485:. These zones appear to function as rapid transit regions for brain structures involved in diverse neural circuits—like the NTS and arcuate nucleus—to receive blood signals which are then transmitted into neural output. The permeable capillary zone shared between the median eminence and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is augmented by wide pericapillary spaces, facilitating bidirectional flow of solutes between the two structures, and indicating that the median eminence is not only a secretory organ, but may also be a sensory organ.
3926:
1336:
499:
challenge to treatment of most brain disorders. In its neuroprotective role, the blood–brain barrier functions to hinder the delivery of many potentially important diagnostic and therapeutic agents to the brain. Therapeutic molecules and antibodies that might otherwise be effective in diagnosis and therapy do not cross the BBB in adequate amounts to be clinically effective. To overcome this problem some peptides able to naturally cross the BBB have been widely investigated as a drug delivery system.
237:
40:
257:
249:
3966:
3938:
365:
In mice, Claudin-5 loss during development is lethal and results in size-selective (upto 742Da) loosening of the BBB. Mosaic deletion of claudin-5 in adult endothelial cells (in mice) reveals BBB leakage upto 10kDa molecule 6 days after deletion of claudin-5 and lethality after 10 days after deletion
561:
The brain can be targeted non-invasively via the nasal passage. The drugs that remain in the passage after mucociliary clearance, enter the brain via three pathways: (1) Olfactory nerve-olfactory bulb-brain; (2) Trigeminal nerve-brain; and (3) Lungs/ Gastrointestinal tract-blood–brain The first and
744:
of animal brains. He found then the brains did become dyed, but the rest of the body did not, demonstrating the existence of a compartmentalization between the two. At that time, it was thought that the blood vessels themselves were responsible for the barrier, since no obvious membrane could be
675:
The first papers modelling blood-brain barrier permeability identified three properties, i.e., molecular volume, lipophilicity, and hydrogen bonding potential, as contributing to solute transport through the blood-brain barrier. A 2022 dataset selected different classification models based on
498:
The blood–brain barrier is formed by the brain capillary endothelium and excludes from the brain 100% of large-molecule neurotherapeutics and more than 98% of all small-molecule drugs. Overcoming the difficulty of delivering therapeutic agents to specific regions of the brain presents a major
473:
The border zones between brain tissue "behind" the blood–brain barrier and zones "open" to blood signals in certain CVOs contain specialized hybrid capillaries that are leakier than typical brain capillaries, but not as permeable as CVO capillaries. Such zones exist at the border of the area
460:
Permeable capillaries of the sensory CVOs (area postrema, subfornical organ, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis) enable rapid detection of circulating signals in systemic blood, while those of the secretory CVOs (median eminence, pineal gland, pituitary lobes) facilitate transport of
643:
to move across the BBB. However, in many neurodegenerative diseases, the exact cause and pathology remains unknown. It is still unclear whether the BBB dysfunction in the disease is a causative agent, a result of the disease, or somewhere in the middle.
268:
between the endothelial cells of brain capillaries, restricting the passage of solutes. At the interface between blood and the brain, endothelial cells are adjoined continuously by these tight junctions, which are composed of smaller subunits of
707:. Stern was a Russian scientist who published her work in Russian and French. Due to the language barrier between her publications and English-speaking scientists, this could have made her work a lesser-known origin of the term.
2487:
Krol S, Macrez R, Docagne F, Defer G, Laurent S, Rahman M, et al. (March 2013). "Therapeutic benefits from nanoparticles: the potential significance of nanoscience in diseases with compromise to the blood brain barrier".
655:
Blood brain barrier is disrupted in aged mice as opposed to young seen with an increased leakage of IgG into the brain parenchyma, a reduction of the tight junction protein occludin, and a reduction in pericyte coverage.
3101:
Young RC, Mitchell RC, Brown TH, et al. (March 1988). "Development of a new physicochemical model for brain penetration and its application to the design of centrally acting H2 receptor histamine antagonists".
