Black Hawk War - Knowledge (XXG)

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Potawatomis and Ho-Chunks in Illinois, many of whom had sought to remain neutral in the war, decided to cooperate with the Americans. Tribal leaders knew that some of their warriors had aided the British Band, and so they hoped that a highly visible show of support for the Americans would dissuade U.S. officials from punishing the tribes after the conflict was over. Wearing white headbands to distinguish themselves from hostile Natives, Ho-Chunks and Potawatomis served as guides for Atkinson's army. Ho-Chunks sympathetic to the plight of Black Hawk's people misled Atkinson into thinking that the British Band was still at Lake Koshkonong. While Atkinson's men were trudging through the swamps and running low on provisions, the British Band had in fact relocated miles to the north. Potawatomis under Billy Caldwell also managed to demonstrate support for the Americans while avoiding battle.

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General Scott and Governor Reynolds conducted a treaty with the Ho-Chunks at Rock Island. The Ho-Chunks ceded all their land south of the Wisconsin River in exchange for a forty-mile strip of land in Iowa and annual payments of $ 10,000 for twenty-seven years. The land in Iowa was known as the "Neutral Ground" because it had been designated in 1830 as a buffer zone between the Dakotas and their enemies to the south, the Sauks and Meskwakis. Scott hoped that the settlement of the Ho-Chunks in the Neutral Ground would help keep the peace. Ho-Chunks remaining in Wisconsin were pressured to sign a removal treaty in 1837, even though leaders such as Waukon Decorah had been U.S. allies during the Black Hawk War. General Atkinson was assigned to use the army to forcibly relocate those Ho-Chunks who refused to move to Iowa.

1883:. In the spring of 1832, Potawatomis living along Indian Creek were upset that a settler named William Davis had dammed the creek, preventing fish from reaching their village. Davis ignored the protests, and assaulted a Potawatomi man who tried to dismantle the dam. The Black Hawk War provided the Indian Creek Potawatomis with an opportunity for revenge. On May 21, about fifty Potawatomis and three Sauks from the British Band attacked Davis's settlement, killing, scalping, and mutilating fifteen men, women, and children. Two teenage girls from the settlement were kidnapped and taken to Black Hawk's camp. A Ho-Chunk chief named White Crow negotiated their release two weeks later. Like other Rock River Ho-Chunks, White Crow was trying to placate the Americans while clandestinely aiding the British Band. 941:, a regular army officer who served under Atkinson, later stated that Atkinson should have made an attempt to stop the British Band by force. Some historians have agreed, arguing that Atkinson could have prevented the outbreak of war with more decisive action or astute diplomacy. Cecil Eby charged that "Atkinson was a paper general, unwilling to proceed until all risk had been eliminated". Kerry Trask, however, argued that Atkinson was correct in believing that he did not yet have enough troops to stop the British Band. According to Patrick Jung, leaders on both sides had little chance of avoiding bloodshed at this point, because the militiamen and some of Black Hawk's warriors were spoiling for a fight. 1041:. Accounts of the battle vary. Black Hawk later stated that he sent three men under a white flag to parley, but the Americans imprisoned them and opened fire on a second group of emissaries who followed. Some militiamen claimed they never saw a white flag; others believed that the flag was a ruse the Indians used to set an ambush. All accounts agree that Black Hawk's warriors attacked the militia camp at dusk, that the much more numerous militia were routed, and the survivors straggled into Whiteside's camp. To Black Hawk's surprise, his forty warriors killed twelve Illinois militiamen, and suffered only three fatalities. 628:, a war captain who had fought against the United States in the War of 1812 and was now in his 60s, emerged as the leader of this faction in 1829. Like Keokuk, Black Hawk was not a civil chief, but he became Keokuk's primary rival for influence within the tribe. Black Hawk had actually signed a treaty in May 1816 that affirmed the disputed 1804 land cession, but he insisted that what had been written down was different from what had been spoken at the treaty conference. According to Black Hawk, the "whites were in the habit of saying one thing to the Indians and putting another thing down on paper." 722:, a Sauk civil chief, returned from Fort Malden and told Black Hawk that the British and the other Illinois tribes were prepared to support the Sauks against the United States. Why Neapope made these claims, which would prove to be unfounded, is unclear. Historians have described Neapope's report to Black Hawk as "wishful thinking" and the product of a "fertile imagination". Black Hawk welcomed the information, though he would later criticize Neapope for misleading him. He spent the winter in an unsuccessful attempt to recruit additional allies from other tribes and from Keokuk's followers. 2237:, who had mobilized a battalion of nearly 300 men, arrived too late for the battle. They were upset at having missed the chance to fight their old enemies, and so on August 10, General Scott sent 100 of them after a part of the British Band that had escaped. Indian agent Samuel C. Stambaugh, who accompanied them, urged the Menominees not to take any scalps, but Chief Grizzly Bear insisted that such a prohibition could not be enforced. The group tracked down about ten Sauks, only two of whom were warriors. The Menominees killed and scalped the warriors, but spared the women and children. 2126:. Black Hawk was desperately outnumbered, leading about 50 Sauks and 60 to 70 Kickapoos against 750 militiamen. The battle was a lopsided victory for the militiamen, who lost only one man while killing as many as 68 of Black Hawk's warriors. Despite the high casualties, the battle allowed much of the British Band, including many women and children, to escape across the river. Black Hawk had managed to hold off a much larger force while allowing most of his people to escape, a difficult military operation that impressed some U.S. Army officers when they learned of it. 1025:

where they waited for Atkinson and his troops. Although Reynolds wanted to allow the 260 eager militiamen not yet federalized to continue further as scouts, the cautious Whiteside insisted on waiting for Atkinson at the settlement. Dixon's Ferry had actually been established in 1826 by Ogee, of half-native ancestry, where the wagon trail connecting Peoria to the lead mines in Galena crossed the Rock River; settlers had established cabins along the Peoria/Galena trace and at the crossing, so that by 1829 its post office served settlers up the river as far as Rockford.

898:, and that most of the Meskwakis he wanted to arrest were now with the band. Like other American officials, Atkinson was convinced that the British Band intended to start a war. Because he had few troops at his disposal, Atkinson hoped to get support from the Illinois state militia. He wrote to Governor Reynolds on April 13, describing—and perhaps purposely exaggerating—the threat that the British Band posed. Reynolds, who was eager for a war to drive the Indians out of the state, responded as Atkinson had hoped: he called for militia volunteers to assemble at 2026: 752:

forbid the Sauks from moving to Prophetstown. Now, instead of telling Black Hawk to turn back, Wabokieshiek told him that, as long as the British Band remained peaceful, the Americans would have no choice but to let them settle at Prophetstown, especially if the British and the area tribes supported the band. Although the British Band traveled with armed guards as a security precaution, Black Hawk was probably hoping to avoid a war when he reentered Illinois. The presence of women, children, and the elderly indicated that the band was not a war party.

1792: 114: 2173:, where the Dakotas told the Americans that they would find Black Hawk's people. Black Hawk raised a white flag in an attempt to surrender, but his intentions may have been garbled in translation. The Americans, in no mood to accept a surrender anyway, thought that the Indians were using the white flag to set an ambush. When they became certain that the Natives on land were the British Band, they opened fire. Twenty-three Natives were killed in the exchange of gunfire, while just one soldier on the 737:, was about thirty-five miles up the Rock River from Saukenuk. The village was inhabited by about 200 Ho-Chunks, Sauks, Meskwakis, Kickapoos, and Potawatomis who were dissatisfied with tribal leaders who refused to stand up to American expansion. Although some Americans would later characterize Wabokieshiek as a primary instigator of the Black Hawk War, the Winnebago Prophet, according to historian John Hall, "actually discouraged his followers from resorting to armed conflict with the whites". 585:

Historian Robert Owens argued that the chiefs probably did not intend to give up ownership of the land, and that they would not have sold so much valuable territory for such a modest price. Historian Patrick Jung concluded that the Sauk and Meskwaki chiefs intended to cede a little land, but that the Americans included more territory in the treaty's language than the Natives realized. According to Jung, the Sauks and Maskwacis did not learn the true extent of the cession until years later.

