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began. Shortly after statutory protection was provided for various sites in
Blaenavon including the ironworks. In 2001, the site underwent a major restoration. The 160-year old cast iron columns at the top of the tower were taken down and the iron frame was recast and painted. The site is now in the care of
485:. After this ÂŁ138,000 investment the site showed little sign of profit and Ashwell was forced to resign in 1840. In the following years, iron rails produced at Blaenavon were exported all over the world, including India, Russia, and Brazil; but also in projects closer to home such as the construction of
492:
When
Ashwell resigned, Mr. Scrivener became manager of the works and production picked up for a short while. In 1845 sales reached a peak of 35,549 tons out of which 20,732 tons were sold. This was a rise of 5,000 tons on sales for the previous year. However, fluidity was uncertain. By 1847 sales had
413:
on the land surface in the western valleys, allowing for their much easier, horizontal, extraction rather than requiring the construction of deep, vertical, mines. Work constructing the ironworks began immediately and included several cottages for workers. Blaenavon
Ironworks was the first in Wales
429:
visited
Blaenavon during 1798–99 and enthusiastically described the small town as “an opulent and increasing establishment, ...surrounded with heaps of ore, coal and limestone”. The ironworks demanded a skilled and permanent labour force, which the Eastern Valley of Monmouthshire lacked. Previous
539:
at the ironworks and in the surrounding area at the height of the industrial revolution. At around the same time, industrial archaeology began to emerge as a discipline and the site was spared the fate of so many other 18th–19th century industrial works. In 1974 the conservation of the ironworks
509:
which enabled the use of the previously uneconomic phosphoric iron ore. Their experiments were carried out at
Blaenavon between 1877 and 1878. This was short lived as it meant Germany and North America were now able to utilise their own phosphoric ores which accelerated the decline of Blaenavon
433:
The nature of the work introduced to
Blaenavon was different including changes to the coal-using technology and the application of steam power, not used until that time in the Eastern Valley. Skilled workers came mainly from West Wales, Staffordshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Somerset and
525:
In 1904 the ironworks ceased production completely. Work restarted briefly in 1924 but was commercially unviable. The forges at the site were still being used and helped with the production of steel shell during both world wars but was mostly used as a storage yard for the
National Coal Board.
500:
The company was relaunched in 1870 as the
Blaenavon Iron & Steel Company and was one of only six south Wales ironworks that successfully made the change to steel production. By 1878 the company employed 5,000 people but had greatly overreached itself financially and failed against tough
621:. Three are at the highest listing, Grade I: the Cast House and Foundry, the Balance Tower, and the three Blast Furnaces. The remainder are listed at Grade II including: the Chain Store, the Calcining Kilns, a Storage Shed, the Pay Office, Stack Square, and a memorial to the Gilchrists.
493:
declined to 18,981 tons. The works continued to suffer. A lower amount of pig iron was produced in 1849, partly due to the furnaces being out of action for three months. It was claimed, however, that this was the consequence of
434:
Ireland. Unskilled men, often with families, came for the promise of work. The population of the district expanded from a little over 1,000 in 1800 to 5115 in 1840, with 61% speaking Welsh and the remainder
English.
985:
573:. The workers' cottages have been restored to their original design and form part of the ironworks site. They have been furnished to represent life in different eras, from the 1870s to the 1970s.
1644:
454:. By 1833 the company owned 430 houses and employed 1000 workers but suffered a periodic boom-and-bust economy that accompanied iron-making with wage cuts, strikes, and the emergence of "
809:
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442:
By 1800 Blaenavon
Ironworks contributed greatly to South Wales becoming the foremost iron-producing region in the world. Production at Blaenavon was second only to
1018:
317:
was of crucial importance in the development of the ability to use cheap, low quality, high sulphur iron ores worldwide. It was the site of the experiments by
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1609:
397:, his brother-in-law Thomas Hopkins and Benjamin Pratt. The commercial advantage of the area was that the three essential elements for iron production,
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status, recognising the site's importance to "the pre-eminence of South Wales as the world's major producer of iron and coal in the 19th century."