213:. The barrier also restricts the passage of peripheral immune factors, like signaling molecules, antibodies, and immune cells, into the CNS, thus insulating the brain from damage due to peripheral immune events.
3392:
Biedl A, Kraus R (1898). "Über eine bisher unbekannte toxische
Wirkung der Gallensäuren auf das Zentralnervensystem" [A previously unknown toxic effect of bile acids on the central nervous system].
1957:"The design of barriers in the hypothalamus allows the median eminence and the arcuate nucleus to enjoy private milieus: the former opens to the portal blood and the latter to the cerebrospinal fluid"
652:
During healthy aging, there is an age-dependent loss of blood brain barrier in hippocampus in individuals with no cognitive impairment. Uptake of
Glucose is also reduced in aged healthy individuals.
562:
second methods involve the nerves, so they use the neuronal pathway and the third is via systemic circulation. However, these methods are less efficient to deliver drugs as they are indirect methods.
362:
Measurement of brain uptake of various blood-borne solutes showed that newborn endothelial cells were functionally similar to those in adults, indicating that a selective BBB is operative at birth.
525:
Other methods used to get through the BBB may entail the use of endogenous transport systems, including carrier-mediated transporters, such as glucose and amino acid carriers, receptor-mediated
2197:
Harilal S, Jose J, Parambi DG, Kumar R, Unnikrishnan MK, Uddin MS, et al. (July 2020). "Revisiting the blood-brain barrier: A hard nut to crack in the transportation of drug molecules".
1470:
2005:
Gross PM, Wall KM, Pang JJ, Shaver SW, Wainman DS (December 1990). "Microvascular specializations promoting rapid interstitial solute dispersion in nucleus tractus solitarius".
699:
may have been the first to coin the term "blood–brain barrier" in 1900, referring to the hypothesized semipermeable membrane. There is some debate over the creation of the term
1580:
Vázquez-Liébanas E, Mocci G, Li W, Laviña B, Reddy A, O'Connor C, Hudson N, Elbeck Z, Nikoloudis I, Gaengel K, Vanlandewijck M, Campbell M, Betsholtz C, Mäe MA (2024-03-26).
289:(such as JAM-A). Each of these tight junction proteins is stabilized to the endothelial cell membrane by another protein complex that includes scaffolding proteins such as
1384:
Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D (June 2001). "Oxidative stress induced-neurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier".
635:. Effects such as impaired glucose transport and endothelial degeneration may lead to metabolic dysfunction within the brain, and an increased permeability of the BBB to
669:
296:
The BBB is composed of endothelial cells restricting passage of substances from the blood more selectively than endothelial cells of capillaries elsewhere in the body.
2820:
Montagne A, Barnes SR, Sweeney MD, Halliday MR, Sagare AP, Zhao Z, Toga AW, Jacobs RE, Liu CY, Amezcua L, Harrington MG, Chui HC, Law M, Zlokovic BV (January 2015).
2926:
Yang AC, Stevens MY, Chen MB, Lee DP, Stähli D, Gate D, Contrepois K, Chen W, Iram T, Zhang L, Vest RT, Chaney A, Lehallier B, Olsson N, du Bois H (July 2020).
733:
of some kinds of animals except for their brains. At that time, Ehrlich attributed this lack of staining to the brain simply not picking up as much of the dye.
2985:"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction developed during normal aging is associated with inflammation and loss of tight junctions but not with leukocyte recruitment"
3799:
3577:
571:
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brain-derived signals into the circulating blood. Consequently, the CVO permeable capillaries are the point of bidirectional blood–brain communication for
2871:"Lipoic acid restores age-associated impairment of brain energy metabolism through the modulation of Akt/JNK signaling and PGC1α transcriptional pathway"
2334:"Blood-brain barrier disruption induced by focused ultrasound and circulating preformed microbubbles appears to be characterized by the mechanical index"
2043:
Shaver SW, Pang JJ, Wainman DS, Wall KM, Gross PM (March 1992). "Morphology and function of capillary networks in subregions of the rat tuber cinereum".