1964: 2084:, across the Great Lakes towards Chicago, his men started getting sick from cholera, with many of them dying. At each place the vessels landed, the sick were deposited and soldiers deserted. By the time the last steamboat landed in Chicago, Scott had only about 350 effective soldiers left. On July 29, Scott began a hurried journey west, ahead of his troops, eager to take command of what was certain to be the war's final campaign, but he would be too late to see any combat. 663: 2202:. Only about 50 people, including Wabokieshiek, agreed to go with him; the others remained, determined to cross the Mississippi and return to Sauk territory. The next morning, on August 2, Black Hawk was heading north when he learned that the American army had closed in on the members of the British Band who were trying to cross the Mississippi. He tried to rejoin the main body, but after a skirmish with American troops near present-day 2301:, Black Hawk's party was seen by a passing Ho-Chunk man, who alerted his village chief. The village council sent a delegation to Black Hawk's camp and convinced him to surrender to the Americans. On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk and Wabokieshiek surrendered at Prairie du Chien to Indian agent Joseph Street. Colonel Zachary Taylor took custody of the prisoners, and sent them by steamboat to Jefferson Barracks, escorted by Lieutenants 1021:, with judge William Thomas as their quartermaster. Atkinson had allowed Reynolds, Whiteside, and the militiamen to leave up the Rock River on April 27, while he brought up the rear with the regular soldiers, directing his least trained and disciplined men—to "move upon the Indians should they be within striking distance without waiting for my arrival". Governor Reynolds accompanied the expedition as a major general of militia. 748:), and then headed north. Black Hawk's intentions upon reentering Illinois are not entirely clear, since reports from both colonists and Indian sources are conflicting. Some said that the British Band intended to reoccupy Saukenuk, while others said that the destination was Prophetstown. According to historian Kerry Trask, "even Black Hawk may not have been sure where they were going and what they intended to do". 5677: 562: 5687: 2286: 2149: 2060:, Black Hawk's warriors drove the militiamen inside their fort and commenced a two-hour siege. After losing nine warriors and killing five militiamen, Black Hawk broke off the siege and returned to his main camp at Lake Koshkonong. This would prove to be Black Hawk's last military success in the war. With his band running low on food, he decided to take them back across the Mississippi. 1000: 793: 1943:. Hamilton would prove to be an unfortunate choice to lead the force; historian John Hall characterized him as "pretentious and unqualified". Before long, the Indians became frustrated with marching around under Hamilton and not seeing any action. Some Menominee scouts remained, but most of the Natives eventually left Hamilton and fought the war on their own terms. 1919:. Since many men were assigned to local patrols and guard duties, Atkinson had only 450 regulars and 2,100 militiamen available for campaigning. Many more militiamen served in units that were not part of the Army of the Frontier's three brigades. Abraham Lincoln, for example, reenlisted as a private in an independent company that was taken into federal service. 2369:

Trask, with the many plaques and memorials that were later erected in his honor. "Indeed," writes Trask, "most of the reconstructed memory of the Black Hawk War has been designed to make white people feel good about themselves." Black Hawk also became an admired symbol of resistance among Native Americans, even among descendants of those who had opposed him.

1804: 1362: 1341: 1320: 1299: 1278: 1257: 1236: 1215: 1194: 1173: 1152: 1131: 1110: 1089: 1068: 1820: 1767: 1751: 1735: 1719: 1703: 1687: 1671: 632: 1923:, a Michigan territorial militia colonel who would prove to be one of the best commanders in the war, fielded a battalion of mounted volunteers that numbered 250 men at its strongest. The overall number of militiamen who took part in the war is not precisely known; the total from Illinois alone has been estimated at six to seven thousand. 1812: 1655: 1639: 1623: 1607: 1591: 1575: 1559: 1543: 1527: 1511: 1495: 1479: 1463: 1447: 1431: 1415: 1399: 1383: 620:. Keokuk was not a chief, but as a skilled orator, he often spoke on behalf of the Sauk civil chiefs in negotiations with the Americans. Keokuk regarded the 1804 treaty as a fraud, but after having seen the size of American cities on the east coast in 1824, he did not think the Sauks could successfully oppose the United States. 2353:. They attended dinners and plays, and were shown a battleship, various public buildings, and a military parade. Huge crowds gathered to see them. Black Hawk's handsome son Nasheweskaska (Whirling Thunder) was a particular favorite. Reaction in the west, however, was less welcoming. When the prisoners traveled through 2229:

and was buried with honors alongside the US soldiers. At least 260 members of the British Band were killed, including about 110 who drowned while trying to cross the river. Although the regular soldiers of the U.S. Army generally tried to avoid needless bloodshed, many of the militiamen intentionally

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The Battle of Stillman's Run proved a turning point. Before the battle, Black Hawk had not committed to war. Now he determined to avenge what he saw as the treacherous killing of his warriors under a flag of truce. Whiteside too was incensed when he returned to the battle site with a burial party and

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after him. Seeing a small party of natives with a red flag, Major Samuel Hackelton and some men pursued without waiting for orders, and Hackelton killed a native before returning to Whiteside's camp with the news. However, Black Hawk and others were nearby, and near dusk on May 14 attacked Stillman's

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attending a treaty conference at Prairie du Chien. In retaliation, a party of Meskwakis and Sauks killed twenty-six Menominees, including women and children, at Prairie du Chien in July 1831. American officials discouraged the Menominees from seeking revenge, but the western bands of the tribe formed

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in the region. Most accounts of the Black Hawk War focus on the conflict between Black Hawk and the United States, but historian John Hall argues that this overlooks the perspective of many Native American participants. According to Hall, "the Black Hawk War also involved an intertribal conflict that

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within the cession and recognized by the Americans as the primary chief of the Sauks and Meskwakis. The tribes sold the reservation to the United States in 1836, and additional land in Iowa the following year. Their last lands in Iowa were sold in 1842, and most of the Natives moved to a reservation

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Following the September 1832 treaty with the Ho-Chunks, Scott and Reynolds conducted another with the Sauks and Meskwakis, with Keokuk and Wapello serving as the primary representatives of their tribes. Scott told the assembled chiefs that "if a particular part of a nation goes out of their country,

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After the war, American officials learned that some Ho-Chunks had aided Black Hawk more than had been previously known. Eight Ho-Chunks were briefly imprisoned at Fort Winnebago for their role in the war, but charges against them were eventually dropped due to a lack of witnesses. In September 1832,

2265:; and two future U.S. presidents, Taylor and Lincoln. The Black Hawk War demonstrated to American officials the need for mounted troops to fight a mounted foe. During the war, the U.S. Army did not have cavalry; the only mounted soldiers were part-time volunteers. After the war, Congress created the 2240:

The Dakotas, who had volunteered 150 warriors to fight against the Sauks and Meskwakis, also arrived too late to participate in the Battle of Bad Axe, but they pursued the members of the British Band who made it across the Mississippi into Iowa. On about August 9, in the final engagement of the war,

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The Battle of Wisconsin Heights had been a victory for the militia; no regular soldiers of the U.S. Army had been present. Atkinson and the regulars joined up with the volunteers several days after the battle. With a force of about 400 regulars and 900 militiamen, the Americans crossed the Wisconsin

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As the British Band moved into Illinois, American officials urged Wabokieshiek to advise Black Hawk to turn back. Previously, the Winnebago Prophet had encouraged Black Hawk to come to Prophetstown, arguing that the 1831 agreement made with General Gaines prohibited a return to Saukenuk, but did not

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Black Hawk was determined to hold onto Saukenuk, a village at the confluence of the Rock River with the Mississippi, where he lived and had been born. When the Sauks returned to the village in 1829 after their annual winter hunt in the west, they found that it had been occupied by squatters who were

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The Black Hawk War resulted in the deaths of 77 settlers, militiamen, and regular soldiers. This figure does not include the deaths from cholera suffered by the relief force under General Winfield Scott. Estimates of how many members of the British Band died during the conflict range from about 450

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After the Battle of Wisconsin Heights, a messenger from Black Hawk had shouted to the militiamen that the starving British Band was going back across the Mississippi and would fight no more. No one in the American camp understood the message, however, since their Ho-Chunk guides were not present to

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After having displaced the British as the dominant outside power following the War of 1812, the United States had assumed the role of mediator in intertribal disputes. Before the Black Hawk War, U.S. policy discouraged intertribal warfare. This was not strictly for humanitarian reasons: intertribal

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myth that had become popular in the eastern United States. Then and later, argues Trask, Americans absolved themselves of complicity in the dispossession of Native Americans by expressing admiration or sympathy for defeated Indians like Black Hawk. The mythologizing of Black Hawk continued, argues

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American officials decided to release the prisoners after a few weeks. First, however, the Natives were required to visit several large U.S. cities on the east coast. This was a tactic often used when Native American leaders came to the East, because it was thought that a demonstration of the size

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across from Saukenuk. The island had been named for a farmer and trader who operated a ferry, as well as sold liquor to the natives, which had previously prompted a raid by Black Hawk to destroy the whiskey. This time, underbrush had grown to impede the militiamen from landing, so the next day the

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The Americans knew Keokuk was for peace and would not wage war against them. For this reason, the Americans gave him many gifts, hoping to bribe Keokuk into moving across the Mississippi into Iowa. The American plan succeeded when Keokuk and a majority of the tribe decided to leave. However, about

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On May 10, the militia marching up the Rock River in pursuit of the British Band reached Prophetstown (about 35 miles from their starting point at the confluence). Rather than wait per Atkinson's plan, they burned White Cloud's empty village, and proceeded about 40 miles upriver to Dixon's Ferry,

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began at about 9:00 am on August 2 after the Americans caught up with the remnants of the British Band a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Bad Axe River. The British Band was reduced to roughly 500 people by this time, including about 150 warriors. The warriors fought with the Americans

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General Atkinson, who learned in early July that Scott would be taking command, hoped to bring the war to a successful conclusion before Scott's arrival. The Americans had difficulty locating the British Band, however, thanks in part to false intelligence given to them by area Native Americans.

