decision:
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587:
517:
The announced tax was also a topic of discussion among the rank and file
477:
120:
831:
One day after the riots were quelled, on 14 February, Foreign Minister
736:
728:
711:
653:
491:
1828:"Deadly consequences: how the IMF provoked Bolivia into bloody crisis"
1779:
808:
Three days after the riot subsided, in an opinion-piece published by
288:
71:
1792:
1739:
1494:"Crece la protesta en Bolivia pidiendo la renuncia del presidente"
627:"in an unspoken intention to separate from the dramatic reality".
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congregate around the headquarters, located half a block from the
128:
1148:"El Presidente dice que sin el 'impuestazo' Bolivia no es viable"
1726:
1768:
La 'rebeliĂłn' de febrero: una historia que no se puede reeditar
1694:
1682:
1640:
1476:
1385:"Economic Crisis and Vocal Opposition Test Bolivia's President"
1263:
1873:
949:"'Impuestazo' de febrero 2003, el fracaso del neoliberalismo"
1882:. Testimony of Carlos Mesa on the events of Black February
931:
500:
Unified Syndical Confederation of Rural Workers of Bolivia
358:. By the end of 2002, Bolivia, entering its fifth year of
204:
Unified Syndical Confederation of Rural Workers of Bolivia
510:... If a budget like this is not approved, will go into
1778:; Machicado, Carlos Gustavo; Peres-CajĂas, JosĂ© (2019).
1089:
1087:
1085:
1043:
1041:
427:
430 to Bs440.5—just over US$ 58—and a 0.5% reduction in
1870:
Archival footage depicting the events of Black February
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
978:
976:
1780:
The Monetary and Fiscal History of Bolivia, 1960–2017
1717:
The Special Security Group was the National Police's
1492:
Staff writer (14 February 2003). Written at La Paz.
1106:
Crespo, Luis (10 February 2003). Written at La Paz.
1012:
Crespo, Luis (10 February 2003). Written at La Paz.
594:
bused in from the National Police Academy as well as
1565:
Staff writer (17 October 2003). Written at La Paz.
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Staff writer (10 February 2003). Written at Oruro.
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208:Confederation of Private Entrepreneurs of Bolivia
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1238:
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994:
982:
321:The culmination of public unrest came when the
1607:(in Spanish). General Roca. 14 February 2003.
467:all threatening to mobilize in protest of the
529:police force, characterized by a respect for
378:(IMF) to demand that the Bolivian government
8:
1807:Presidencia Sitiada: Memorias de mi Gobierno
1534:(in Spanish). Cochabamba. 16 February 2017.
1433:
1418:
1364:
1302:
1278:
1064:
1825:Shultz, Jim; Whitesell, Lily (1 May 2005).
1876:tapes archived by the Prosecutor's Office.
560:that devolved into riots in February 2003.
475:—leader of the opposition and head of the
47:
38:
1791:
1526:"Recordando el quiebre de Febrero Negro"
932:Kehoe, Machicado & Peres-CajĂas 2019
643:units from the Police Academy, who used
551:
1710:
1567:"Bolivian president resigns amid chaos"
924:
556:David Vargas was a lead figure in the
1910:February 2003 events in South America
1782:(Report). NBER Working Paper Series.
1611:from the original on 22 February 2003
1599:"Otro revés para las recetas del FMI"
842:transmitted an urgent request to the
7:
1784:National Bureau of Economic Research
1766:Camacho Balderrama, Natalia (2003).
1695:Organization of American States 2003
1683:Organization of American States 2003
1641:Organization of American States 2003
1477:Organization of American States 2003
1264:Organization of American States 2003
1120:from the original on 17 October 2003
1026:from the original on 17 October 2003
1579:from the original on 27 August 2013
1209:from the original on 26 August 2013
607:government, and defense ministers:
390:from Denmark, Germany, and Sweden.
1334:from the original on 10 March 2022
1320:Quispe, Jorge (12 February 2022).