1427:
Tsai CE, Daood MJ, Lane RH, Hansen TW, Gruetzmacher EM, Watchko JF (January 2002). "P-glycoprotein expression in mouse brain increases with maturation".
3153:
Zhang L, Zhu H, Oprea TI, Golbraikh A, Tropsha A (14 June 2008). "QSAR Modeling of the Blood–Brain
Barrier Permeability for Diverse Organic Compounds".
3882:
442:
400:
are able to pass. In some cases, a drug has to be administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid where it can enter the brain by crossing the
553:, have been found to remain entrapped in brain endothelial cells of capillaries, instead of being ferried across the BBB into the targeted area.
2777:
Alluri H, Wiggins-Dohlvik K, Davis ML, Huang JH, Tharakan B (October 2015). "Blood-brain barrier dysfunction following traumatic brain injury".
579:
is under preliminary research for its potential to facilitate the transfer of drugs across the BBB. Capillary endothelial cells and associated
3954:
3376:
1360:
925:
857:
Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M (June 2004). "The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications".
672:
study of brain–blood distribution conducted reported the in vivo values in rats for a large number of H2 receptor histamine agonists.
308:") surround the endothelial cells of the BBB, providing biochemical support to those cells. The BBB is distinct from the quite similar
3850:
3510:"Markers for blood-brain barrier integrity: how appropriate is Evans blue in the twenty-first century and what are the alternatives?"
3684:
1870:
401:
166:, as well as the selective and active transport of various nutrients, ions, organic anions, and macromolecules such as glucose and
3570:
356:
3991:
772:
692:" failed to affect behavior when injected into the blood of animals. Thus, in theory, the salts failed to enter the brain.
433:
endothelial cells unlike those of the blood–brain barrier. Included among CVOs having highly permeable capillaries are the
616:
3916:
1632:"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection"
1488:(January 1980). "Newborn rabbit blood-brain barrier is selectively permeable and differs substantially from the adult".
286:
587:, may contribute to the resistance of brain tumors to therapy using nanoparticles. Fat soluble molecules less than 400
583:
may be abnormal in tumors and the blood–brain barrier may not always be intact in brain tumors. Other factors, such as
4016:
3563:
703:
as it is often attributed to
Lewandowsky, but it does not appear in his papers. The creator of the term may have been
2442:"Nose-to-brain drug delivery: An update on clinical challenges and progress towards approval of anti-Alzheimer drugs"
2291:
Marcos-Contreras OA, Martinez de
Lizarrondo S, Bardou I, Orset C, Pruvost M, Anfray A, et al. (November 2016).
725:
to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes. As
Ehrlich injected some of these dyes (notably the
4001:
3738:
546:
503:
210:
2677:"Implications of MMP9 for Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Ischemic Stroke"
1899:"New aspects in fenestrated capillary and tissue dynamics in the sensory circumventricular organs of adult brains"
1250:
Abbott NJ, Rönnbäck L, Hansson E (January 2006). "Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier".
760:
4006:
2383:"Transcytosis and brain uptake of transferrin-containing nanoparticles by tuning avidity to transferrin receptor"
475:
778:
766:
754:
3733:
3721:
3713:
2293:"Hyperfibrinolysis increases blood-brain barrier permeability by a plasmin- and bradykinin-dependent mechanism"
418:
413:
324:
290:
82:
502:
Mechanisms for drug targeting in the brain involve going either "through" or "behind" the BBB. Modalities for
1763:"Novel modified method for injection into the cerebrospinal fluid via the cerebellomedullary cistern in mice"
1582:"Mosaic deletion of claudin-5 reveals rapid non-cell-autonomous consequences of blood-brain barrier leakage"
859:
221:
3925:
1335:
3395:
624:
612:
132:
120:
94:
3214:"Alvascience: A New Software Suite for the QSAR Workflow Applied to the Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability"
903:
3448:"The rights and wrongs of blood-brain barrier permeability studies: a walk through 100 years of history"
1464:
538:
430:
317:
270:
236:
1581:
3694:
2394:
1485:
1350:
1109:
Muldoon LL, Alvarez JI, Begley DJ, Boado RJ, Del Zoppo GJ, Doolittle ND, et al. (January 2013).