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In addition to organizing a new militia army, Atkinson also began to recruit Native American allies, reversing the previous American policy of trying to prevent intertribal warfare. Menominees, Dakotas, and some Ho-Chunks bands were eager to go to war against the British Band. By June 6, agent

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tribes were less supportive than anticipated. As in other tribes, different bands of these tribes often pursued different policies. The Ho-Chunks who lived along the Rock River in Illinois had family ties to the Sauks; they cautiously supported the British Band while trying not to provoke the

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in which a group of Sauk and Meskwaki leaders supposedly sold their lands east of the Mississippi for more than $ 2,200, in goods and annual payments of $ 1,000 in goods. The treaty became controversial because the Native leaders had not been authorized by their tribal councils to cede lands.

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After Stillman's defeat on May 14, the regulars and militia continued up the Rock River to search for Black Hawk. The militiamen became discouraged at not being able to find the British Band. When they heard about the Indian raids, many deserted so that they could return home to defend their

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Without British supplies, adequate provisions, or Native allies, Black Hawk realized that his band was in serious trouble. By some accounts, he was ready to negotiate with Atkinson to end the crisis, but an ill-fated encounter with Illinois militiamen would end all possibility of a peaceful

2385:. Officials conducted a number of treaties after the war to purchase the remaining Native American land claims in the Old Northwest. The Dakotas and Menominees, who won approval from American officials for their role in the war, largely avoided postwar removal pressure until later decades. 1844:

and camped in an isolated place known as the "Island". With the non-combatants secure, members of the British Band, with a number of Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies, began raiding settlers. Not all Native Americans in the region supported this turn of events; most notably, Potawatomi chief

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River on July 27 and resumed the pursuit of the British Band. The British Band was moving slow, encumbered with wounded warriors and people dying of starvation. The Americans followed the trail of dead bodies, cast off equipment, and the remains of horses the hungry Natives had eaten.

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As Whiteside's brigade disbanded, Atkinson organized a new force in June 1832 that he dubbed the "Army of the Frontier". The army consisted of 629 regular army infantrymen and 3,196 mounted militia volunteers. The militia was divided into three brigades commanded by Brigadier Generals

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In June 1832, after hearing that Atkinson was forming a new army, Black Hawk began sending out raiding parties. Perhaps hoping to lead the Americans away from his camp at Lake Koshkonong, he targeted areas to the west. The first major attack occurred on June 14 near present-day

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of 1812, distrusted the Potawatomis and assumed that they would join Black Hawk's uprising. Potawatomi leaders worried that the tribe as a whole would be punished if any Potawatomis supported Black Hawk. At a council outside Chicago on May 1, 1832, Potawatomi leaders including

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families. As morale plummeted, Governor Reynolds asked his militia officers to vote on whether to continue the campaign. General Whiteside, disgusted with the performance of his men, cast the tie-breaking vote in favor of disbanding. Most of Whiteside's brigade disbanded at

1895:, then a small town, which became overcrowded with hungry refugees. Many Potawatomis also fled towards Chicago, not wanting to get caught in the conflict nor be mistaken for hostiles. Throughout the region, settlers hurriedly organized militia units and built small forts. 1017:'s militia brigade had been mustered into federal service at Rock Island under General Atkinson in late April, and divided into four regiments (commanded by Colonels John DeWitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas, and Samuel M. Thompson), and a scout or spy battalion commanded by 2312:

By war's end, Black Hawk and nineteen other leaders of the British Band were incarcerated at Jefferson Barracks. Most of the prisoners were released in the succeeding months, but in April 1833, Black Hawk, Wabokieshiek, Neapope, and three others were transferred to

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interpret. Black Hawk may have believed that the Americans had gotten the message, and that they had not pursued him after the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. He apparently expected that the Americans were going to let his band recross the Mississippi untouched.

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anticipating the sale of land. After months of clashes with the squatters, the Sauks left in September 1829 for the next winter hunt. Hoping to avoid further confrontations, Keokuk told Forsyth that he and his followers would not return to Saukenuk.

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After the Battle of Bad Axe, Black Hawk, Wabokieshiek, and their followers traveled northeast to seek refuge with the Ojibwes. American officials offered a reward of $ 100 and forty horses for Black Hawk's capture. While camping near present-day

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The Sauks were divided about whether to resist implementation of the disputed 1804 treaty. Most Sauks decided to relocate west of the Mississippi rather than become involved in a confrontation with the United States. The leader of this group was

535:. The land they lived on was considered sacred because of the fertile soil, prime hunting, accessibility to lead, and access to water, which was helpful for trade. The two tribes had become closely connected after having been displaced from the 2103:

on July 15. The British Band, reduced to fewer than 600 people due to death and desertion, headed for the Mississippi River as the militia approached. The Americans pursued them, killing and scalping several Native stragglers along the way.

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With hostilities now underway, and few allies to depend upon, Black Hawk sought a place of refuge for the women, children, and elderly in his band. Accepting an offer from the Rock River Ho-Chunks, the band traveled further upriver to

2381:. The war provided an opportunity for American officials such as Andrew Jackson, Lewis Cass, and John Reynolds to compel Native American tribes to sell their lands east of the Mississippi River and move to the West, a policy known as 882:

in Missouri, moving up the Mississippi River by steamboat with about 220 soldiers. By chance, Black Hawk and his British Band had just crossed into Illinois. Although Atkinson did not realize it, his boats passed Black Hawk's band.

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Responding to this attack, militia Colonel Henry Dodge gathered a force of twenty-nine mounted volunteers and set out in pursuit of the attackers. On June 16, Dodge and his men cornered about eleven of the raiders at a bend in the

56: 2409:. Instead, only three individuals accused of leading the Indian Creek massacre were tried in court; they were acquitted. Nevertheless, the drive to purchase Potawatomi land west of the Mississippi began in October 1832, when 5523: 733:(Winnebago), but his father had belonged to a Sauk clan that provided the tribe's civil leaders. When Wabokieshiek joined the British Band in 1832, he would become the ranking Sauk civil chief in the group. His village, 690:, assembled troops with the hope of intimidating Black Hawk into leaving. The army had no cavalry to pursue the Sauks should they flee further into Illinois on horseback, and so on June 5 Gaines requested that the state 5459: 5452: 468:. Black Hawk's band was weakened by hunger, death, and desertion, and many native survivors retreated towards the Mississippi. On August 2, U.S. soldiers attacked the remnants of the British Band at the 2018:

in the Michigan Territory, residents began to fear that the Rock River Ho-Chunks were joining the war. On June 20, a Ho-Chunk raiding party estimated by one eyewitness to be as large as 100 warriors

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bought a large amount of Potawatomi land, even though not all Potawatomi bands were represented at the treaty. The tribe was compelled to sell their remaining land west of the Mississippi in a

710:, and other Sauk leaders met with Gaines and signed an agreement in which the Sauks promised to remain west of the Mississippi and to break off further contact with the British in Canada. 588:

The 1804 treaty allowed the tribes to continue using the ceded land until it was sold to American colonists by the U.S. government. For the next two decades, Sauks continued to live at

789:, in which tribal boundaries were drawn. Native Americans sometimes resented American mediation, especially young men, for whom warfare was an important avenue of social advancement. 769:

had long fought for control of diminishing hunting grounds, and the Black Hawk War provided an opportunity for some Natives to resume a war that had nothing to do with Black Hawk.

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refused to consider a diplomatic solution; they wanted a resounding victory over Black Hawk to serve as an example to other Native Americans who might consider similar uprisings.

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pursued a British Band raiding party of about thirty warriors. Three Illinois militiamen and six Native warriors died in the fighting. Two days later, on June 18, militia under

265: 2165:, a steamboat outfitted with an artillery piece, patrolled the Mississippi River, while American-allied Dakotas, Menominees, and Ho-Chunks watched the banks. On August 1, the 1935:

and L'Arc, forty Menominees, and several bands of Ho Chunks. Although the Indian warriors followed their own leaders, Atkinson placed the force under the nominal command of

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militia tried to assault Saukenuk itself, only to find that Black Hawk and his followers had abandoned the village and recrossed the Mississippi. On June 30, Black Hawk,

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William V. Pooley, "Settlement of Illinois, 1830–1850" (1905). Thesis submitted to the University of Wisconsin. Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms (1968). p. 147

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The Ho-Chunks and Potawatomis who took part in the war were sometimes motivated by grievances not directly related to Black Hawk's objectives. One such incident was the

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and was pursued by U.S. forces. Meanwhile, other Native Americans conducted raids against forts and colonies largely unprotected with the absence of the militia. Some

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and power of the United States would discourage future resistance to U.S. expansion. Beginning on June 4, 1833, Black Hawk and his companions were taken on a tour of

4460:. Originally published 1833. Reprinted often in various editions. Revised in 1882 with inauthentic embellishments; most modern editions restore the original wording. 729:("White Cloud"), a shaman known to Americans as the "Winnebago Prophet", had claimed that other tribes were ready to support Black Hawk. Wabokieshiek's mother was a 4651: 2122:. To buy time for the noncombatants to cross the Wisconsin River, Black Hawk and Neapope confronted the Americans in a rear guard action that became known as the 5741: 2364:

According to historian Kerry Trask, Black Hawk and his fellow prisoners were treated like celebrities because the Indians served as a living embodiment of the

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in April 1832. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but he was apparently hoping to reclaim land that was taken over by the United States in the disputed 1804

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in Virginia, which was better equipped to hold prisoners. The American public was eager to catch a glimpse of the captured Indians. Large crowds gathered in

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killed Native noncombatants, sometimes in cold blood. The encounter was, in the words of historian Patrick Jung, "less of a battle and more of a massacre".

