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metal. There is some challenge to this because, to see the color of the metal, the smith must remove it from the fireâexposing it to air, which can rapidly oxidize it. So the smith might probe into the fire with a bit of steel wire, prodding lightly at the mating faces. When the end of the wire sticks on to the metal, it is at the right temperature (a small weld forms where the wire touches the mating face, so it sticks). The smith commonly places the metal in the fire so he can see it without letting surrounding air contact the surface. (Note that smiths don't always use flux, especially in the UK.) Now the smith moves with rapid purpose, quickly taking the metal from the fire to the anvil and bringing the mating faces together. A few light hammer taps bring the mating faces into complete contact and squeeze out the fluxâand finally, the smith returns the work to the fire. The weld begins with the taps, but often the joint is weak and incomplete, so the smith reheats the joint to welding temperature and works the weld with light blows to "set" the weld and finally to dress it to the shape.
1938:
312:
542:, or the peen of the hammer, to hasten the drawing out of a thick piece of metal. (The technique is called fullering from the tool.) Fullering consists of hammering a series of indentations with corresponding ridges, perpendicular to the long section of the piece being drawn. The resulting effect looks somewhat like waves along the top of the piece. Then the smith turns the hammer over to use the flat face to hammer the tops of the ridges down level with the bottoms of the indentations. This forces the metal to grow in length (and width if left unchecked) much faster than just hammering with the flat face of the hammer.
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the outer radius of the curve. So they would hammer the ends of the stock down into the bend, 'upsetting' it at the point of the bend. They would then dress the bend by drawing the sides of the bend to keep the correct thickness. The hammering would continueâupsetting and then drawingâuntil the curve had been properly shaped. In the primary operation was the bend, but the drawing and upsetting are done to refine the shape.
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1501:, due to loss from corrosion and re-use of iron as a valuable commodity. However, all of the basic operations of blacksmithing were in use by the time the Iron Age reached a particular locality. The scarcity of records and artifacts, and the rapidity of the transition from Bronze Age to Iron Age, is a reason to use evidence of bronze smithing to infer about the early development of blacksmithing.
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52:
897:(by weight). From its traditional method of manufacture, wrought iron has a fibrous internal texture. Quality wrought-iron blacksmithing takes the direction of these fibers into account during forging, since the strength of the material is stronger in line with the grain than across the grain. Most of the remaining impurities from the initial smelting become concentrated in silicate
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are more widely available than the necessary materials to create bronze however, which made iron weapons more economical than comparable bronze weapons. Small amounts of steel are often formed during several of the earliest refining practices, and when the properties of this alloy were discovered and exploited, steel edged weapons greatly outclassed bronze.
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of heat and very little oxygen. The smith also carefully shapes mating faces so that as they come together foreign material squeezes out as the metal is joined. To clean the faces, protect them from oxidation, and provide a medium to carry foreign material out of the weld, the smith sometimes uses fluxâtypically powdered borax, silica sand, or both.
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1415:. As this source of this iron is extremely rare and fortuitous, little development of smithing skills peculiar to iron can be assumed to have occurred. That we still possess any such artifacts of meteoric iron may be ascribed to the vagaries of climate, and the increased corrosion-resistance conferred on iron by the presence of nickel.
568:: although they may still be manipulated by squeezing, an attempt to stretch them, even by bending or twisting, is likely to have them crack and break apart. This is a problem for some blade-making steels, which must be worked carefully to avoid developing hidden cracks that would cause failure in the future. Though rarely hand-worked,
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heating them nearly to a white heat and hammering them together. Forge welding is more difficult with modern mild steel, because it welds in a narrower temperature band. The fibrous nature of wrought iron required knowledge and skill to properly form any tool which would be subject to stress. Modern steel is produced using either the
462:âthe process smiths use to shape metal by hammeringâdiffers from machining in that forging does not remove material. Instead, the smith hammers the iron into shape. Even punching and cutting operations (except when trimming waste) by smiths usually re-arrange metal around the hole, rather than drilling it out as
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265:). Blacksmiths produce objects such as gates, grilles, railings, light fixtures, furniture, sculpture, tools, agricultural implements, decorative and religious items, cooking utensils, and weapons. There was an historical distinction between the heavy work of the blacksmith and the more delicate operation of a
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In the final part of the 18th century, forged ironwork continued to decline due to the aforementioned industrial revolution, shapes of the elements in the designs of window grilles and other decorative functional items continued to contradict natural forms, surfaces begin to be covered in paint, cast
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in the 1850s. Close examination of blacksmith-made antique tools clearly shows where small pieces of steel were forge-welded into iron to provide the hardened steel cutting edges of tools (notably in axes, adzes, chisels, etc.). The re-use of quality steel is another reason for the lack of artifacts.