1158:from the original on 28 April 2022
741:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
163:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
25:
1880:12 February 2003. Ten years later
1506:from the original on 28 June 2003
1191:Gori, Graham (13 February 2003).
961:from the original on 8 March 2021
867:Inter-American Democratic Charter
362:, faced a dire financial crisis:
138:Withdrawal of tax reform proposal
27:Period of civil unrest in Bolivia
1853:(in Spanish). Washington, D.C.:
1397:from the original on 27 May 2015
1855:Organization of American States
1662:Organization of American States
1538:from the original on 1 May 2022
844:Organization of American States
335:Organization of American States
306:goal of reducing the country's
1837:. Vol. 26, no. 5–6.
83:Government tax reform proposal
1:
1193:"14 killed in Bolivian riots"
786:social movement organizations
722:At 3:30 p.m., Ombudsman
304:International Monetary Fund's
1502:(in Spanish). General Roca.
1108:"Bolivia: impuesto polémico"
1014:"Bolivia: impuesto polémico"
848:Permanent Council of the OAS
486:against the tax. As did the
1453:Shultz & Whitesell 2005
1239:Shultz & Whitesell 2005
1077:Shultz & Whitesell 2005
995:Shultz & Whitesell 2005
983:Shultz & Whitesell 2005
745:Revolutionary Left Movement
376:International Monetary Fund
318:, and university students.
96:Increase in police salaries
1936:
731:, rioting, and vandalism.
271:, commonly referred to as
227:Anti-government protesters
29:
1152:Agencia de Noticias Fides
869:for preserving democracy.
531:community decision-making
403:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
147:
101:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
99:Resignation of President
93:Withdrawal of tax reforms
46:
488:Bolivian Workers' Center
199:Bolivian Workers' Center
1802:Mesa Gisbert, Carlos D.
1465:Camacho Balderrama 2003
1353:Camacho Balderrama 2003
1291:Camacho Balderrama 2003
1094:Camacho Balderrama 2003
1048:Camacho Balderrama 2003
782:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
693:that culminated in the
664:Eruption of hostilities
490:(COB), which broke off
171:Armed Forces of Bolivia
1920:21st century in La Paz
1330:(in Spanish). La Paz.
1154:(in Spanish). La Paz.
1116:(in Spanish). London.
1022:(in Spanish). London.
957:(in Spanish). La Paz.
892:criminal investigation
885:OAS Secretary-General
609:Carlos Sánchez BerzaĂn
590:. They were joined by
588:riot control equipment
561:
407:progressive income tax
346:Starting in 1998, the
302:—aimed at meeting the
219:Special Security Group
1839:Gale Academic OneFile
1834:Multinational Monitor
913:Bolivian gas conflict
833:Carlos Saavedra Bruno
555:
523:National Police Corps
323:National Police Corps
215:National Police Corps
156:Government of Bolivia
1660:. Washington, D.C.:
1383:(16 February 2003).
947:(20 February 2019).
898:Criminal proceedings
699:Gualberto Villarroel
546:Cochabamba Water War
498:. For its part, the
354:and the reversal in
1915:Protests in Bolivia
580:presidential palace
283:), was a period of
62:12–13 February 2003
32:1893 Brisbane flood
1872:. Digitization of
1664:. 14 February 2003
1390:The New York Times
562:
181:Bolivian Air Force
1841:. pp. 39–44.
1817:978-99954-1-122-0
1776:Kehoe, Timothy J.
1719:riot control unit
1434:Mesa Gisbert 2010
1419:Mesa Gisbert 2010
1365:Mesa Gisbert 2010
1303:Mesa Gisbert 2010
1279:Mesa Gisbert 2010
1065:Mesa Gisbert 2010
945:Medinaceli, Rubén
743:and those of the
718:Anarchy in La Paz
512:economic collapse
269:2003 La Paz riots
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193:Opposition groups
16:(Redirected from
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1759:Bibliography
1747:
1734:
1713:
1690:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1636:
1620:
1613:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1572:The Guardian
1570:
1560:
1547:
1540:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1497:
1479:, Sec. 5(b).