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while the Native noncombatants frantically tried to cross the river. Many made it to one of the two nearby islands, but were dislodged after the steamboat

2049:, loaded muskets and molded bullets. After losing several men, Black Hawk broke off the siege, looted the nearby homes, and headed back towards his camp. 2484: 573:

As the United States colonized westward in the early 19th century, government officials sought to buy as much Native American land as possible. In 1804,

1903:, on May 28. About 300 men, including Abraham Lincoln, agreed to remain in the field for twenty more days until a new militia force could be organized. 740:

On April 5, 1832, the British Band entered Illinois once again. Numbering about 500 warriors and 600 non-combatants, they crossed near the mouth of the

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Against the advice of Keokuk and Forsyth, Black Hawk's faction returned to Saukenuk in the spring of 1830. This time, they were joined by more than 200

5690: 874:, received the assignment. Atkinson was a middle-aged officer who had ably handled administrative and diplomatic tasks, most notably during the 1827 902:

by April 22 to begin a thirty-day enlistment. The 2,100 men who volunteered were organized into a brigade of five regiments under Brigadier General

258: 5680: 4620: ; J.B. Patterson, amanuensis and editor of the first edition; an introduction and notes, critical and historical, by James D. Rishell. 1912. 698:

had already alerted the militia; about 1,500 volunteers turned out. Meanwhile, Keokuk convinced many of Black Hawk's followers to leave Illinois.

472:, killing many and capturing most who remained alive. Black Hawk and other leaders escaped, but later surrendered and were imprisoned for a year. 937:

sent emissaries to the British Band, which was now ascending the Rock River. Black Hawk rejected the messages advising him to turn back. Colonel

1980:(or Battle of Pecatonica) was the first real American victory in the war, and helped restore public confidence in the volunteer militia force. 760:

Although the return of Black Hawk's band worried U.S. officials, they were at the time more concerned about the possibility of a war among the

655:" because they sometimes flew a British flag to defy claims of U.S. sovereignty, and because they hoped to gain the support of the British at 5771: 5746: 5408: 4924: 4611: 4430: 4331:

Drake, Benjamin. The life and adventures of Black Hawk: with sketches of Keokuk, the Sac and Fox Indians, and the late Black Hawk war. 1849.

4326: 2091:

In mid-July, Colonel Dodge learned from métis trader Pierre Paquette that the British Band was camped near the Rock River rapids, at present

1857: 907: 678:

When the British Band once again returned to Saukenuk in 1831, Black Hawk's following had grown to about 1,500 people, and now included some

520: 480: 429:

and opened fire on a delegation from the Native Americans on May 14, 1832. Black Hawk responded by successfully attacking the militia at the

383: 4585: 5766: 5475: 5025: 4550: 2720: 2274: 1852:

The initial raiding parties consisted primarily of Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi warriors. The first attack came on May 19, 1832, when Ho-Chunks

682:, a people with close ties to the Sauks and Meskwakis. American officials determined to force the British Band out of the state. General 5203: 4644: 2152:

Native American women and children fleeing for their lives, preparing to cross the Mississippi River, during Black Hawk's defeat at the

2057: 695: 287: 251: 5756: 5428: 1992: 536: 5319: 4607: 4522: 4499: 4472: 4444: 4409: 4388: 4374: 4360: 4346: 786: 2329:, before being taken to Fort Monroe. Even in prison they were treated as celebrities: they posed for portraits by artists such as 2245:, killing 68 and taking 22 prisoners. Ho-Chunks also hunted survivors of the British Band, taking between fifty and sixty scalps. 5751: 5352: 5337: 5314: 2041:. Local settlers, warned of Black Hawk's approach, took refuge in the fort, which was defended by about 20 to 35 militiamen. The 1891:

News of Stillman's defeat, the Indian Creek massacre, and other smaller attacks triggered panic among the settlers. Many fled to

782: 5243: 1977: 1228: 1219: 773:

warfare made it more difficult for the United States to acquire Indian land and move the tribes to the West, a policy known as

327: 31: 5544: 4025: 3775: 973:"passed a resolution declaring any Potawatomi who supported Black Hawk a traitor to his tribe". In mid May, Potawatomi chiefs 5489: 5065: 4894: 4637: 2405:

Thanks to the decision of Potawatomi leaders to aid the U.S. during the war, American officials did not seize tribal land as

2290: 1675: 1046: 816: 593: 5142: 5182: 5075: 2046: 824: 777:, which had become the primary goal by the late 1820s. U.S. efforts at mediation included multi-tribal treaty councils at 600: 964:

Most Potawatomis wanted to remain neutral in the conflict, but found it difficult to do so. Many settlers, recalling the

5253: 1270: 1261: 870:

to arrest the Meskwakis who massacred the Menominees. General Gaines was ill, and so his subordinate, Brigadier General

691: 426: 337: 211: 503:, in which Native American tribes were pressured to sell their lands and move west of the Mississippi River to reside. 5345: 5273: 5233: 2397:

to the United States for payments of $ 20,000 per year for thirty years, among other provisions. Keokuk was granted a

2306: 2123: 2113: 2019: 1988: 1707: 1354: 1345: 1186: 1177: 465: 357: 317: 5208: 4333:

The life and adventures of Black Hawk: with sketches of Keokuk, the Sac and Fox Indians, and the late Black Hawk war.

2225:

The battle was another lopsided victory for the Americans, who lost just 14 men, including one Menominee who died by

1081: 1072: 1038: 1007: 994: 953:

Americans. Ho-Chunks in Wisconsin were more divided. Some bands, remembering their loss to the Americans in the 1827

430: 292: 4332: 5761: 5721: 5616: 5511: 5309: 5263: 5258: 3894:

Jung, 166; Nichols, 133. Jung says "about 60 people" left with Black Hawk; Nichols, 135, estimated "perhaps forty".

2042: 1312: 1303: 1291: 1282: 581: 566: 556: 419: 347: 342: 5172: 5122: 5117: 5070: 5035: 4929: 1991:. American forces had occupied Kellogg's Grove in an effort to intercept war parties raiding to the west. In the 1908: 1595: 1033: 2393:

and makes war, the whole nation is responsible". The tribes sold about 6 million acres (24,000 km) of

547:

ended in the 1730s. By the time of the Black Hawk War, the population of the two tribes was about 6,000 people.

5528: 5127: 5050: 4846: 4683: 3175: 2242: 1419: 957:, decided to stay clear of the conflict. Other Ho-Chunks with ties to the Dakotas and Menominees, most notably 887: 871: 796: 625: 457: 387: 190: 161: 2011:

became a hard-fought, hand-to-hand melee. Three militiamen and five or six Indians were killed in the action.

5711: 5611: 5248: 5085: 5080: 4876: 3153: 2077: 2008: 2004: 1249: 1240: 766: 761: 332: 5444: 4394: 2210:

later criticized Black Hawk and Wabokieshiek for abandoning the people during the final battle of the war.

850:

In 1830, violence threatened to undo American attempts at preventing intertribal warfare. In May, Dakotas (

5238: 5137: 4574: 2015: 1957: 1953: 1723: 1207: 1198: 1028:

On May 12, learning that Black Hawk's band was only twenty-five miles away, eager militiamen led by Major

965: 734: 577: 322: 4515:

The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832: Volume II, Letters & Papers, Part II, June 24, 1832 – October 14, 1834

603:

informed the Sauks that they should vacate Saukenuk and their other settlements east of the Mississippi.

5580: 5506: 5223: 2426: 2092: 1880: 1627: 1547: 1144: 1135: 307: 4564: 4492:

The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832: Volume II, Letters & Papers, Part I, April 30, 1831 – June 23, 1832

2257:

A number of American men with political ambitions fought in the Black Hawk War. At least seven future

5716: 5595: 5268: 5213: 5167: 4851: 4812: 2410: 2318: 2258: 2234: 2119: 1853: 1515: 1333: 1324: 1102: 1093: 899: 828: 702: 613: 352: 297: 48: 1931:

had assembled about 225 Natives at Prairie du Chien. This force included about eighty Dakotas under

1045:

viewed the mutilated corpses. After Stillman's defeat, American leaders like President Jackson and

5585: 5564: 5423: 5325: 5304: 5294: 4990: 4944: 4914: 3191: 2431: 2394: 2378: 2262: 2186: 2160: 2038: 2000: 1936: 1659: 891: 800: 5686: 2261:

took part, as did four future Illinois governors; future governors of Michigan, Nebraska, and the

2190:

firing upon escaping Native Americans trying to get across the Mississippi River to safety in Iowa

2025: 651:, a people who had often allied with the Sauks. Black Hawk and his followers became known as the " 5652: 5433: 5373: 5228: 5177: 5162: 5092: 4838: 2398: 2334: 2203: 1940: 1869: 1841: 1771: 1755: 1643: 1483: 1165: 1156: 879: 687: 312: 216: 185: 86: 5055: 1984: 1873: 843:

argued that the Black Hawk War could have been avoided had Forsyth remained as the agent to the

445:

warriors took part in these raids, although most tribe members tried to avoid the conflict. The

4536:

Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1978. Published as Volume XXXVIII of

1032:

left Whiteside's encampment, making another camp on a tributary of the Rock River later named

5403: 5278: 5147: 4772: 4518: 4495: 4468: 4440: 4426: 4405: 4384: 4370: 4356: 4342: 4322: 2414: 2330: 2214: 2153: 2139: 2081: 1739: 1579: 745: 574: 524: 469: 407: 362: 4534:

The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832: Volume II, Letters and Papers, Part III, Appendices and Index.