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Or, if a smith needed to put a 90-degree bend in a bar and wanted a sharp corner on the outside of the bend, they would begin by hammering an unsupported end to make the curved bend. Then, to "fatten up" the outside radius of the bend, one or both arms of the bend would need to be pushed back to fill
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Upsetting is the process of making metal thicker in one dimension through shortening in the other. One form is to heat the end of a rod and then hammer on it as one would drive a nail: the rod gets shorter, and the hot part widens. An alternative to hammering on the hot end is to place the hot end on
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A renewed interest in blacksmithing occurred as part of the trend in "do-it-yourself" and "self-sufficiency" that occurred during the 1970s. Currently there are many books, organizations and individuals working to help educate the public about blacksmithing, including local groups of smiths who have
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Blacksmiths typically worked in small shops, often in the center of a village or town. Their shops were typically equipped with a forge, an anvil, and a variety of other tools. The work of a medieval blacksmith was physically demanding and often dangerous. Blacksmiths had to be able to lift and move
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Any foreign material in the weld, such as the oxides or "scale" that typically form in the fire, can weaken it and cause it to fail. Thus the mating surfaces to be joined must be kept clean. To this end a smith makes sure the fire is a reducing fire: a fire where, at the heart, there is a great deal
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European blacksmiths before and through the medieval era spent a great deal of time heating and hammering iron before forging it into finished articles. Although they were unaware of the chemical basis, they were aware that the quality of the iron was thus improved. From a scientific point of view,
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The dressed metal goes back in the fire, is brought near to welding heat, removed from the fire, and brushed. Flux is sometimes applied, which prevents oxygen from reaching and burning the metal during forging, and it is returned to the fire. The smith now watches carefully to avoid overheating the
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Punching may be done to create a decorative pattern, or to make a hole. For example, in preparation for making a hammerhead, a smith would punch a hole in a heavy bar or rod for the hammer handle. Punching is not limited to depressions and holes. It also includes cutting, slitting, and driftingâall
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be melted. The melting point of iron is much higher than that of bronze. In the western (Europe & the
Mideast) tradition, the technology to make fires hot enough to melt iron did not arise until the 16th century, when smelting operations grew large enough to require overly large bellows. These
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It is uncertain when Iron weapons replaced Bronze weapons because the earliest Iron swords did not significantly improve on the qualities of existing bronze artifacts. Unalloyed iron is soft, does not hold an edge as well as a properly constructed bronze blade and needs more maintenance. Iron ores
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first discovered or developed the smelting of iron ores around 1500 BC. They seem to have maintained a near monopoly on the knowledge of iron production for several hundred years, but when their empire collapsed during the
Eastern Mediterranean upheavals around 1200 BC, the knowledge seems to have
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trapped between the iron fibers. This slag produces a lucky side effect during forge-welding. When the silicate melts, it makes wrought iron self-fluxing. The slag becomes a liquid glass that covers the exposed surfaces of the wrought iron, preventing oxidation which would otherwise interfere with
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in heavy forging operations, as directed by the blacksmith. In practice, the blacksmith holds the hot iron at the anvil (with tongs) in one hand, and indicates where to strike the iron by tapping it with a small hammer in the other hand. The striker then delivers a heavy blow to the indicated spot
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O is a solid (ice) at â1 C (31 F), and a liquid (water) at +1 C (33 F). Iron, by contrast, is definitely a solid at 800 °F (427 °C), but over the next 1,500 °F (820 °C) it becomes increasingly plastic and more "taffy-like" as its temperature increases. This extreme temperature
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in the form of numerous very fine stringers. This slag content made the iron very tough, gave it considerable resistance to rusting, and allowed it to be more easily "forge welded," a process in which the blacksmith permanently joins two pieces of iron, or a piece of iron and a piece of steel, by
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The five basic forging processes are often combined to produce and refine the shapes necessary for finished products. For example, to fashion a cross-peen hammer head, a smith would start with a bar roughly the diameter of the hammer face: the handle hole would be punched and drifted (widened by
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The smith first cleans parts to be joined with a wire brush, then puts them in the fire to heat. With a mix of drawing and upsetting the smith shapes the faces so that when finally brought together, the center of the weld connects first and the connection spreads outward under the hammer blows,
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cutlery industry scoured the
British country-side, offering new carriage springs for old. Springs must be made of hardened steel. At this time, the processes for making steel produced an extremely variable productâquality was not ensured at the initial point of sale. Springs that had survived
810:(wrought iron is not smelted and cannot come from this process) " or "mild steel." The terms are never interchangeable. In preindustrial times, the material of choice for blacksmiths was wrought iron. This iron had a very low carbon content, and also included up to 5% of glassy iron silicate
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is an alloy of iron and between 0.3% and 1.7% carbon by weight. The presence of carbon allows steel to assume one of several different crystalline configurations. Macroscopically, this is seen as the ability to "turn the hardness of a piece of steel on and off" through various processes of
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is iron that contains between 2.0% to 6% carbon by weight. There is so much carbon present that the hardness cannot be switched off. Hence, cast iron is a brittle metal, which can break like glass. Cast iron cannot be forged without special heat treatment to convert it to
1995:, etc.) have also come to be used as fuels for blacksmithing. While these are fine for blacksmithing iron, special care must be taken when using them to blacksmith steel. Each time a piece of steel is heated, there is a tendency for the carbon content to leave the steel (
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Steel with less than 0.6% carbon content cannot be hardened enough by simple heat-treatment to make useful hardened-steel tools. Hence, in what follows, wrought-iron, low-carbon-steel, and other soft unhardenable iron varieties are referred to indiscriminately as just
1999:). This can leave a piece of steel with an effective layer of unhardenable iron on its surface. In a traditional charcoal or coal forge, the fuel is really just carbon. In a properly regulated charcoal/coal fire, the air in and immediately around the fire should be a
602:
As with making a chisel, since it is lengthened by drawing it would also tend to spread in width. A smith would therefore frequently turn the chisel-to-be on its side and hammer it back downâupsetting itâto check the spread and keep the metal at the correct width.
561:(the square hole in the top of the anvil), placing the work piece between the tines of the fork, and bending the material to the desired angle. Bends can be dressed and tightened, or widened, by hammering them over the appropriately shaped part of the anvil.
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are described as iron, and a "ball of iron" is listed as a prize awarded for winning a competition. The events described probably occurred around 1200 BC, but Homer is thought to have composed this epic poem around 700 BC; so exactitude must remain suspect.
1886:. The nadir of blacksmithing in the United States was reached during the 1960s, when most of the former blacksmiths had left the trade, and few if any new people were entering the trade. By this time, most of the working blacksmiths were those performing
1006:. A supremely skilled artisan whose forge was a volcano, he constructed most of the weapons of the gods, as well as beautiful assistants for his smithy and a metal fishing-net of astonishing intricacy. He was the god of metalworking, fire, and craftsmen.
