1085:
Voglmayr, Hermann; Mayer, Veronika; Maschwitz, Ulrich; Moog, Joachim; Djieto-Lordon, Champlain; Blatrix, RumsaĂŻs (2011). "The diversity of ant-associated black yeasts: Insights into a newly discovered world of symbiotic interactions".
115:). These black fungi mostly have an extremotolerant life style. Many representatives of this group can colonize bare rocks, e.g. in the Mediterranean basin or in hot and cold dry deserts, and are therefore referred to as
356:
Butinar, Lorena; Sonjak, Silva; Zalar, Polona; Plemenitaš, Ana; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (2005). "Melanized halophilic fungi are eukaryotic members of microbial communities in hypersaline waters of solar salterns".
1264:
Dadachova, Ekaterina; Bryan, Ruth A.; Huang, Xianchun; Moadel, Tiffany; Schweitzer, Andrew D.; Aisen, Philip; Nosanchuk, Joshua D.; Casadevall, Arturo (2007). Rutherford, Julian (ed.).
673:
Ruibal, C.; Gueidan, C.; Selbmann, L.; Gorbushina, A.A.; Crous, P.W.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Muggia, L.; Grube, M.; Isola, D.; Schoch, C.L.; Staley, J.T.; Lutzoni, F.; De Hoog, G.S. (2010).
1372:
Gorbushina, A. A.; Krumbein, W. E.; Hamman, C. H.; Panina, L.; Soukharjevski, S.; Wollenzien, U. (1993). "Role of black fungi in color change and biodeterioration of antique marbles".
1170:
Prenafeta-BoldĂş, Francesc X.; Summerbell, Richard; Sybren De Hoog, G. (2006). "Fungi growing on aromatic hydrocarbons: Biotechnology's unexpected encounter with biohazard?".
825:
Krumbein, W. E.; Jens, K. (1981). "Biogenic rock varnishes of the negev desert (Israel) an ecological study of iron and manganese transformation by cyanobacteria and fungi".
1205:
Robertson, Kelly L.; Mostaghim, Anahita; Cuomo, Christina A.; Soto, Carissa M.; Lebedev, Nikolai; Bailey, Robert F.; Wang, Zheng (2012). Nielsen, Kirsten (ed.).
209:
In 2011, a research paper about occurrence of potentially pathogenic black fungi in household dishwashers was partially misreported by the media and went
1325:"Synthetic Consolidants Attacked by Melanin-Producing Fungi: Case Study of the Biodeterioration of Milan (Italy) Cathedral Marble Treated with Acrylics"
92:. Presence of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin in the cell wall confers to the microfungi their characteristic olivaceous to dark brown/black colour.
58:
or meristematic (isodiametric) reproduction is preponderant. Black yeasts share some distinctive characteristics, in particular a dark colouration (
264:
123:
organisms known to-date. They were firstly described in the early 80s by three almost concomitant seminal research articles. Members of
1323:
Cappitelli, F.; Nosanchuk, J. D.; Casadevall, A.; Toniolo, L.; Brusetti, L.; Florio, S.; Principi, P.; Borin, S.; Sorlini, C. (2006).
942:
Muggia, Lucia; Gueidan, Cecile; Knudsen, Kerry; Perlmutter, Gary; Grube, Martin (2012). "The Lichen
Connections of Black Fungi".
727:"Adaptation of extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii to increased osmolarity: A molecular perspective at a glance"
571:"Evidence for 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin in three halophilic black yeasts grown under saline and non-saline conditions"
1121:
Onofri, S.; Barreca, D.; Selbmann, L.; Isola, D.; Rabbow, E.; Horneck, G.; De Vera, J.P.P.; Hatton, J.; Zucconi, L. (2008).
1498:
75:
394:"High prevalence of the neurotrope Exophiala dermatitidis and related oligotrophic black yeasts in sauna facilities"
280:
Sudhadham, M.; Prakitsin, S.; Sivichai, S.; Chaiyarat, R.; Dorrestein, G. M.; Menken, S.B.J.; De Hoog, G.S. (2008).
1123:"Resistance of Antarctic black fungi and cryptoendolithic communities to simulated space and Martian conditions"
534:
GostinÄŤar, C.; Grube, M.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2011). "Evolution of Fungal
Pathogens in Domestic Environments?".
1468:
1207:"Adaptation of the Black Yeast Wangiella dermatitidis to Ionizing Radiation: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms"
1266:"Ionizing Radiation Changes the Electronic Properties of Melanin and Enhances the Growth of Melanized Fungi"
774:
Staley, J. T.; Palmer, F.; Adams, J. B. (1982). "Microcolonial Fungi: Common
Inhabitants on Desert Rocks?".
203:
136:
88:
617:
Gueidan, C.; Villasenor, C. R.; De Hoog, G. S.; Gorbushina, A. A.; Untereiner, W. A.; Lutzoni, F. (2008).
140:
83:
79:
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plasticity, incrustation of the cell wall with melanins and presence of other protective substances like
1459:
282:"The neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis has a possible origin in the tropical rain forest"
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783:
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43:
1036:"Polyextremotolerant black fungi: Oligotrophism, adaptive potential, and a link to lichen symbioses"
443:"Cellular responses of microcolonial rock fungi to long-term desiccation and subsequent rehydration"
78:
represent passive physiological adaptations which enable black fungi to be highly resistant against
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1409:"Dishwashers – A man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens"
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GostinÄŤar, Cene; Grube, Martin; De Hoog, Sybren; Zalar, Polona; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (2010).
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de Hoog, GS; Hermanides-Nijhof, EJ (1977). "The Black Yeasts and Allied
Hyphomycetes".
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of several black fungi to shed light into their ecology, phylogeny and pathogenicity.