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450:, the largest iron producer in Wales. Two new furnaces were added over the next decade and in 1804 a forge was constructed in nearby
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469:, a huge investment was made in the ironworks, including the construction of the impressive balance tower which utilised a
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competition. With financial ruin just around the corner, the company was given some respite thanks to the discoveries of
810:"Going Underground; Big Pit: National Coal Museum Is Celebrating Its 30th Anniversary as a Tourist Attraction and Museum"
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workmen refusing to submit to a reduction in wages, which the depressed state of the iron industry had rendered necessary
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952:"Heritage Landmark to Be Repaired - Blaenavon Ironworks Tower Removed for First Time in More Than 160 Years"
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1488:
Elliott, John (2011). "The Iron and Steel Industry". In Williams, Chris; Williams, Sian Rhiannon;
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In 1836, the works was bought by the Blaenavon Iron and Coal Company, financed by Londoner
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235:
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159:
462:
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908:
Lewis, S.A. Blaenavon Iron Works 1837–1880, Gwent County Record Office, MISC.MSS.1066.
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describes the site at Blaenavon as "the best-preserved industrial relic of its kind".
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iron works at nearby Pontypool, for instance, had relied on charcoal and water.
1440:
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granted a renewal of the lease on 12,000 acres to three Midlands businessmen,
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to be designed as a multi-furnace site from the outset, with three furnaces,
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Reports to the Commissioners on the Employment of Children (1841) p.610.
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Stack Square is a small group of workers’ cottages. It featured in the
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manufacture in the area around Blaenavon. The land was the property of
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55:
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1395:
The Growth and Decline of the South Wales Iron Industry: 1760–1880
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1241:"Storage Shed and attached Chimney (Grade II) (15297)"
748:"John Hanbury, the father of the British tinplate industry"
847:
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917:
Minutes, Blaenavon Iron and Coal Company, 27 April 1849
352:, the Welsh Government's historic environment service.
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system, which offered lower tolls to Newport than the
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is a former industrial site which is now a museum in
1645:
European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points
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1498:. The Gwent County History. Vol. 4. Cardiff:
418:kilns, workers’ accommodation and a company shop.
389:, known as Lord Abergavenny's Hills, and in 1788
954:. Western Mail. 23 November 2001. Archived from
1086:"Cast House and Foundry (Grade I) (15296)"
1019:"Blaenavon Ironworks and World Heritage Centre"
1450:An Historical Tour of Monmouthshire: Volume 2
863:
803:
801:
465:, later an MP. Led by new managing director
8:
1334:"Gilchrist Memorial (Grade II) (15300)"
746:Protheroe-Jones, Robert (21 October 2015).
288:
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517:and finally moved out of iron production.
325:that led to "the basic steel process" or "
296:Location of Blaenavon Ironworks in Torfaen
29:
20:
16:Former ironworks transformed into a museum
1210:"Calcining Kilns (Grade II) (15295)"
1635:Industrial archaeological sites in Wales
1477:"Big Pit, Blaenavon - A New Chronology?"
1392:Atkinson, Michael; Baber, Colin (1987).
1148:"Blast Furnances (Grade I) (15294)"
1425:Carr, James C.; Taplin, Walter (1962).
792:
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232:
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1303:"Stack Square (Grade II) (15299)"
1117:"Balance Tower (Grade I) (15292)"
1071:. Cadw SAM: MM200: Blaenavon Ironworks
768:
1495:Industrial Monmouthshire, c.1780–1914
1428:History of the British Steel Industry
1179:"Chain Store (Grade II) (15293)"
1005:
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513:In 1880 the Blaenavon Company opened
391:Henry Nevill, 2nd Earl of Abergavenny
332:The ironworks is on the outskirts of
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1272:"Pay Office (Grade II) (15298)"
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808:McCrum, Kirstie (7 September 2013).
586:In 2000 the ironworks and the wider
1650:Grade I listed buildings in Torfaen
1534:. The Buildings of Wales. London:
14:
1610:Ironworks and steelworks in Wales
1339:National Historic Assets of Wales
1308:National Historic Assets of Wales
1277:National Historic Assets of Wales
1246:National Historic Assets of Wales
1215:National Historic Assets of Wales
1184:National Historic Assets of Wales
1153:National Historic Assets of Wales
1122:National Historic Assets of Wales
1091:National Historic Assets of Wales
477:from the base of the site to the
373:period. In the 17th century, the
348:. The site is under the care of
1452:. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press.
1041:"Blaenavon Industrial Landscape"
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691:
679:
667:
655:
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287:
280:
1605:Historic house museums in Wales
1475:Evans, J. A. H. (Spring 2000).
479:Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal
365:Evidence of ironworking in the
1620:Tourist attractions in Torfaen
1615:Scheduled monuments in Torfaen
1483:. Gwent Local History Council.