408:. Because they must be able to see the glowing color of the metal, some blacksmiths work in dim, low-light conditions, but most work in well-lit conditions. The key is to have consistent lighting, but not too bright. Direct sunlight obscures the colors.
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cracking through hard use over the rough roads of the time, had proven to be of a better quality steel. Much of the fame of
Sheffield cutlery (knives, shears, etc.) was due to the extreme lengths the companies took to ensure they used high-grade steel.
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A range of treatments and finishes can inhibit oxidation and enhance or change the appearance of the piece. An experienced smith selects the finish based on the metal and on the intended use of the item. Finishes include (among others): paint, varnish,
1312:. Bronze is superior to just copper, by being harder, being more resistant to corrosion, and by having a lower melting point (thereby requiring less fuel to melt and cast). Much of the copper used by the Mediterranean World came from the island of
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2035:
was formed with 27 members. By 2013 it had almost 4000 members. Likewise the
British Artist Blacksmiths Association was created in 1978, with 30 charter members and had about 600 members in 2013 and publish for members a quarterly magazine.
1531:. Thus cast-iron frying pans and cookware did not become possible in Europe until 3000 years after the introduction of iron smelting. China, in a separate developmental tradition, was producing cast iron at least 1000 years before this.
1084:
by his dying wife the water-sprite Lady Isp, who spits it between his shoulder blades, where it forms a womb-like cyst. Kurdalaegon prepares a type of tower or scaffold above a quenching bath for Xamyc, and, when the time is right,
802:, because it has a relatively low melting point and is easily cast. It is quite brittle, however, and cannot be forged so therefore not used for blacksmithing. If the carbon content is between 0.25% and 2%, the resulting metal is
1699:
Medieval blacksmiths used a variety of techniques to create metal objects. One of the most common techniques was forging. Forging is the process of heating metal until it is soft enough to be shaped with a hammer and anvil.
2039:
While developed nations saw a decline and re-awakening of interest in blacksmithing, in many developing nations blacksmiths continued making and repairing iron and steel tools and hardware for people in their local area.
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of the Po River Valley had iron, but not good steel. The Romans record that during battle, their Celtic opponents could only swing their swords two or three times before having to step on their swords to straighten them.
823:, so this material is now a difficult-to-find specialty product. Modern blacksmiths generally substitute mild steel for making objects traditionally of wrought iron. Sometimes they use electrolytic-process pure iron.
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Drawing can be accomplished with a variety of tools and methods. Two typical methods using only hammer and anvil would be hammering on the anvil horn, and hammering on the anvil face using the cross peen of a hammer.
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formed clubs, with some of those smiths demonstrating at historical sites and living history events. Some modern blacksmiths who produce decorative metalwork refer to themselves as artist-blacksmiths. In 1973 the
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1725:. Sulfur contamination of iron and steel make them "red short", so that at red heat they become "crumbly" instead of "plastic". Coal sold and purchased for blacksmithing should be largely free of sulfur.
1651:
Despite the challenges, blacksmithing was a respected trade in medieval society. Blacksmiths were considered to be skilled artisans, and their work was essential to the functioning of medieval society.
1717:
did not begin to replace charcoal until the forests of first
Britain (during the AD 17th century), and then the eastern United States of America (during the 19th century) were largely depleted. Coal
1368:. Tapping on just the teeth produced harder teeth, with superior wear-resistance. By contrast, the rest of the gear was left in a softer and tougher state, more capable of resisting cracking.
1375:
of bronze may last thousands of years relatively unscathed. Accordingly, museums frequently preserve more examples of Bronze Age metal-work than examples of artifacts from the much younger
308:, in former times the blacksmith had a general knowledge of how to make and repair many things, from the most complex of weapons and armor to simple things like nails or lengths of chain.
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heat-treatment. If the concentration of carbon is held constant, this is a reversible process. Steel with a higher carbon percentage may be brought to a higher state of maximum hardness.
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A simple jig (a tool) that the smith might only use a few times in the shop may get the minimum of finishingâa rap on the anvil to break off scale and a brushing with a wire brush.
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inserting or passing a larger tool through it), the head would be cut (punched, but with a wedge), the peen would be drawn to a wedge, and the face would be dressed by upsetting.
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with the iron. (Charcoal is almost pure carbon.) The amount of carbon significantly affects the properties of the metal. If the carbon content is over 2%, the metal is called
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2674:# The ordnance manual for the use of officers of the United States army, 1861, reprinted by Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, December 22, 2005,
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Drawing lengthens the metal by reducing one or both of the other two dimensions. As the depth is reduced, or the width narrowed, the piece is lengthened or "drawn out."
1703:
Another common technique was welding. Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal together by heating them until they melt and then hammering them together.
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to the left, and NĂĂ°uĂ°'s dead sons hidden to the right of the smithy. Between the girl and the smithy, Wayland can be seen in an eagle fetch flying away. From the
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As an example of drawing, a smith making a chisel might flatten a square bar of steel, lengthening the metal, reducing its depth but keeping its width consistent.
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A modern blacksmith has a range of options and tools to accomplish this. The basic types of welding commonly employed in a modern workshop include traditional
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the king's daughter, after drugging her with strong beer, and escaped, laughing, on wings of his own making, boasting that he had fathered a child upon her.
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Drawing does not have to be uniform. A taper can result as in making a wedge or a woodworking chisel blade. If tapered in two dimensions, a point results.
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armies employed blacksmiths to shoe horses and repair equipment such as wagons, horse tack, and artillery equipment. These smiths primarily worked at a
644:. For mild steel most smiths judge this temperature by color: the metal glows an intense yellow or white. At this temperature the steel is near molten.