677:
604:
550:
343:"directly into the systemic circulation", thus melatonin is not affected by the blood–brain barrier.
39:
3972:
3864:
3782:
3679:
3619:
3446:
Saunders NR, Dreifuss JJ, Dziegielewska KM, Johansson PA, Habgood MD, Møllgård K, Bauer HC (2014).
741:
385:
190:
763: – Part of the blood–ocular barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the retina
664:
There have been many attempts to correlate the experimental blood–brain barrier permeability with
3996:
3887:
3667:
3598:
3586:
3406:
3358:
3194:
3170:
3119:
2802:
2440:
Agrawal M, Saraf S, Saraf S, Antimisiaris SG, Chougule MB, Shoyele SA, Alexander A (2018-07-10).
2222:
2068:
1984:
1513:
1452:
1409:
1275:
931:
884:
375:
328:
128:
62:
27:
Semipermeable capillary border that allows selective passage of blood constituents into the brain
1006:"A blood-brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity"
781: – Physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of animal testes
3421:
1193:
van
Leeuwen LM, Evans RJ, Jim KK, Verboom T, Fang X, Bojarczuk A, et al. (February 2018).
3877:
3762:
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3636:
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3372:
3339:
3331:
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3284:
3245:
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2947:
2908:
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2851:
2794:
2759:
2708:
2657:
2608:
2577:
Hashizume H, Baluk P, Morikawa S, McLean JW, Thurston G, Roberge S, et al. (April 2000).
2559:
2505:
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2461:
2422:
2363:
2314:
2273:
2214:
2179:
2117:
2060:
2022:
1976:
1930:
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1832:
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1609:
1601:
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1505:
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1401:
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1140:
1091:
1037:
986:
921:
876:
839:
438:
256:
163:
159:
323:
Not all vessels in the human brain exhibit BBB properties. Some examples of this include the
216:
Specialized brain structures participating in sensory and secretory integration within brain
3903:
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3743:
3704:
3614:
3531:
3521:
3477:
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2739:
2698:
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2647:
2639:
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2590:
2549:
2539:
2528:"Nanotechnology approaches to crossing the blood-brain barrier and drug delivery to the CNS"
2497:
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2402:
2353:
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2304:
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2107:
2099:
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2014:
1968:
1920:
1910:
1858:
1822:
1774:
1733:
1723:
1651:
1643:
1593:
1552:
1544:
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1393:
1314:
1306:
1259:
1222:
1214:
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1130:
1122:
1081:
1073:
1027:
1017:
976:
968:
913:
868:
829:
821:
628:
422:
3942:
3820:
3804:
3767:
3662:
3646:
2150:"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders"
730:
696:
665:
482:
454:
446:
426:
265:
757: – Physical barrier between the local blood vessels and most parts of the eye itself
3555:
2398:
4011:
3930:
3845:
3825:
3536:
3509:
3482:
3447:
3240:
3213:
3078:
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3019:
2984:
2983:
Elahy M, Jackaman C, Mamo JC, Lam V, Dhaliwal SS, Giles C, Nelson D, Takechi R (2015).