1021:. Brecon Beacons National Park
812:. Western Mail. Archived from
617:The site contains a number of
588:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
342:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
141:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
1:
978:"Blaenavon Ironworks (34134)"
582:UNESCO World Heritage status
548:Architecture and description
422:Archdeacon Coxe’s visit 1799
662:View of the ironworks, 1800
559:Coal House and Stack Square
533:set his most famous novel,
1676:
131:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1630:Industry museums in Wales
1500:University of Wales Press
1400:University of Wales Press
864:Atkinson & Baber 1987
605:Blaenavon Ironworks is a
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271:
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28:
1433:Harvard University Press
536:Rape of the Fair Country
327:Gilchrist–Thomas process
1583:Details at CADW website
1553:Wakelin, Peter (2006).
1448:Coxe, William (1995) .
830:. Engineering Timelines
722:List of Cadw properties
674:The water balance tower
521:20th and 21st centuries
507:Percy Carlyle Gilchrist
503:Sidney Gilchrist Thomas
471:water displacement lift
319:Sidney Gilchrist Thomas
1375:Hodder & Stoughton
927:Carr & Taplin 1962
698:A furnace chimney hole
171:Cast House and Foundry
828:"Blaenavon Ironworks"
577:Heritage designations
1588:4 March 2016 at the
1431:. Cambridge, Mass.:
1370:Landmarks of Britain
356:History of the works
336:, in the borough of
1555:Blaenavon Ironworks
1531:Gwent/Monmouthshire
1490:Griffiths, Ralph A.
1481:Gwent Local History
1065:coflein NPRN: 34134
1008:, pp. 410–411.
854:, pp. 227–235.
638:Two of the furnaces
595:World Heritage Site
483:Monmouthshire Canal
444:Cyfarthfa Ironworks
367:South Wales Valleys
346:World Heritage Site
307:Blaenavon Ironworks
83: /
24:Blaenavon Ironworks
1660:Industrial tourism
1625:Museums in Torfaen
929:, pp. 99–101.
650:Massey steam press
607:Scheduled monument
601:Scheduled monument
567:television series
260:Reference no.
222:Reference no.
184:Reference no.
87:51.7765°N 3.0887°W
1509:978-0-708-32365-6
1459:978-1-8989-3708-1
1409:978-0-708-30953-7
1384:978-0-340-73510-7
958:on 8 October 2016
866:, pp. 36–45.
816:on 8 August 2016.
619:listed structures
531:Alexander Cordell
529:In 1959 novelist
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1557:. Cardiff:
1398:. Cardiff:
962:5 September
769:Newman 2000
553:Clive Aslet
510:Ironworks.
395:Thomas Hill
90: /
66:Coordinates
1599:Categories
1441:1067957316
1418:1338704747
1006:Aslet 2005
939:Evans 2000
897:Evans 2000
885:Evans 2000
781:Evans 2000
733:References
570:Coal House
411:outcropped
381:undertook
252:Designated
214:Designated
176:Designated
146:Designated
75:51°46′35″N
1655:Blaenavon
1518:837982726
1345:21 August
1314:21 August
1283:21 August
1252:21 August
1221:21 August
1190:21 August
1159:21 August
1128:21 August
1097:21 August
1050:21 August
1025:21 August
991:21 August
852:Coxe 1995
834:21 August
754:22 August
473:to carry
416:calcining
407:limestone
379:Pontypool
334:Blaenavon
315:ironworks
311:Blaenavon
238:– Grade I
200:– Grade I
162:– Grade I
78:3°05′19″W
52:Blaenavon
42:Ironworks
1586:Archived
1528:(2000).
1492:(eds.).
1468:34476778
1367:(2005).
716:See also
475:pig iron
403:iron ore
383:tinplate
375:Hanburys
48:Location
1358:Sources
982:Coflein
625:Gallery
515:Big Pit
452:Cwmavon
338:Torfaen
113:Website
56:Torfaen
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1045:UNESCO
986:RCAHMW
592:UNESCO
409:, all
728:Notes
371:Roman
263:15292
225:15294
187:15296
103:Owner
60:Wales
1640:Cadw
1563:ISBN
1559:Cadw
1540:ISBN
1514:OCLC
1504:ISBN
1464:OCLC
1454:ISBN
1437:OCLC
1414:OCLC
1404:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1347:2022
1330:Cadw
1316:2022
1299:Cadw
1285:2022
1268:Cadw
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1237:Cadw
1223:2022
1206:Cadw
1192:2022
1175:Cadw
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1144:Cadw
1130:2022
1113:Cadw
1099:2022
1082:Cadw
1052:2022
1027:2022
993:2022
964:2016
836:2022
756:2022
542:Cadw
505:and
405:and
399:coal
350:Cadw
344:, a
149:2000
107:Cadw
38:Type
565:BBC
458:".
446:in
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