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with a sledgehammer. During the 20th century and into the 21st century, this role has become increasingly unnecessary and automated through the use of
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2222:, noted for feminine imagery of lingerie or shoes in her work, also for the Brim technique of inflating balloons of hot metal with compressed air.
1811:, comprised wagons specifically designed and constructed as blacksmith shops on wheels to carry the essential equipment necessary for their work.
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Blacksmiths work by heating pieces of wrought iron or steel until the metal becomes soft enough for shaping with hand tools, such as a hammer, an
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Whilst the majority of blacksmiths named in
Britain in the medieval period were men, some women also worked as smiths. For example, in 1346
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is a naturally occurring metallic element. It is almost never found in its native form (pure iron) in nature. It is usually found as an
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be manufactured with this property, was another step towards the obsolescence of metal-working artisans and blacksmiths. (See also
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Iron is different from most other materials (including bronze), in that it does not immediately go from a solid to a liquid at its
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was left her father's mail-making equipment in his will, and took over the family business with her brother. Others included the
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Color is important for indicating the temperature and workability of the metal. As iron heats to higher temperatures, it first
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red, then orange, yellow, and finally white. The ideal heat for most forging is the bright yellow-orange color that indicates
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ironwork) include smooth straight bars, decorative geometric elements, double or oval volutes and the usage of elements from
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2658:# The Ordnance Manual For The Use Of The Officers Of The Confederate States Army, 1863 reprinted by Morningside Press 1995,
2490:"Object description for "Jerusalem The Emanation of The Giant Albion, copy E, object 15 (Bentley 15, Erdman 15, Keynes 15)""
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1339:. To accomplish this, a piece of bronze is lightly hammered for a long period of time. The localized stress-cycling causes
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1882:, the number of blacksmiths continued to decrease, many former blacksmiths becoming the initial generation of automobile
1426:, were found to be making iron knives from two particularly large nickel-iron meteors. One of these meteors was taken to
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Civil War
Blacksmithing: : Constructing Cannon Wheels, Traveling Forge, Knives, and Other Projects and Information
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1644:" was a staple of every town. Factories and mass-production reduced the demand for blacksmith-made tools and hardware.
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Although iron is quite abundant, good quality steel remained rare and expensive until the industrial developments of
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1399:. However, in earlier ages, iron's qualities, in contrast to those of bronze, were not generally understood. Iron
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away in less than 100 years. Examples of ancient iron work still extant are very much the exception to the norm.
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is notably hot short. Even such common smithing processes as decoratively twisting a bar are impossible with it.
2007:
steel and iron, counteracting or negating the decarburizing tendency. This is similar to the process by which a
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him and imprisoned him on an island. Völundr eventually had his revenge by killing NĂĂ°uĂ°r's sons and fashioning
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As demand for their products declined, many more blacksmiths augmented their incomes by taking in work shoeing
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Bending can be done with the hammer over the horn or edge of the anvil or by inserting a bending fork into the
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806:, which can be heat treated as discussed above. When the carbon content is below 0.25%, the metal is either "
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is the purest form of iron generally encountered or produced in quantity. It may contain as little as 0.04%
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range of variable solidity is the fundamental material property upon which blacksmithing practice depends.
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can be roughly divided into forging (sometimes called "sculpting"), welding, heat-treating, and finishing.
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atmosphere. In this case, and at elevated temperatures, there is a tendency for vaporized carbon to soak
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859:. Each material responds differently under the hammer and must be separately studied by the blacksmith.
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1549:(who ensured that their own weapons were made with good steel) noted (in the 4th century BC) that the
330:, a layer of oxides that forms on the surface of the metal during heating. The origin of smith is the
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Typical for this kind of ironwork is that the ironwork is painted white with gold (gilded) elements.
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into the iron, thereby developing increasingly higher grades of steel as the process was continued.
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and weapons (swords and spears) are stated to have been of bronze. Iron is not unknown, however, as
1230:, the god of blacksmiths, warriors, hunters and others who work with iron is one of the pantheon of
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Grinding stones, abrasive paper, and emery wheels can further shape, smooth, and polish the surface.
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Some metals are "hot short", meaning they lose their tensile strength when heated. They become like
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281:, or the finishing steps of fine steel. The place where a blacksmith works is called variously a
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1792:, with the expressed purpose of providing Native Americans with iron tools and repair services.
2294:, one of the most important annual meetings of artist blacksmiths in the world (Czech Republic)
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The wire brushâas a hand tool or power toolâcan further smooth, brighten, and polish surfaces.
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Files bring a piece to final shape, removing burrs and sharp edges, and smoothing the surface.
501:, but smiths also use other tools and techniques to accommodate odd-sized or repetitive jobs.
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Dictionnaire des mythologies et des religions des sociétés traditionelles et du monde antique
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produced blast-furnace temperatures high enough to melt partially refined ores, resulting in
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Person who creates wrought iron or steel products by forging, hammering, bending, and cutting
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states that he forged beautiful gold rings set with wonderful gems. He was captured by king
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Depending on the intended use of the piece, a blacksmith may finish it in a number of ways:
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Blacksmiths also used a variety of other techniques, such as casting, cutting, and filing.
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heavy pieces of metal, and they had to be careful not to burn themselves on the hot forge.