2960:
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2727:
2703:
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2241:
2210:
2174:
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2112:
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1925:
1898:
1855:
Circumventricular Organs and Brain Fluid
Environment - Molecular and Functional Aspects
1738:
1711:
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1631:
1557:
1532:
1501:
1319:
1294:
1227:
1194:
1135:
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1005:
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956:
917:
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809:
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576:
542:
462:
352:
313:
309:
225:
217:
182:
2594:
2103:
1862:
1397:
3985:
3787:
3777:
3726:
3672:
3609:
2928:"Physiological blood-brain transport is impaired with age by a shift in transcytosis"
2643:
2242:"Biological Membrane-Penetrating Peptides: Computational Prediction and Applications"
2226:
2018:
1310:
1279:
632:
588:
434:
305:
3198:
2806:
2072:
1988:
1956:
1517:
1456:
1413:
935:
248:
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1972:
1680:
888:
714:
636:
608:
526:
479:
450:
336:
332:
301:
205:, hormones) and small non-polar molecules. Cells of the barrier actively transport
151:
57:
17:
2457:
380:
The blood–brain barrier acts effectively to protect brain tissue from circulating
2837:
2446:
Journal of
Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
2309:
2292:
1597:
1533:"Size-selective loosening of the blood-brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice"
1111:"Immunologic privilege in the central nervous system and the blood-brain barrier"
907:
87:
3629:
3590:
1531:
Nitta T, Hata M, Gotoh S, Seo Y, Sasaki H, Hashimoto N, et al. (May 2003).
825:
726:
534:
507:
397:
124:
3044:"Age-Associated Changes in the Immune System and Blood⁻Brain Barrier Functions"
2387:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1647:
1077:
1022:
3166:
3001:
2943:
2790:
2544:
2258:
2165:
1062:"Brain endothelial cell-cell junctions: how to "open" the blood brain barrier"
872:
704:
640:
584:
515:
393:
206:
194:
186:
167:
3526:
3473:
3464:
3335:
3311:
3288:
3264:
3182:
3174:
3131:
3123:
3069:
3010:
2951:
2894:
2744:
2693:
2579:"Openings between defective endothelial cells explain tumor vessel leakiness"
2465:
1915:
1605:
2441:
2407:
1370:
1295:"Establishment of a human in vitro model of the outer blood-retinal barrier"
722:
689:
580:
389:
340:
297:
241:
155:
148:
144:
3545:
3491:
3343:
3296:
3249:
3190:
3087:
3028:
2969:
2912:
2855:
2798:
2763:
2712:
2661:
2612:
2563:
2509:
2473:
2426:
2367:
2318:
2277:
2218:
2183:
2121:
1980:
1934:
1827:
1810:
1788:
1779:
1762:
1747:
1696:
1665:
1613:
1566:
1448:
1405:
1328:
1271:
1236:
1179:
1144:
1126:
1095:
1041:
990:
880:
843:
3368:
3230:
3139:
2064:
2026:
1880:
1836:
1728:
1548:
1509:
3060:
718:
620:
381:
278:
274:
174:
3115:
2240:
de Oliveira EC, da Costa KS, Taube PS, Lima AH, Junior CS (2022-03-25).
2886:
2088:"Evolving Drug Delivery Strategies to Overcome the Blood Brain Barrier"
2056:
1218:
1171:
530:
511:
3327:
3280:
2501:
1440:
320:, which can be considered a part of the whole realm of such barriers.
100:
3363:. Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry (1 ed.). Wiley.
1625:
1623:
514:
means, or biochemically by the use of vasoactive substances, such as
178:
1853:
Gross PM (1992). "Chapter 31: Circumventricular organ capillaries".
1263:
972:
957:"Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier"
1158:
Kaur C, Ling EA (September 2017). "The circumventricular organs".
592:
282:
255:
247:
235:
140:
136:
2626:
Souza RM, da Silva IC, Delgado AB, da Silva PH, Costa VR (2018).
429:
in the brain, and are characterized by dense capillary beds with
396:
are too large to cross the blood–brain barrier, and only certain
127:
that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the
3792:
2628:"Focused ultrasound and Alzheimer's disease A systematic review"
519:
143:. The blood–brain barrier is formed by endothelial cells of the
3559:
740:(one of Ehrlich's students) injected the dye directly into the
3508:
Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Møllgård K, Habgood MD (2015).
2869:
Jiang T, Yin F, Yao J, Brinton RD, Cadenas E (December 2013).
2822:"Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in the Aging Human Hippocampus"
3948:
1857:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 91. pp. 219–33.