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86:" has been introduced to describe this phenotype, an example of which is the species
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Kogej, Tina; Wheeler, Michael H; Lanišnik Rižner, Tea; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (2004).
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135:-rich environments or in nutrient-poor, moist indoor environments, and may occur as
876:
Friedmann, E. I. (1982). "Endolithic
Microorganisms in the Antarctic Cold Desert".
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179:
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119:, or occur in salterns. These black yeasts are believed to be the most resistant
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Plemenitaš, A.; Vaupotič, T.; Lenassi, M.; Kogej, T.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2008).
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619:"A rock-inhabiting ancestor for mutualistic and pathogen-rich fungal lineages"
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245:"Black Yeasts and Meristematic Fungi: Ecology, Diversity and Identification"
178:
have attracted increasingly attention as model microorganisms in studies on
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932:, third ed. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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in contaminated areas, biodeterioration of materials, and mechanisms of
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Shed LighT in the daRk lineagES of the Fungal tree of life (STRES)
55:
392:
Matos, T; De Hoog, GS; De Boer, AG; De Crom, I; Haase, G (2002).
1407:
Zalar, P.; Novak, M.; De Hoog, G.S.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2011).
927:
675:"Phylogeny of rock-inhabiting fungi related to Dothideomycetes"
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99:
very different fungal groups. Many are found in the orders
441:
Gorbushina, A.A.; Kotlova, E.R.; Sherstneva, O.A. (2008).
720:
718:
488:
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GostinÄŤar, Cene; Muggia, Lucia; Grube, Martin (2012).
987:"Black fungi in lichens from seasonally arid habitats"
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926:De Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gené J, Figueras MJ (2009).
495:"Extremotolerance in fungi: Evolution on the edge"
985:Harutyunyan, S.; Muggia, L.; Grube, M. (2008).
1480:website on resolving the black yeast lineages.
8:
198:. A collaborative effort coordinated by the
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249:Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts
247:. In Rosa, Carlos; Gábor, Péter (eds.).
251:. The Yeast Handbook. pp. 501–14.
235:
1329:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
196:adaptation to high salt concentrations
153:. Several species are associated with
168:In recent years, black fungi such as
7:
161:and sometimes with ants in specific
38:is a diverse group of slow-growing
14:
1184:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2005.00007.x
512:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00794.x
411:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2002.00779.x
50:). Only few genera reproduce by
1:
898:10.1126/science.215.4536.1045
796:10.1126/science.215.4536.1093
588:10.1016/S0378-1097(04)00073-4
139:of vertebrate hosts, such as
95:The consortium comprises two
1425:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.007
1291:10.1371/journal.pone.0000457
1232:10.1371/journal.pone.0048674
1100:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.11.006
548:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.03.004
243:Sterflinger, Katja (2006).
1515:
186:of polluted ecosystems by
1457:Working Group Black Yeast
1394:10.1080/01490459309377952
1172:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1040:Frontiers in Microbiology
956:10.1007/s11046-012-9598-8
575:FEMS Microbiology Letters
499:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1053:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00390
257:10.1007/3-540-30985-3_20
202:is currently ongoing to
1374:Geomicrobiology Journal
929:Atlas of Clinical Fungi
137:opportunistic pathogens
89:Aureobasidium pullulans
42:which reproduce mostly
1139:10.3114/sim.2008.61.10
1003:10.3114/sim.2008.61.08
743:10.3114/sim.2008.61.06
691:10.3114/sim.2009.64.06
635:10.3114/sim.2008.61.11
459:10.3114/sim.2008.61.09
298:10.3114/sim.2008.61.15
225:Auricularia polytricha
220:related to the edible
163:ant-fungi associations
80:environmental stresses
117:rock-inhabiting fungi
1469:Black Yeast Database
1341:10.1128/AEM.02220-06
371:10.1515/BOT.2005.007
204:sequence the genomes
84:polyextremotolerance
1499:Fungus common names
1386:1993GmbJ...11..205G
1282:2007PLoSO...2..457D
1223:2012PLoSO...748674R
1127:Studies in Mycology
991:Studies in Mycology
890:1982Sci...215.1045I
839:1981Oecol..50...25K
788:1982Sci...215.1093S
731:Studies in Mycology
679:Studies in Mycology
623:Studies in Mycology
447:Studies in Mycology
331:Studies in Mycology
286:Studies in Mycology
32:microcolonial fungi
1462:2012-01-15 at the
847:10.1007/BF00378791
192:ionizing radiation
54:, while in others
36:meristematic fungi
28:dematiaceous fungi
884:(4536): 1045–53.
542:(10): 1008–1018.
266:978-3-540-26100-1
216:Black yeasts are
175:Hortaea werneckii
157:as well as other
22:, sometimes also
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170:E. dermatitidis
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125:Chaetothyriales
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109:Pleosporales
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82:. The term "
76:mycosporines
60:melanisation
35:
31:
27:
23:
20:Black yeasts
19:
18:
1276:(5): e457.
505:(1): 2–11.
159:phototrophs
133:hydrocarbon
105:Dothideales
101:Capnodiales
72:carotenoids
62:) of their
24:black fungi
1494:Ascomycota
1488:Categories
1133:: 99–109.
292:: 145–55.
231:References
121:eukaryotic
40:microfungi
1471:from the
997:: 83–90.
827:Oecologia
737:: 67–75.
629:: 111–9.
343:222951121
337:: 1–222.
146:Wangiella
142:Exophiala
64:cell wall
44:asexually
1460:Archived
1438:June 20,
1433:21944212
1359:17071788
1310:17520016
1270:PLOS ONE
1251:23139812
1211:PLOS ONE
1192:16438682
1157:19287532
1108:21944219
1072:23162543
1021:19287530
972:14170265
964:23161018
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