1122:. This image comes from Copy E. of that work, printed in 1821 and in the collection of the
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an inferior fuel for blacksmithing, because much of the world's coal is contaminated with
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and carry on work ⊠receiving the wages pertaining to the officeâ. Another exmaple is of
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1013:, the role of Smith is held by eponymous (their names do mean 'smith') characters :
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counterparts, had been used by some blacksmiths since the middle-ages. During the 1790s
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Another major difference between bronze and iron fabrication techniques is that bronze
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1112:, a protagonist in several of Blake's poems, is tormented at his smithy by the figure
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During the early to mid-nineteenth century, both
European armies as well as both the
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During the first half of the nineteenth century, the US government included in their
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Copper and bronze cannot be hardened by heat-treatment, they can only be hardened by
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2146:, was a blacksmith who launched a national uprising against the evil foreign tyrant
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In forge welding, the pieces to join are heated to what is generally referred to as
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may also be forged by the blacksmith's process. Bronze is an alloy of copper and
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Picture of Vince J. Heilman (1918â2000) taken by the local newspaper around 1970
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or arc furnaces. Wrought iron was produced by a labor-intensive process called
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The
Blacksmith's Craft, originally published in 1981 as Country Blacksmithing
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1841:, a watershed event that signaled the start of blacksmiths being replaced by
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2449:, University of Chicago Press 1991, p. 340, an edited translation based on
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the cyst to liberate the infant hero Batraz as a newborn babe of white-hot
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The Backyard Blacksmith â Traditional Techniques for the Modern Smith
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features, sometimes bearing comparison to those of the Scandinavian deity
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by Royal Engineers, British Service, 1845, Col. G.G. Lewis, senior editor
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In the medieval period, blacksmithing was considered part of the set of
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Heating iron to a "forging heat" allows bending as if it were a soft,
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Find Blacksmiths In the UK with The National Directory Of Blacksmiths
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37:"Blacksmiths" redirects here. For the suburb in New South Wales, see
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was appointed by Edward III to âkeep up the kingâs forge within the
1497:
is very inconsistent. Very few iron artifacts remain from the early
2624:"Medieval Occupations and Jobs: Blacksmith. History of Blacksmiths"
2445:
Bonnefoy, Yves (1992) , Doniger, Wendy (ed.), "Asian Mythologies",
1672:(Mail-maker) who owned an armour shop and worked as an armourer in
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2857:(ABANA) The Artist Blacksmith's Association of North America, Inc.
2464:"Copy Information for Jerusalem The Emanation of The Giant Albion"
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During the (north) Polar Exploration of the early 20th century,
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Statue of a blacksmith (Monument to John Cockerill in Brussels).
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probably worked these metals first. These metals are all quite
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steel was, and continues to be, produced in small quantities.
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Modern Blacksmithing, Rational Horse Shoeing and Wagon Making
1064:
is a blacksmith and skilled craftsman whose exploits exhibit
2268:(also, known as Blacksmith Scene #1 and Blacksmithing Scene)
2011:
of steel is developed on a piece of iron in preparation for
2022:
An Artist Blacksmith working with a power hammer in Bodom,
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Concurrent with the advent of alphabetic characters in the
1093:, whom KurdalĂŠgon then quenches like a newly forged sword.
1037:, is sometimes described as the patroness of blacksmiths.
1080:, who has been made the carrier of the embryo of his son
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These operations generally require at least a hammer and
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methods are gaining popularity among modern blacksmiths.
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2150:, after losing two of his children to serpents of ZahÄk.
1903:
iron elements are incorporated into the forged designs.
1072:. One of his greatest feats is acting as a type of male
296:
While there are many people who work with metal such as
2722:. Detroit, Michigan: Chas. A. Strelinger & Company.
2599:"The Women who Forged Medieval England | History Today"
2488:
Morris Eaves; Robert N. Essick; Joseph Viscomi (eds.).
1729:
the reducing atmosphere of the forge was both removing
1200:, the Eternal Hammerer, blacksmith and inventor in the
761:
A blacksmith's striker is an assistant (frequently an
633:
as well as modern methods, including oxyacetylene and
2086:, Irish god of blacksmithing, one of the TrĂ DĂ©e DĂĄn.
652:
pushing out the flux (if used) and foreign material.
618:
is the joining of the same or similar kind of metal.
538:
Another method for drawing is to use a tool called a
1950:
Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)
1144:, is a heroic blacksmith in Germanic mythology. The
831:
Many blacksmiths also incorporate materials such as
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3025:
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Family of English blacksmiths dating back to c1550.
2831:
Royal Naval Museum â Sea Your History â Blacksmiths
972:also known as Vishvakarma is the blacksmith of the
469:Forging uses seven basic operations or techniques:
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199:
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76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2407:
2646:An Aide-Memoire to the Military Sciences volume 1
2033:Artists Blacksmithsâ Association of North America
1781:tribes, that the US would employ blacksmiths and
659:An artist blacksmith and a striker working as one
2566:"Tools of the Trade: A History of Blacksmithing"
2401:
2399:
2080:, god of the forge, fire, the sun, and creation.
1874:. A shoer-of-horses was historically known as a
1371:Bronze is sufficiently corrosion-resistant that
378:fueled by propane, natural gas, coal, charcoal,
326:The "black" in "blacksmith" refers to the black
1894:was effectively co-opted by the farrier trade.
359:Smithing process in Mediterranean environment,
2435:Brigit - the Order of bards, Ovates and Druids
1745:During the eighteenth century, agents for the
1430:, where it was remitted to the custody of the
1343:by changing the size and shape of the metal's
1265:, as reasonably pure metals –
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2899:
2102:, god of storms, metalworking, and the forge.
887:, with many other impurity elements mixed in.
8:
933:History, prehistory, religion, and mythology
435:A blacksmith hand-forging a tool during the
261:, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf.
148:
2879:Forging of Chain by Two Blacksmiths (video)
732:
385:Some modern blacksmiths may also employ an
340:meaning "blacksmith", originating from the
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2930:
2922:
2906:
2892:
2884:
2128:, Wagnerian dwarfs and maker of the sword
2414:. Materials Park, OH: ASM International.
2259:, an annual festival that takes place in
2108:, in biblical tradition, the first smith.
2068:, patron god of craftsmen and architects.
1944:iron gates designed by master blacksmith
1576:that sometimes speak distinct languages.
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
1849:for the hardware needs of the populace.