260:
Sketch showing constitution of blood vessels inside the brain
162:. This system allows the passage of some small molecules by
1685:
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan
1199:
study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using
209:
products such as glucose across the barrier using specific
1681:"Penetration and activity of antibiotics in brain abscess"
366:
demonstrating a critical role of Claudin-5 in adult BBB.
252:
The astrocytes type 1 surrounding capillaries in the brain
1060:
Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV (September 2008).
1055:
1053:
1051:
421:(CVOs) are individual structures located adjacent to the
392:
of the brain that do occur are often difficult to treat.
3310:
Durant JL, Leland BA, Henry DR, Nourse JG (2002-11-01).
1630:
Abdullahi W, Tripathi D, Ronaldson PT (September 2018).
1355:(1st ed.). Fence Creek Publishing. pp. 76–77.
729:
that were then widely used), the dye stained all of the
351:
The BBB appears to be functional by the time of birth.
3312:"Reoptimization of MDL Keys for Use in Drug Discovery"
2086:
Hersh DS, Wadajkar AS, Roberts N, et al. (2016).
955:
Obermeier B, Daneman R, Ransohoff RM (December 2013).
603:
The blood–brain barrier may become damaged in certain
3914:
3316:
Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences
1712:"Drug transport in brain via the cerebrospinal fluid"
1679:
Raza MW, Shad A, Pedler SJ, Karamat KA (March 2005).
384:
and other potentially toxic substances. Accordingly,
331:, capillaries in the pineal gland on the roof of the
312:, which is a function of the choroidal cells of the
3896:
3863:
3838:
3813:
3752:
3712:
3703:
3645:
3597:
81:
73:
68:
56:
51:
32:
2728:"Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage"
2381:Wiley DT, Webster P, Gale A, Davis ME (May 2013).
2332:McDannold N, Vykhodtseva N, Hynynen K (May 2008).
1955:Rodríguez EM, Blázquez JL, Guerra M (April 2010).
2148:Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV (March 2018).
1469:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
173:The blood–brain barrier restricts the passage of
2246:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
591:in mass can freely diffuse past the BBB through
228:—have in contrast highly permeable capillaries.
1636:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
1293:Hamilton RD, Foss AJ, Leach L (December 2007).
1004:Kadry H, Noorani B, Cucullo L (November 2020).
904:"Anatomy and physiology of blood-brain barrier"
359:, exists already in the embryonal endothelium.
688:A 1898 study observed that low-concentration "
639:factors, potentially allowing antibiotics and
3571:
1815:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
1115:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
8:
3269:Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
572:Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain
264:The BBB results from the selectivity of the
3503:
3501:
3218:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3048:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
139:from harmful or unwanted substances in the
3709:
3578:
3564:
3556:
3360:Molecular Descriptors for Chemoinformatics
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
1811:"Peering through the windows of the brain"
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
814:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
775: – Semipermeable anatomical interface
676:molecular fingerprints, MACCS166 keys and
38:
3535:
3525:
3481:
3463:
3239:
3229:
3077:
3059:
3018:
3000:
2959:
2902:
2845:
2753:
2743:
2702:
2692:
2651:
2602:
2553:
2543:
2416:
2406:
2357:
2308:
2267:
2257:
2173:
2111:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1924:
1914:
1892:
1890:
1848:
1846:
1826:
1778:
1737:
1727:
1655:
1556:
1318:
1226:
1134:
1085:
1031:
1021:
980:
833:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
510:through the BBB entail its disruption by
2521:
2519:
769: – Semipermeable biological barrier
736:However, in a later experiment in 1913,
549:targeting BBB transporters, such as the
520:high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
339:. The pineal gland secretes the hormone
3961:
3921:
3357:Todeschini R, Consonni V (2009-07-15).
1761:Chen Y, Imai H, Ito A, Saito N (2013).
791:
443:vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
2038:
2036:
2000:
1998:
1462:
1195:"A transgenic zebrafish model for the
98:
29:
3416:
3414:
902:Gupta S, Dhanda S, Sandhir R (2019).
648:Blood brain barrier in healthy ageing
170:that are crucial to neural function.