3182:, annotated and introduced by Rodney O. Davis. University of Illinois Press (1995). pp. 76–77 2052:

The next day, June 25, Black Hawk's party encountered a militia battalion commanded by Major

2045:

lasted about forty-five minutes. The women and girls inside the fort, under the direction of

5398: 5369: 5157: 5152: 5107: 5045: 5030: 5020: 4980: 4975: 4965: 4949: 4934: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4484: 2326: 2298: 2034: 1973: 1928: 1912: 1900: 1691: 1611: 1563: 1531: 1403: 1375: 1366: 1014: 903: 778: 683: 596:. In 1828, the U.S. government finally began to have the ceded land surveyed for colonists. 165: 2022:

at Blue Mounds. Two militiamen were killed in the attack, one of whom was badly mutilated.

662: 5662: 5299: 5218: 5187: 5132: 4995: 4985: 4939: 4856: 4817: 4590: 2406: 2302: 2266: 1963: 1865: 1837: 1467: 1123: 1114: 1029: 1003: 934: 933:

After Atkinson's arrival at Rock Island on April 12, 1832, he, Keokuk, and Meskwaki chief

836: 832: 648: 492: 476: 399: 302: 177: 173: 5554: 4601: 4595: 4423:

Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy

2254:

to 600, or about half of the 1,100 people who entered Illinois with Black Hawk in 1832.

2033:

On June 24, 1832, Black Hawk and about 200 warriors attacked at the hastily constructed

5657: 5642: 5590: 4919: 4866: 4861: 4780: 4744: 2382: 2100: 2096: 2073: 2069: 1996: 1916: 1499: 1018: 970: 958: 938: 812: 774: 500: 488: 484: 483:, although he saw no combat. Other participants who would later become famous included 181: 2377:

The Black Hawk War marked the end of Native armed resistance to U.S. expansion in the

999: 592:, their primary village, which was located near the confluence of the Mississippi and 5705: 5647: 5413: 5112: 5102: 4970: 4762: 4569: 4507: 4480: 2350: 2325:

to watch them pass. On April 26, the prisoners met briefly with President Jackson in

2226: 2170: 1451: 1387: 954: 875: 823:

were replaced by unqualified Jackson loyalists, argues historian John Hall. Men like

808: 636: 624:

800 Sauks—roughly one-sixth of the tribe—chose instead to resist American expansion.

379: 119: 561: 5637: 4708: 4675: 4033: 3783: 2365: 2346: 2076:

to take command. Scott gathered about 950 troops from eastern army posts just as a

851: 840: 820: 726: 652: 597: 496: 453:

tribes, already at odds with the Sauks and Meskwakis, supported the United States.

403: 198: 140: 4623: 4617: 2159:

The Americans, however, had no intentions of letting the British Band escape. The

2118:

On July 21, 1832, the militiamen caught up with the British Band near present-day

2080:

had spread to eastern North America. As Scott's troops traveled by steamboat from

425:

U.S. officials, convinced that the British Band was hostile, mobilized a frontier

4626:, State of Illinois by John H. Hauberg for Rock Island Chamber of Commerce. 1925. 2817:

Jung, 74; Hall, 116; Trask, 145, gives a more general date of "probably April 6".

5388: 4909: 4904: 4800: 4688: 2314: 2285: 2270: 2148: 2053: 2014:

Back on June 6, when a civilian miner was killed by raiders near the village of

1920: 918: 844: 656: 617: 512: 461: 391: 169: 4598:, Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University 5060: 5040: 4726: 4703: 2322: 2222:

returned at noon, carrying regulars and Menominees allied with the Americans.

1976:. In a brief battle, the Americans killed and scalped all of the Natives. The 1932: 1791: 1435: 1049: 949: 922: 866:

Hoping to prevent the outbreak of a wider war, American officials ordered the

741: 707: 679: 540: 442: 148: 133: 17: 5559: 5494: 5096: 4790: 4754: 2342: 1849:

rode throughout the settlements, warning settlers of the impending attacks.

978: 867: 855: 792: 446: 434: 126: 5632: 5549: 5499: 5393: 5377: 5015: 4804: 4785: 4736: 4698: 4629: 4618:

Black Hawk's autobiography through the interpretation of Antoine LeClaire

4397:. Northern Illinois University Digital Library. Accessed 8 December 2023. 2358: 2207: 1861: 1846: 981:

told Black Hawk that neither they nor the British would come to his aid.

974: 945: 926: 895: 859: 730: 667: 589: 544: 528: 516: 438: 411: 395: 144: 123: 82: 61:

Black Hawk, the Sauk war chief and namesake of the Black Hawk War in 1832

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A History of Illinois: from its commencement as a state in 1818 to 1847

2354: 1892: 719: 194: 2199: 2072:, displeased with Atkinson's handling of the war, appointed General 464:

caught up with the British Band on July 21 and defeated them at the

1983:

On the same day of Dodge's victory, another skirmish took place at

863:

a coalition with the Dakotas to strike at the Sauks and Meskwakis.

631: 543:

and other Native American tribes, particularly after the so-called

4718: 4517:. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1975. 4494:. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1973. 4467:. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1970. 2284: 2179: 2147: 2024: 1962: 998: 917: 803:. The view is from the Illinois side, with Iowa in the background. 791: 661: 630: 616:, who had helped defend Saukenuk against the Americans during the 560: 460:, the U.S. forces tracked the British Band. Militia under Colonel 450: 129: 243: 1956:, when a band of about 30 warriors attacked a group of farmers, 961:

and his brothers, were eager to fight against the British Band.

532: 415: 5448: 5341: 4633: 433:. He led his band to a secure location in what is now southern 394:

leader. The war erupted after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks,

247: 2198:

left, Black Hawk decided to seek refuge in the north with the

4586:

The Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk

4465:

The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832: Volume I, Illinois Volunteers

878:, but he had never seen combat. On April 8, he set out from 27:

1832 conflict between the United States and Native Americans

2721:"View of Vandruff Island from Black Hawk Tower » RIPS" 666:

Newspaper account of the alarm caused by Sauk returning to

4032:. Northern Illinois University. p. 2d. Archived from 3782:. Northern Illinois University. p. 2c. Archived from 2337:, and a dinner was held in their honor before they left. 2241:

they attacked the remnants of the British Band along the

5476:

Native American people and the Latter Day Saint movement

4425:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 4383:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. 4321:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008. 4624:

The Black Hawk watch tower in the county of Rock Island

4602:

Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Black Hawk War

2485:"Understanding the war between the States – Chapter 24" 4416:

Warrior Nations: The United States and Indian Peoples.

4404:. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1992. 2003:

encountered what was probably the same war party near

4367:

Uncommon Defense: Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War

1967:

An 1857 painting of the battlefield at Horseshoe Bend

894:

on April 12, he learned that the British Band was in

4538:

Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library

4527:

Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library

4504:

Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library

4477:

Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library

3157:. Chicago, IL, USA: Pioneer Publishing (1906). p. 39 1872:, along with three other men, several days later at 5727:

Wars between the United States and Native Americans

5625: 5604: 5573: 5537: 5482: 5287: 5196: 5008: 4958: 4875: 4837: 4830: 4799: 4771: 4753: 4735: 4717: 4674: 4667: 3271:"Battle of Stillman's Run" in William B. Kessell, 2029:Replica of Apple River Fort in Elizabeth, Illinois 799:was located on Rock Island, which is now known as 4604:(documents from the Wisconsin Historical Society) 3273:Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare 565:The land ceded to the United States in the 1804 4437:Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America 4030:Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project 2357:on their way home, one crowd burned and hanged 1860:, killing a man named William Durley. Durley's 694:provide a mounted battalion. Illinois governor 41: 4418:Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013 3598: 3596: 807:The situation was complicated by the American 5460: 5353: 4645: 4339:"That Disgraceful Affair", The Black Hawk War 4224: 4222: 4135:Jung, 195–97; Nichols, 148–49; Trask, 300–01. 3902: 3900: 3204: 3202: 1864:and mutilated body was found by Indian agent 765:had smoldered for decades". Tribes along the 686:, commander of the Western Department of the 499:. The war gave impetus to the U.S. policy of 259: 8: 835:were replaced by less qualified men such as 2934:Hall, 103–04. Eby, 79, echoed the argument. 2759: 2757: 2598: 2596: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 5467: 5453: 5445: 5360: 5346: 5338: 4834: 4671: 4652: 4638: 4630: 4439:. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006. 3196:, Illinois Department of Natural Resources 910:, who was elected captain of his company. 266: 252: 244: 55: 38: 3132:Jung, 83–84; Nichols, 120; Trask, 180–81. 725:According to Neapope's erroneous report, 238:450–600 killed (including non-combatants) 701:On June 25, 1831, Gaines sent troops to 2442: 2280: 944:Meanwhile, Black Hawk learned that the 929:tried to keep his tribe out of the war. 4612:Pritzker Military Museum & Library 4355:. University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. 2916:Buckley, 172–75; Hall, 77–78, 100–02. 2206:, he gave up the attempt. Sauk chief 7: 5742:Native American history of Wisconsin 4353:The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire 4126:Jung, 191; Nichols, 148; Trask, 300. 3780:Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project 2500:Hall, 21–26; Jung, 13–14; Trask, 29. 2281:Black Hawk's imprisonment and legacy 235:77 killed (including non-combatants) 5737:Native American history of Michigan 5732:Native American history of Illinois 4171:Buckley, 210; Hall, 255; Jung, 208. 3311:Edmunds, 237; Trask, 200; Jung, 95. 2979:Hall, 115; Jung, 71–72; Trask, 143. 756:Intertribal war and American policy 527:in what are now the U.S. states of 5691:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 5429:Illinois in the American Civil War 4369:. Harvard University Press, 2009. 1037:party in what became known as the 744:over to Yellow Banks (present-day 25: 5320:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien 4614:by John W. Hall on March 27, 2010 4402:Black Hawk and the Warrior's Path 2733:Eby, 88–89; Jung, 63; Trask, 102. 1939:, a militia colonel and a son of 1828:Symbols are wikilinked to article 839:. In the 19th century, historian 672:Washington National Intelligencer 5685: 5676: 5675: 5315:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien 4525:. Published as Volume XXXVII of 4395:"The Black Hawk War: Background" 2058:Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove 1818: 1810: 1802: 1790: 1765: 1749: 1733: 1717: 1701: 1685: 1669: 1653: 1637: 1621: 1605: 1589: 1573: 1557: 1541: 1525: 1509: 1493: 1477: 1461: 1445: 1429: 1413: 1397: 1381: 1360: 1339: 1318: 1297: 1276: 1255: 1234: 1213: 1192: 1171: 1150: 1129: 1108: 1087: 1066: 112: 4502:. Published as Volume XXXVI of 3253:Jung, p. 89; Hall, pp. 133–134. 3244:Jung, pp. 88–89; Trask, p. 186. 1993:First Battle of Kellogg's Grove 1868:. The Indian agent was himself 32:Black Hawk War (disambiguation) 5490:Mormon teachings on skin color 4475:. Published as Volume XXXV of 4319:William Clark: Indian Diplomat 2291:Black Hawk State Historic Site 1780:Michigan Territory (Wisconsin) 819:in March 1829, many competent 1: 5183:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield 4282:Edmunds, 238; Hall, 208, 215. 3033:Jung, 76–77; Nichols, 117–18. 5772:1830s in Wisconsin Territory 5747:Military history of Michigan 4575:Resources in other libraries 4026:"The Black Hawk War of 1832" 3933:Trask, 286–87; Jung, 170–71. 3776:"The Black Hawk War of 1832" 3665:Jung, 140–41; Trask, 271–75. 3545:Jung, 109–10; Trask, 233–34. 2835:Trask, 149–50; Hall, 129–30. 2273:, which was expanded to the 2169:arrived at the mouth of the 2068:On June 15, 1832, President 5767:1830s in Michigan Territory 5274:Battle of Wisconsin Heights 5234:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds 4300:Edmunds, 247–48; Hall, 231. 4207:Hall, 212–13; Jung, 285–86. 3692:Edmunds, 239; Hall, 244–49. 3235:Jung, p. 88; Trask, p. 183. 2907:Hall, 55, 95; Buckley, 165. 2124:Battle of Wisconsin Heights 2114:Battle of Wisconsin Heights 1989:Stephenson County, Illinois 1800:Map of Black Hawk War sites 1006:, militia commander at the 908:23-year-old Abraham Lincoln 906:. Among the militiamen was 466:Battle of Wisconsin Heights 378:was a conflict between the 5788: 5617:Salt Creek Canyon massacre 5545:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 5512:History of slavery in Utah 5310:Treaty of St. Louis (1804) 5264:Battle of Apple River Fort 5076:Stillman's Run Battle Site 4596:The Black Hawk War of 1832 4510:from the Internet Archive. 4381:The Black Hawk War of 1832 4341:. New York: Norton, 1973. 3123:Jung, 86–87; Edmunds, 236. 3087:Hall, 122–23; Jung, 78–79. 2880:Jung 50, 70; Hall, 99–100. 2137: 2111: 2043:Battle of Apple River Fort 992: 557:Treaty of St. Louis (1804) 554: 29: 5757:1832 in the United States 5671: 5384: 5254:Battle of Kellogg's Grove 4570:Resources in your library 4144:Trask, 301–02; Jung, 197. 4117:Nichols, 147; Trask, 298. 4072:Jung, 182; Trask, 294–95. 3915:Jung, 180–81; Trask, 282. 3840:Nichols, 131; Trask, 266. 3831:Jung, 162; Trask, 270–71. 3764:Jung, 156; Trask, 260–61. 3572:Jung, 112; Trask, 220–21. 3554:Jung, 110; Trask, 234–37. 3437:Jung, 101; Trask, 196–97. 2590:Jung, 54–55; Nichols, 78. 2020:attacked the settler fort 1958:killing and scalping four 886:When Atkinson arrived at 511:In the 18th century, the 283: 229: 204: 155: 105: 73:April 6 – August 27, 1832 65: 54: 46: 5529:Indian Placement Program 5244:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 5209:Battle of Stillman's Run 4005:Jung, 177; Hall, 210–11. 3942:Jung, 171–72; Hall, 196. 3876:Jung, 165; Nichols, 133. 3867:Jung, 164–65; Hall, 194. 3518:Hall, 162–63; Jung, 105. 3401:Edmunds, 238; Jung, 103. 3392:Trask, 200–06; Jung, 97. 3329:Jung, 97; Trask, 198–99. 3275:(2005), available online 3015:Jung, 79–80; Trask, 174. 3006:Jung, 76; Trask, 158–59. 2853:Jung, 73; Trask, 146–47. 2826:Jung, 74–75; Trask, 145. 2665:Hall, 90, 127; Jung, 56. 2411:commissioners in Indiana 2267:Mounted Ranger Battalion 2099:set out in pursuit from 1978:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1039:Battle of Stillman's Run 1008:Battle of Stillman's Run 995:Battle of Stillman's Run 569:is shown here in yellow. 475:The Black Hawk War gave 431:Battle of Stillman's Run 5752:Wars involving Illinois 5612:Fountain Green massacre 5259:Attack at Ament's Cabin 5249:Battle of Waddams Grove 4463:Whitney, Ellen M., ed. 4216:Jung, 49; Buckley, 203. 3193:Prophetstown State Park 3154:Bureau County, Illinois 2961:Hall, 115; Jung, 49–50. 2563:Trask, 70; Jung, 52–53. 2009:Battle of Waddams Grove 1995:, militia commanded by 1887:American reorganization 1858:Buffalo Grove, Illinois 523:tribes lived along the 410:, to the U.S. state of 5239:Spafford Farm massacre 4661:Black Hawk War of 1832 4246:Trask, 304; Jung, 187. 4108:Jung, 192; Trask, 298. 4099:Trask, 298; Jung, 192. 3885:Jung, 166; Trask, 279. 3822:Jung, 161; Trask, 268. 3674:Jung, 141; Trask, 276. 3647:Jung, 118; Trask, 272. 3590:Jung, 112; Trask, 220. 3428:Jung, 100; Trask, 196. 3150:Harrington, George B. 2415:treaty held in Chicago 2293: 2289:Statue of Black Hawk, 2191: 2156: 2030: 1968: 1954:South Wayne, Wisconsin 1010: 966:Fort Dearborn massacre 930: 804: 762:Native American tribes 713: 675: 640: 578:William Henry Harrison 570: 481:brief military service 156:Commanders and leaders 5581:Battle Creek massacre 5507:Mormonism and slavery 5224:Indian Creek massacre 3996:Jung, 175; Hall, 201. 3383:Hall, 152–54; 164–65. 3365:Jung, 96; Trask, 215. 3356:Jung, 95; Trask, 202. 3320:Jung, 95; Trask, 198. 2925:Hall, 9, 24, 55, 237. 2871:Eby, 35; Jung, 74–75. 