1465:Greek and Trojan warriors), most of the
855:, while brass is an alloy of copper and
517:at the furnace of his blade workshop in
354:
2515:"The Kalevala: Rune IX. Origin of Iron"
2350:
2074:, god of metal-working and blacksmiths.
1987:During the 20th century various gases (
1379:. Buried iron artifacts may completely
1308:of copper and approximately 10% to 20%
1284:, humans in the Mideast learned how to
790:into usable metal, a certain amount of
2570:Workbenches, Tool Chests, Tool Benches
1709:The original fuel for forge fires was
581:the anvil and hammer on the cold end.
147:
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2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2543:. SkyandTelescope.com. Archived from
2203:, a blacksmith at the Tower of London
2049:Herbert Hoover National Historic Site
1878:in English. With the introduction of
1759:Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
1353:as recently as the 19th century used
374:. Heating generally takes place in a
7:
2168:forms of the blacksmith hero of the
2096:, god of metalworking and the forge.
203:Physical strength, conceptualization
74:adding citations to reliable sources
2820:(With Rules, Tables, Recipes, Etc.)
1481:A blacksmith shop in the harbor of
1395:, humans became aware of the metal
241:who creates objects primarily from
2763:. BABA. 2013-08-04. Archived from
1964:, situated at the intersection of
1357:techniques to harden the teeth of
1206:, is an archetypal artificer from
1104:used the blacksmith as a motif in
25:
2739:. Prague, Czech Republic: GRADA.
2339:Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths
2209:, the first Filipino cannon maker
2197:, creator of original Bowie knife
1695:Medieval blacksmithing techniques
1493:The historical record during the
250:
2537:"Meteors That Changed the World"
2313:National School of Blacksmithing
1316:. Most of the tin came from the
1304:copper and bronze. Bronze is an
1234:traditionally worshipped by the
1116:in an illustration Blake's poem
871:Hot metal work from a blacksmith
774:or reciprocating power hammers.
765:) whose job is to swing a large
154:
50:
2874:Blacksmith Scene (1893) (video)
2851:, Popular Science, January 1949
1855:neither invented nor perfected
902:the successful welding process.
476:Shrinking (a type of upsetting)
61:needs additional citations for
2180:child who grows into the hero
2172:, who presides at the birth /
2047:Jesse Hoover blacksmith shop,
1910:ironwork (also referred to as
1818:High school blacksmith class,
1572:, blacksmiths form endogenous
554:metal, like copper or silver.
1:
2716:Strelinger, Chas. A. (1895).
2385:. Online Etymology Dictionary
1829:, patterned largely on their
1261:all occur in nature in their
976:. The earliest references of
748:
697:achieve the desired hardness.
361:Valencian Museum of Ethnology
2853:basics of being a blacksmith
1300:, and (to a limited extent)
994:) was the blacksmith of the
393:for more localized heating.
39:Blacksmiths, New South Wales
2363:Online Etymology Dictionary
1446:escaped in all directions.
1324:, transported by sea-borne
1124:Yale Center for British Art
1106:his own extensive mythology
32:Blacksmith (disambiguation)
3213:
2695:. CreateSpace Publishers.
2249:Joseph Morewood Staniforth
2060:Mythological and religious
1807:that when combined with a
1168:from their teeth. He then
347:meaning "skilled worker".
36:
29:
3126:
2921:
2849:"Be Your Own Blacksmith"
2816:Holmstrom, John Gustaf.
2234:, contemporary forge work
1733:(rust), and soaking more
1691:and Eustachia lâArmurer.
1483:Saint John, New Brunswick
949:'s smithy in the centre,
777:
153:
3197:Metalworking occupations
2733:Revay, Pavel A. (2010).
1495:Late Bronze Age Collapse
1489:in the late 19th century
1320:region of the island of
269:, who usually worked in
2693:Civil War Blacksmithing
2691:Einhorn, David (2010).
2622:yiselaat (2020-01-21).
2410:Metals Handbook, 2nd Ed
1933:20th and 21st centuries
1608:smith and his forge in
1432:Smithsonian Institution
1224:as the original smith.
719:
437:Acampamento Farroupilha
336:
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2027:
1984:
1953:
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1164:from their eyes and a
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1048:the hero known to the
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872:
843:in artistic products.
778:Blacksmith's materials
758:
677:
660:
626:
522:
456:
448:
363:
318:
3166:Tools and terminology
2790:New Edge of the Anvil
2535:Schaefer, Bradley E.
2494:William Blake Archive
2468:William Blake Archive
2246:
2046:
2021:
1959:
1940:
1857:interchangeable parts
1817:
1756:
1638:Industrial Revolution
1630:seven mechanical arts
1603:
1587:
1568:In southern Asia and
1480:
1411:containing up to 40%
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314:
249:, but sometimes from
2795:Einhorn, David, M.
2603:www.historytoday.com
2406:Davis, J.R. (1998).
2257:Blacksmiths festival
1820:Salt Lake City, Utah
1409:chemical composition
1216:is mentioned in the
1033:or Brigit, an Irish
1017:(Irish myths of the
980:can be found in the
968:In Hindu mythology,
720:Blacksmith's striker
676:A blacksmith at work
590:done with a chisel.
70:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2802:McRaven, Charles.
2228:, wrought iron work
2055:Notable blacksmiths
1962:Three Smiths Statue
1920:Classical antiquity
1839:screw-cutting lathe
1757:Blacksmiths at the
1670:Alice la Haubergere
1559:Indian subcontinent
1246:Before the Iron Age
1160:from their skulls,
594:Combining processes
150:
2862:2022-07-23 at the
2841:2021-04-29 at the
2517:. Sacred-texts.com
2253:
2052:
2028:
1985:
1954:
1890:work, so the term
1837:created the first
1824:
1771:
1676:. In York in 1403
1662:Katherine Le Fevre
1625:
1614:Dieudonné Lancelot
1598:
1592:, from a medieval
1491:
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1127:
1025:(Welsh myths/ the
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661:
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523:
519:Ocotlan de Morelos
457:
449:
411:The techniques of
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319:
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3178:
3122:
3121:
2160:respectively the
2144:Persian mythology
1926:, wreaths etc.).