1472:
1460:
1455:, p. 43
1436:, p. 62
1421:, p. 61
1399:. Retrieved
1388:
1381:Forero, Juan
1360:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:Página Siete
1325:
1298:
1286:
1281:, p. 58
1266:, Sec. 5(a).
1241:, p. 42
1211:. Retrieved
1198:The Guardian
1196:
1167:
1160:. Retrieved
1151:
1141:
1129:
1122:. Retrieved
1111:
1101:
1079:, p. 41
1072:
1067:, p. 60
1028:. Retrieved
1017:
990:
985:, p. 40
963:. Retrieved
954:Página Siete
952:
939:
934:, p. 16
927:
901:
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816:
809:
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765:24-year-old
753:
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634:
620:John W. Snow
600:
596:firefighters
574:, where the
568:
535:David Vargas
516:
476:
468:
465:trade unions
462:
441:
412:minimum wage
399:
392:
364:unemployment
345:
320:
316:trade unions
299:
298:—dubbed the
285:civil unrest
280:
272:
268:
266:
192:
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154:
153:
36:
1740:mountainous
1738:Due to the
1621:Evo Morales
1467:, p. 4
1355:, p. 5
1293:, p. 3
1096:, p. 2
1050:, p. 1
876:Hemisphere.
836: [
747:, his main
612: [
538: [
473:Evo Morales
443:Los Tiempos
433:transaction
429:consumption
395:Carlos Mesa
388:foreign aid
293:progressive
135:Resulted in
1900:2003 riots
1894:Categories
1723:responding
1575:. London.
1393:. Bogotá.
1201:. London.
919:References
862:democracy.
827:OAS report
820:World Bank
774:Cochabamba
484:Cochabamba
469:impuestazo
342:Background
300:impuestazo
296:salary tax
245:Casualties
1705:Footnotes
1697:, Sec. 6.
1685:, Sec. 3.
1643:, Sec. 2.
1553:popular'.
1113:BBC Mundo
1019:BBC Mundo
804:Aftermath
797:Palmasola
762:Air Force
757:Coca-Cola
749:coalition
650:gas masks
471:. Deputy
360:recession
119:strikes,
80:Caused by
74:, Bolivia
1804:(2010).
1668:27 April
1609:Archived
1577:Archived
1536:Archived
1510:30 April
1504:Archived
1401:30 April
1395:Archived
1338:29 April
1332:Archived
1213:28 April
1207:Archived
1162:28 April
1156:Archived
1124:27 April
1118:Archived
1030:27 April
1024:Archived
965:27 April
959:Archived
907:See also
880:country.
695:lynching
645:tear gas
519:officers
478:cocalero
438:wage tax
416:Congress
258:Injuries
250:Death(s)
233:students
121:protests
67:Location
1857:. 2003.
1851:oas.org
1658:oas.org
1531:OpiniĂłn
811:OpiniĂłn
737:El Alto
729:looting
712:Obrajes
654:stoning
604:cabinet
584:weapons
521:of the
277:Spanish
143:Parties
109:Methods
1814:
1729:occur.
1627:
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780:, and
708:
658:façade
592:cadets
527:Aymara
508:
289:La Paz
127:, and
117:police
72:La Paz
1727:riots
1615:1 May
1583:1 May
1542:1 May
840:]
778:Oruro
616:]
578:—the
542:]
129:riots
113:Labor
88:Goals
1812:ISBN
1670:2022
1617:2022
1585:2022
1544:2022
1512:2022
1403:2022
1340:2022
1215:2022
1164:2022
1126:2022
1032:2022
967:2022
586:and
431:and
418:his
327:Army
267:The
115:and
59:Date
1874:VHS
1788:doi
1548:...
1130:...
514:".
368:GDP
312:GDP
287:in
261:268
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275:(
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20:)
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