2799:Dowd, 193; Hall, 110. 2742:Jung, 64; Trask, 105. 2427:Second Black Hawk War 2373:Treaties and removals 2288: 2269:under the command of 2183: 2151: 2093:Hustisford, Wisconsin 2028: 1966: 1881:Indian Creek massacre 1002: 921: 795: 665: 634: 564: 456:Commanded by General 416:Iowa Indian Territory 230:Casualties and losses 220:700+ Native Americans 5596:Circleville Massacre 5586:Provo River massacre 5524:Interracial marriage 5269:Sinsinawa Mound raid 5214:Buffalo Grove ambush 3500:Hall, 148; Jung 104. 3152:Past and Present of 2997:Hall, 117; Jung, 75. 2970:Hall, 115; Jung, 70. 2943:Jung, 49; Hall, 111. 2862:Hall, 110; Jung, 73. 2772:Jung, 69; Hall, 116. 2629:Hall, 90; Trask, 71. 2620:Jung, 53; Trask, 73. 2509:Jung, 14; Trask, 64. 2395:land in eastern Iowa 2275:1st Cavalry Regiment 2120:Sauk City, Wisconsin 1870:killed and mutilated 575:territorial governor 49:American Indian Wars 30:For other uses, see 5605:Massacre of Mormons 5574:Massacre by Mormons 5565:Bear River Massacre 5424:Illinois Mormon War 5368:Wars involving the 5295:Black Hawk Purchase 5153:Hamilton's Diggings 4991:Joseph Throckmorton 4945:James W. Stephenson 4915:William S. Hamilton 4351:Edmunds, R. David. 3951:Trask, 285–86, 293. 2417:in September 1833. 2263:Wisconsin Territory 2047:Elizabeth Armstrong 2039:Elizabeth, Illinois 2037:, near present-day 2001:James W. Stephenson 1937:William S. Hamilton 988: 714:Black Hawk's return 582:treaty in St. Louis 567:Treaty of St. Louis 420:Treaty of St. Louis 5517:Indian Slavery Act 5434:Illinois Coal Wars 5374:Illinois Territory 5229:St. Vrain massacre 5093:Michigan Territory 4458:Life of Black Hawk 4414:Nichols, Roger L. 4400:Nichols, Roger L. 3786:on August 15, 2009 3284:Jung, pp. 118–120. 2701:Eby, 88; Jung, 62. 2449:Hall, 2: Jung, 174 2335:John Wesley Jarvis 2294: 2204:Victory, Wisconsin 2192: 2157: 2031: 1969: 1941:Alexander Hamilton 1842:Michigan Territory 1808:Battle (with name) 1011: 931: 880:Jefferson Barracks 805: 688:United States Army 676: 641: 571: 539:in conflicts with 537:Great Lakes region 225:600 non-combatants 186:Robert C. Buchanan 87:Michigan Territory 5762:1830s in Illinois 5722:Conflicts in 1832 5699: 5698: 5442: 5441: 5404:Illinois Campaign 5378:State of Illinois 5335: 5334: 5279:Battle of Bad Axe 5204:Minor engagements 5004: 5003: 4826: 4825: 4551:Library resources 4431:978-0-8061-3842-8 4421:Owens, Robert M. 4379:Jung, Patrick J. 4327:978-0-8061-3911-1 4312:Secondary sources 2331:Charles Bird King 2215:Battle of Bad Axe 2154:Battle of Bad Axe 2140:Battle of Bad Axe 2108:Wisconsin Heights 2082:Buffalo, New York 1833: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1816:Fort / settlement 1809: 1355:Wisconsin Heights 914:Initial diplomacy 767:Upper Mississippi 746:Oquawka, Illinois 525:Mississippi River 470:Battle of Bad Axe 408:Mississippi River 371: 370: 358:Wisconsin Heights 242: 241: 101: 100: 16:(Redirected from 5779: 5689: 5679: 5678: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5446: 5370:Illinois Country 5362: 5355: 5348: 5339: 5305:Keokuk's Reserve 5158:Pecatonica River 5108:Blue Mounds Fort 5021:Apple River Fort 4981:Joseph M. Street 4976:Antoine LeClaire 4966:George Davenport 4950:Samuel Whiteside 4935:John H. Rountree 4900:Ebenezer Brigham 4890:Milton Alexander 4885:John Giles Adams 4835: 4672: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4485:Internet Archive 4435:Trask, Kerry A. 4393:Lewis, James E. 4317:Buckley, Jay H. 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4036:on June 19, 2009 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2683:Edmunds, 235–36. 2681: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2450: 2447: 2432:Sixty Years' War 2361:of the Indians. 2327:Washington, D.C. 2299:Tomah, Wisconsin 2233:Menominees from 2078:cholera pandemic 2035:Apple River Fort 1974:Pecatonica River 1929:Joseph M. Street 1913:Milton Alexander 1901:Ottawa, Illinois 1854:ambushed six men 1827: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1794: 1788:Territory (Iowa) 1777: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1313:Apple River Fort 1309: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1187:Fort Blue Mounds 1183: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1060: 1059: 1047:Secretary of War 1015:Samuel Whiteside 904:Samuel Whiteside 779:Prairie du Chien 684:Edmund P. Gaines 402:, known as the " 384:Native Americans 348:Apple River Fort 318:Fort Blue Mounds 278: 268: 261: 254: 245: 166:Edmund P. Gaines 118: 116: 115: 97:American victory 67: 66: 59: 39: 21: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5667: 5663:Larry Echo Hawk 5621: 5600: 5569: 5533: 5478: 5473: 5443: 5438: 5380: 5366: 5336: 5331: 5300:Black Hawk Tree 5283: 5219:Plum River raid 5192: 5188:Wisconsin River 5168:Sinsinawa Mound 5143:Gratiot's Grove 5133:Fort Koshkonong 5056:Kellogg's Grove 5000: 4996:Satterlee Clark 4986:Felix St. Vrain 4954: 4940:Isaiah Stillman 4930:Alexander Posey 4925:Abraham Lincoln 4871: 4857:Jefferson Davis 4822: 4795: 4767: 4749: 4731: 4713: 4663: 4658: 4608:Webcast Lecture 4591:Standard Ebooks 4581: 4580: 4579: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4453: 4451:Primary sources 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153:Trask, 298–303. 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4014:Jung, 172, 179. 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3190: 3186: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2423: 2407:war reparations 2375: 2307:Robert Anderson 2303:Jefferson Davis 2283: 2251: 2142: 2136: 2116: 2110: 2066: 1987:in present-day 1985:Kellogg's Grove 1949: 1909:Alexander Posey 1889: 1874:Kellogg's Grove 1866:Felix St. Vrain 1838:Lake Koshkonong 1826: 1819: 1811: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334:Sinsinawa Mound 1331: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271:Kellogg's Grove 1268: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1058: 1034:Stillman Valley 1030:Isaiah Stillman 1004:Isaiah Stillman 997: 991: 916: 858:killed fifteen 837:Felix St. Vrain 833:Thomas McKenney 817:U.S. presidency 758: 716: 703:Vandruff Island 674:, June 13, 1831 609: 559: 553: 551:Disputed treaty 521:Native American 509: 493:Jefferson Davis 477:Abraham Lincoln 406:", crossed the 372: 367: 353:Sinsinawa Mound 338:Kellogg's Grove 279: 274: 272: 224: 219: 214: 197: 193: 184: 180: 178:Jefferson Davis 176: 174:Isaiah Stillman 172: 168: 164: 122: 113: 111: 89: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5785: 5783: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5712:Black Hawk War 5704: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5658:Tony Tillohash 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Chief Sagwitch 5629: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5591:Nephi massacre 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5419:Black Hawk War 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5288:Related topics 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5173:Soldiers Grove 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5071:Stillman Creek 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5036:Fort Armstrong 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4920:James D. Henry 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4867:Zachary Taylor 4864: 4862:Winfield Scott 4859: 4854: 4849: 4847:Henry Atkinson 4843: 4841: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4781:Billy Caldwell 4777: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4759: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4745:Waukon Decorah 4741: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4556:Black Hawk War 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545:External links 4543: 4542: 4541: 4530: 4511: 4488: 4461: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4433: 4419: 4412: 4398: 4391: 4377: 4365:Hall, John W. 4363: 4349: 4335: 4329: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4024:Lewis, James. 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3774:Lewis, James. 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3419:Trask, 194–96. 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3374:Trask, 212–17. 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3302:Jung, 94, 108. 3295: 3286: 3277: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3198: 3184: 3168: 3159: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3051:Trask, 152–55. 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2790:Trask, 63, 69. 