1906:Main features of
1898:Neoclassicism era
1424:Greenlandic Inuit
1190:Berndt Godenhjelm
1044:mythology of the
959:Ardre image stone
756:Francisco de Goya
432:
395:Induction heating
291:blacksmith's shop
231:
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215:Artist, Craftsman
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16:(Redirected from
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2809:Sims, Lorelei.
2788:Andrews, Jack.
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2315:(United Kingdom)
2266:Blacksmith Scene
2072:Ame-no-Mahitotsu
1966:Aleksanterinkatu
1622:
1536:Bessemer process
1457:(describing the
1428:Washington, D.C.
1019:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
1011:Celtic mythology
753:
750:
746:
743:
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737:
734:
716:, oil, and wax.
625:Blacksmith, 1606
521:, Oaxaca, Mexico
515:Apolinar Aguilar
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351:Smithing process
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184:Activity sectors
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2864:Wayback Machine
2843:Wayback Machine
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2719:A Book of Tools
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2226:Roland Greefkes
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2191:
2116:Norse mythology
2062:
2057:
1997:decarburization
1970:Mannerheimintie
1935:
1912:Louis XVI style
1900:
1805:traveling forge
1779:Native American
1743:
1697:
1658:
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1580:Medieval period
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1218:book of Genesis
1004:Roman mythology
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2013:case hardening
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1835:Henry Maudslay
1742:
1741:Industrial era
1739:
1696:
1693:
1689:Agnes Cotiller
1687:, the cutler
1657:
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1581:
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1570:western Africa
1513:
1403:, composed of
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1355:work hardening
1341:work hardening
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1192:, 19th century
1152:, who cruelly
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2767:on 2014-03-06
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2746:9788024783277
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2547:on 2014-02-22
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2499:September 12,
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2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
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1998:
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1967:
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1958:
1951:
1947:
1946:Samuel Yellin
1943:
1939:
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1930:
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1924:Meander (art)
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Neoclassicism
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1639:
1636:Prior to the
1634:
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1588:A blacksmith
1586:
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1102:William Blake
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81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
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59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3104:Steam hammer
2966:
2915:Metalworking
2848:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2755:
2735:
2728:
2718:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2670:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
2617:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:the original
2540:
2530:
2519:. Retrieved
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2458:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2430:
2409:
2387:. Retrieved
2377:
2366:. Retrieved
2362:
2359:"blacksmith"
2353:
2247:Painting by
2038:
2029:
2008:
2004:
1986:
1928:
1916:Empire style
1905:
1901:
1891:
1869:
1851:
1825:
1797:U.S. Federal
1794:
1772:
1744:
1727:
1718:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1685:Johanna Hill
1682:bell founder
1678:Agnes Hecche
1659:
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1646:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1567:
1556:
1544:
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1507:
1503:
1492:
1448:
1436:
1417:
1390:
1370:
1349:
1337:cold working
1334:
1280:era and the
1278:Chalcolithic
1275:
1249:
1226:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1179:
1128:
1118:
1076:to the hero
1039:
1008:
986:
967:
953:'s daughter
926:
923:
891:Wrought iron
830:
827:Other metals
820:
808:wrought iron
781:
772:trip hammers
767:sledgehammer
760:
728:
706:
679:
662:
650:
646:
642:welding heat
641:
639:
628:
614:
605:
601:
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588:
579:
563:
556:
549:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
496:
473:Drawing down
468:
458:
455:A blacksmith
441:Porto Alegre
410:
406:forging heat
405:
399:
387:oxyacetylene
384:
365:
344:
325:
302:wheelwrights
295:
290:
286:
282:
251:other metals
243:wrought iron
234:
232:
221:Related jobs
200:Competencies
132:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:"Blacksmith"
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
43:
3192:Blacksmiths
3136:Fabrication
3114:Trip hammer
3109:Swage block
3094:Hardy tools
3002:Silversmith
2997:Pewtersmith
2977:Coppersmith
2447:Mythologies
2319:Silversmith
2298:Ironmongery
2277:Coppersmith
2207:Panday Pira
2195:James Black
1989:natural gas
1880:automobiles
1865:Eli Whitney
1853:Samuel Colt
1831:woodturning
1801:Confederate
1617: [
1422:, northern
1407:, have the
1351:Clocksmiths
1276:During the
1210:mythology.
1183:Forges the
1146:Poetic Edda
1136:, known in
1131:Anglo-Saxon
1100:The artist
1058:Circassians
863:Terminology
794:is usually
752: 1814
635:arc welding
513:Blacksmith
389:or similar
332:Old English
195:Description
18:Blacksmiths
3186:Categories
3156:Metallurgy
3043:Planishing
3017:Whitesmith
2972:Bladesmith
2967:Blacksmith
2783:References
2771:2014-02-27
2633:2023-09-24
2608:2024-09-10
2575:2023-09-24
2551:2010-07-07
2521:2014-02-27
2389:2014-02-27
2368:2020-09-08
2334:Whitesmith
2308:Metallurgy
2287:Hephaestus
2272:Bladesmith
2189:Historical
2184:/ Pataraz.
2162:Circassian
2158:KurdalĂŠgon
2106:Tubal-cain
2090:Hephaestus
1892:blacksmith
1843:machinists
1777:with many
1596:manuscript
1471:arrowheads
1463:Bronze Age
1459:Trojan War
1326:Phoenician
1282:Bronze Age
1214:Tubal-Cain
1054:KurdalĂŠgon
1027:Mabinogion
1021:cycle) or
988:Hephaestus
804:tool steel
782:When iron
763:apprentice
566:Plasticine
559:hardy hole
382:, or oil.
267:whitesmith
239:metalsmith
235:blacksmith
211:employment
177:Profession
166:Occupation
149:Blacksmith
96:newspapers
3151:Machining
3146:Jewellery
3026:Processes
2992:Locksmith
2982:Goldsmith
2345:Footnotes
2292:Hefaiston
2282:Goldsmith
2174:quenching
1993:acetylene
1884:Mechanics
1847:factories
1761:shops in
1747:Sheffield
1674:Cheapside
1610:Wallachia
1528:cast iron
1401:artifacts
1373:artifacts
1332:traders.
1271:malleable
1198:Ilmarinen
1181:Ilmarinen
1154:hamstrung
1138:Old Norse
1119:Jerusalem
1050:Ossetians
938:Mythology
913:Cast iron
800:cast iron
742:The Forge
729:La Fragua
668:Finishing
576:Upsetting
482:Upsetting
439:event in
391:blowtorch
328:firescale
322:Etymology
209:Fields of
126:July 2009
3161:Smithing
3099:Pritchel
3012:Tinsmith
2987:Gunsmith
2953:Smithing
2860:Archived
2839:Archived
2329:Tinsmith
2239:See also
2166:Ossetian
2134:Tarnhelm
2132:and the
2126:Alberich
2001:reducing
1978:Helsinki
1861:firearms
1783:strikers
1775:treaties
1711:charcoal
1499:Iron Age
1443:Anatolia
1439:Hittites
1420:Inughuit
1393:Iron Age
1387:Iron Age
1377:Iron Age
1366:ratchets
1345:crystals
1318:Cornwall
1203:Kalevala
1108:. Here,
1066:shamanic
1056:and the
1046:Caucasus
1023:Gofannon
1015:Goibhniu
990:(Latin:
961:VIII on
955:Böðvildr
849:titanium
845:Aluminum
821:puddling
714:browning
585:Punching
570:titanium
490:Punching
413:smithing
306:armorers
298:farriers
263:tinsmith
189:Vocation
3171:Welding
3141:Forming
3131:Casting
3058:Swaging
3053:Sinking
3048:Raising
3033:Forging
2813:, 2006.
2799:, 2010.
2792:, 1994.
2761:"About"
2541:Meteors
2473:Sep 11,
2383:"smith"
2176:of the
2130:Nothung
2084:Goibniu
2024:Finland
1982:Finland
1942:Chancel
1888:farrier
1876:farrier
1557:On the
1449:In the
1240:Nigeria
1220:of the
1208:Finnish
1158:goblets
1142:Völundr
1114:Spectre
1074:midwife
1040:In the
1035:goddess
982:Rigveda
978:Tvastar
970:Tvastar
963:Gotland
947:Wayland
885:sulfide
796:alloyed
788:smelted
736:
616:Welding
611:Welding
552:ductile
546:Bending
505:Drawing
486:Swaging
479:Bending
460:Forging
447:, 2015.
419:Forging
345:*smiĂŸaz
255:forging
226:Farrier
110:scholar
3089:Hammer
3084:Fuller
3007:Tinker
2960:Smiths
2743:
2699:
2678:
2662:
2418:
2251:, 1892
2214:Modern
2182:Batraz
2154:Tlepsh
2094:Vulcan
2078:Svarog
2026:, 2011
1974:Kluuvi
1872:horses
1827:Lathes
1822:, 1915
1809:limber
1769:, 1943
1767:Kansas
1763:Topeka
1735:carbon
1731:oxygen
1723:sulfur
1719:can be
1642:smithy
1623:, 1860
1594:French
1574:castes
1547:Romans
1539:et al.
1487:Canada
1413:nickel
1314:Cyprus
1267:humans
1259:copper
1257:, and
1255:silver
1232:Orisha
1196:Seppo
1166:brooch
1162:jewels
1150:NĂĂ°uĂ°r
1087:lances
1082:Batraz
1062:Tlepsh
1031:Brigid
992:Vulcan
895:carbon
837:copper
833:bronze
792:carbon
710:bluing
540:fuller
445:Brazil
372:chisel
370:and a
304:, and
283:smithy
279:pewter
275:silver
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
3079:Forge
3074:Anvil
3067:Tools
2178:steel
2170:Narts
2148:ZahÄk
2142:, in
2140:KÄveh
2114:, in
1952:, USA
1790:forts
1666:Tower
1656:Women
1621:]
1612:, by
1563:Wootz
1551:Celts
1467:armor
1455:Homer
1451:Iliad
1362:gears
1359:brass
1330:Greek
1306:alloy
1302:forge
1298:rivet
1286:smelt
1222:Torah
1185:Sampo
1170:raped
1091:steel
1078:Xamyc
1000:Greek
974:devas
951:NĂĂ°uĂ°
906:Steel
881:oxide
841:brass
839:, or
754:, by
499:anvil
464:swarf
402:glows
376:forge
368:anvil
334:word
289:or a
287:forge
259:metal
253:, by
247:steel
237:is a
117:JSTOR
103:books
2741:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2660:ISBN
2501:2013
2475:2013
2416:ISBN
2164:and
2156:and
2122:Mime
2100:Thor
2066:Ptah
2009:case
2005:into
1968:and
1960:The
1914:and
1799:and
1787:Army
1715:Coal
1606:Roma
1590:monk
1545:The
1461:and
1437:The
1397:iron
1381:rust
1364:and
1328:and
1294:cast
1290:melt
1251:Gold
1228:Ogun
1129:The
1070:Odin
1042:Nart
1002:and
996:gods
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