2783: 2774: 2765: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2476: 2467: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2419: 2383:Indian removal 2374: 2371: 2282: 2279: 2250: 2247: 2184:The steamboat 2138:Main article: 2135: 2132: 2112:Main article: 2109: 2106: 2101:Fort Winnebago 2097:James D. Henry 2074:Winfield Scott 2070:Andrew Jackson 2065: 2064:Final campaign 2062: 1997:Adam W. Snyder 1948: 1945: 1917:James D. Henry 1888: 1885: 1831: 1830: 1824:Native village 1797: 1796: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1763: 1747: 1731: 1715: 1699: 1683: 1667: 1651: 1635: 1619: 1603: 1587: 1571: 1555: 1539: 1523: 1507: 1491: 1475: 1459: 1443: 1427: 1411: 1395: 1379: 1374: 1358: 1353: 1337: 1332: 1316: 1311: 1295: 1290: 1274: 1269: 1253: 1248: 1232: 1229:Horseshoe Bend 1227: 1211: 1206: 1190: 1185: 1169: 1164: 1148: 1143: 1127: 1122: 1106: 1101: 1085: 1082:Stillman's Run 1080: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1019:James D. Henry 993:Main article: 990: 989:Stillman's Run 987: 971:Billy Caldwell 959:Waukon Decorah 939:Zachary Taylor 915: 912: 888:Fort Armstrong 872:Henry Atkinson 825:Thomas Forsyth 813:Andrew Jackson 801:Arsenal Island 797:Fort Armstrong 775:Indian removal 757: 754: 718:In late 1831, 715: 712: 608: 605: 601:Thomas Forsyth 555:Main article: 552: 549: 508: 505: 501:Indian removal 489:Zachary Taylor 485:Winfield Scott 458:Henry Atkinson 376:Black Hawk War 369: 368: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 328:Horseshoe Bend 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 293:Stillman's Run 290: 284: 281: 280: 276:Black Hawk War 273: 271: 270: 263: 256: 248: 240: 239: 236: 232: 231: 227: 226: 221: 207: 206: 202: 201: 188: 182:Winfield Scott 162:Henry Atkinson 158: 157: 153: 152: 137: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 81: 79: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 52: 51: 44: 43: 42:Black Hawk War 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5784: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5648:George P. Lee 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414:Winnebago War 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399:Pontiac's War 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5186: 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4348: 4347:0-393-05484-5 4344: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4297: 4294: 4291:Hall, 215–16. 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4273:Jung, 201–02. 4270: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4237:Hall, 259–61. 4234: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4189:Hall, 209–10. 4186: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4090:Jung, 190–91. 4087: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3858:Hall, 192–94. 3855: 3852: 3849:Jung, 168–69. 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3755:Jung, 153–56. 3752: 3749: 3746:Jung, 149–50. 3743: 3740: 3737:Jung, 146–48. 3734: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3710:Hall, 165–67. 3707: 3704: 3701:Jung, 131–34. 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3629:Jung, 121–23. 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3563:Jung, 111–12. 3560: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3482:Hall, 143–45. 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3455:Jung, 114–15. 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3347:Hall, 135–36. 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 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Available 4503: 4491: 4479:. Available 4476: 4464: 4457: 4456:Black Hawk. 4436: 4422: 4415: 4401: 4380: 4366: 4352: 4338: 4337:Eby, Cecil. 4318: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4054:Jung 205–06. 4050: 4038:. Retrieved 4034:the original 4029: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3788:. 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Dodge and 2090: 2086: 2067: 2051: 2032: 2013: 2005:Yellow Creek 1982: 1970: 1950: 1925: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1878: 1851: 1834: 1786:Unorganized 1145:Indian Creek 1043: 1027: 1023: 1012: 985:resolution. 983: 963: 943: 932: 885: 865: 852:Santee Sioux 849: 841:Lyman Draper 815:assumed the 806: 771: 759: 750: 739: 735:Prophetstown 727:Wabokieshiek 724: 717: 700: 677: 671: 653:British Band 646: 642: 622: 610: 598:Indian agent 587: 572: 510: 497:James Clyman 474: 455: 424: 404:British Band 375: 373: 308:Indian Creek 275: 223:500 warriors 199:Wabokieshiek 141:British Band 106:Belligerents 47:Part of the 36: 5717:Sac and Fox 5409:War of 1812 5389:Beaver Wars 5197:Engagements 4910:Henry Dodge 4905:John Dement 4831:U.S. people 4689:Checokalako 4162:Trask, 308. 3602:Trask, 222. 3581:Trask, 220. 3208:Ford, p. 78 3176:Thomas Ford 2988:Trask, 146. 2844:Trask, 150. 2692:Eby, 83–86. 2402:in Kansas. 2399:reservation 2315:Fort Monroe 2271:Henry Dodge 2243:Cedar River 2054:John Dement 2016:Blue Mounds 1921:Henry Dodge 892:Rock Island 680:Potawatomis 659:in Canada. 657:Fort Malden 618:War of 1812 594:Rock Rivers 462:Henry Dodge 398:(Fox), and 170:Henry Dodge 5706:Categories 5638:Chief Tuba 5138:Fort Union 5061:Plum River 5041:Fort Beggs 4852:Hugh Brady 4773:Potawatomi 4704:Towaunonne 4684:Black Hawk 4307:References 4264:Jung, 198. 4255:Jung, 187. 4228:Jung, 186. 4198:Jung, 207. 4180:Hall, 207. 4081:Jung, 183. 4063:Jung, 181. 4040:August 11, 3987:Hall, 202. 3978:Hall, 199. 3969:Hall, 198. 3960:Hall, 197. 3924:Jung, 170. 3906:Jung, 169. 3813:Jung, 156. 3804:Jung, 157. 3790:August 22, 3728:Jung, 144. 3719:Jung, 142. 3683:Jung, 130. 3656:Jung, 139. 3638:Jung, 124. 3620:Jung, 114. 3611:Jung, 113. 3536:Jung, 109. 3527:Jung, 108. 3509:Hall, 145. 3491:Hall, 148. 3473:Jung, 116. 3464:Jung, 103. 3446:Jung, 115. 3141:Hall, 133. 3114:Hall, 132. 3105:Hall, 122. 3096:Hall, 125. 3078:Hall, 131. 2898:Hall, 100. 2808:Hall, 110. 2751:Hall, 116. 2638:Trask, 79. 2545:Trask, 72. 2465:Jung, 172. 2323:Cincinnati 2319:Louisville 2194:After the 1947:June raids 1124:Plum River 1050:Lewis Cass 950:Potawatomi 923:Potawatomi 900:Beardstown 856:Menominees 829:John Marsh 742:Iowa River 708:Quashquame 639:, c. 1830s 635:Keokuk by 626:Black Hawk 541:New France 507:Background 443:Potawatomi 388:Black Hawk 303:Plum River 212:militiamen 191:Black Hawk 149:Potawatomi 134:Potawatomi 5653:Kahpeputz 5560:Posey War 5538:Conflicts 5495:Lamanites 5097:Wisconsin 4791:Waubonsie 4755:Menominee 4532:———, ed. 4513:———, ed. 4490:———, ed. 4483:from the 3410:Jung, 96. 3338:Jung, 95. 3060:Jung, 86. 3024:Jung, 79. 2781:Jung, 74. 2763:Jung, 66. 2710:Jung, 62. 2674:Jung, 60. 2647:Jung, 59. 2611:Jung, 53. 2602:Jung, 56. 2581:Jung, 55. 2572:Jung, 52. 2536:Jung, 32. 2343:Baltimore 2277:in 1833. 2249:Aftermath 2235:Green Bay 2056:. In the 1166:St. Vrain 979:Waubonsie 868:U.S. Army 860:Meskwakis 649:Kickapoos 519:(or Fox) 447:Menominee 435:Wisconsin 400:Kickapoos 396:Meskwakis 313:St. Vrain 127:Menominee 5681:Category 5550:Ute Wars 5500:Nephites 5483:Overview 5394:Fox Wars 5066:Saukenuk 5016:Illinois 4805:Meskwaki 4786:Shabbona 4737:Ho-Chunk 4699:Pamisseu 3042:Eby, 93. 2889:Hall, 9. 2474:Eby, 17. 2421:See also 2359:effigies 2208:Weesheet 1847:Shabonna 1783:Illinois 1013:General 975:Shabonna 946:Ho-Chunk 927:Shabbona 896:Illinois 811:. After 731:Ho-Chunk 668:Saukenuk 590:Saukenuk 545:Fox Wars 529:Illinois 517:Meskwaki 439:Ho-Chunk 412:Illinois 205:Strength 145:Ho-Chunk 124:Ho-Chunk 83:Illinois 78:Location 5326:Warrior 5178:Victory 5163:Roxbury 4877:Militia 4818:Wapello 4763:Oshkosh 4727:Wapasha 4694:Neapope 4610:at the 2355:Detroit 2220:Warrior 2200:Ojibwes 2196:Warrior 2187:Warrior 2175:Warrior 2167:Warrior 2162:Warrior 2134:Bad Axe 1933:Wabasha 1893:Chicago 1862:scalped 1840:in the 1376:Bad Axe 935:Wapello 720:Neapope 692:militia 427:militia 414:, from 386:led by 363:Bad Axe 210:6,000+ 195:Neapope 5626:People 5376:, and 5148:Helena 5046:Galena 5009:Places 4959:Others 4813:Keokuk 4719:Dakota 4553:about 4521: 4508:online 4498: 4481:online 4471: 4443: 4429: 4408: 4387: 4373: 4359: 4345: 4325: 2349:, and 2007:. The 1915:, and 925:chief 854:) and 831:, and 614:Keokuk 495:, and 451:Dakota 151:allies 136:allies 130:Dakota 117: 94:Result 2488:(PDF) 2438:Notes 1856:near 845:Sauks 143:with 4839:Army 4803:and 4801:Sauk 4519:ISBN 4496:ISBN 4469:ISBN 4441:ISBN 4427:ISBN 4406:ISBN 4385:ISBN 4371:ISBN 4357:ISBN 4343:ISBN 4323:ISBN 4042:2009 3792:2009 2333:and 2321:and 2305:and 2213:The 977:and 948:and 787:1830 785:and 783:1825 533:Iowa 531:and 515:and 513:Sauk 479:his 449:and 441:and 392:Sauk 390:, a 382:and 374:The 215:630 147:and 132:and 85:and 70:Date 4589:at 890:on 781:in 5708:: 5372:, 4221:^ 4028:. 3899:^ 3778:. 3595:^ 3201:^ 3178:, 2756:^ 2595:^ 2454:^ 2345:, 2309:. 1960:. 1911:, 1876:. 847:. 827:, 670:, 491:, 487:, 422:. 5468:e 5461:t 5454:v 5361:e 5354:t 5347:v 5099:) 5095:( 4653:e 4646:t 4639:v 4540:. 4529:. 4487:. 4044:. 3794:. 2723:. 2490:. 267:e 260:t 253:v 34:. 20:)

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