7:
3265:"Extended-Connectivity Fingerprints"
3042:Erickson MA, Banks WA (2019-04-02).
2726:Mracsko E, Veltkamp R (2014-11-20).
2338:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
1809:Gross PM, Weindl A (December 1987).
909:Brain Targeted Drug Delivery System
721:, a procedure that is used in many
518:, or even by localized exposure to
327:, the roof of the third and fourth
300:cell projections called astrocytic
2732:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2681:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2675:Turner RJ, Sharp FR (2016-03-04).
2350:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.10.016
2211:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.018
2007:The American Journal of Physiology
1767:Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
1502:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb04633.x
918:10.1016/b978-0-12-814001-7.00002-0
808:Daneman R, Prat A (January 2015).
193:, while allowing the diffusion of
25:
2583:The American Journal of Pathology
2104:10.2174/1381612822666151221150733
1349:Pritchard TC, Alloway KD (1999).
912:. Academic Press. pp. 7–31.
402:blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
310:blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
3964:
3936:
3924:
3422:"History of Blood-Brain Barrier"
2989:Immunity & Ageing: I & A
2644:10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040003
2019:10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.6.R1131
1334:
1311:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00812.x
3263:Rogers D, Hahn M (2010-05-24).
2632:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
668:properties. In 1988, the first
545:. Some studies have shown that
293:(ZO1) and associated proteins.
154:ensheathing the capillary, and
44:Solute permeability at the BBB
3104:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1973:10.1016/j.peptides.2010.01.003
1716:Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
1:
2595:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7
2458:10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.011
2092:Current Pharmaceutical Design
1863:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62338-9
1710:Pardridge WM (January 2011).
1398:10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00019-3
617:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2838:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032
2310:10.1182/blood-2016-03-705384
1598:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113911
1252:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1160:Histology and Histopathology
599:Damage in injury and disease
595:mediated passive diffusion.
287:junctional adhesion molecule
3428:. The University of Arizona
3212:Mauri A, Bertola M (2022).
1537:The Journal of Cell Biology
826:10.1101/cshperspect.a020412
478:(NTS), and median eminence—
469:Specialized permeable zones
4033:
2526:Silva GA (December 2008).
1648:10.1152/ajpcell.00095.2018
1078:10.2174/157015908785777210
1023:10.1186/s12987-020-00230-3
906:. In Gao H, Gao X (eds.).
569:
539:active efflux transporters
504:drug delivery to the brain
453:, and three lobes of the
411:
373:
158:embedded in the capillary
3883:Interventricular foramina
3514:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3452:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3167:10.1007/s11095-008-9609-0
3002:10.1186/s12979-015-0029-9
2944:10.1038/s41586-020-2453-z
2791:10.1007/s11011-015-9651-7
2545:10.1186/1471-2202-9-S3-S4
2259:10.3389/fcimb.2022.838259
2166:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188
2154:Nature Reviews. Neurology
1903:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1490:Journal of Neurochemistry
1066:Current Neuropharmacology
873:10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.016
810:"The blood-brain barrier"
773:blood–spinal cord barrier
557:Intranasal administration
476:nucleus tractus solitarii
93:
37:
3734:Inferior medullary velum
3722:Superior medullary velum
3527:10.3389/fnins.2015.00385
3465:10.3389/fnins.2014.00404
2745:10.3389/fncel.2014.00388
2694:10.3389/fncel.2016.00056
2045:Cell and Tissue Research
1916:10.3389/fnins.2015.00390
419:Circumventricular organs
414:Circumventricular organs
408:Circumventricular organs
325:circumventricular organs
291:tight junction protein 1
222:circumventricular organs
119:) is a highly selective
3155:Pharmaceutical Research
2779:Metabolic Brain Disease
2408:10.1073/pnas.1307152110
2199:Brain Research Bulletin
1484:Braun LD, Cornford EM,
1443:(inactive 2024-09-11).
860:Neurobiology of Disease
623:, ischemic stroke, and
388:of the brain are rare.
3992:Central nervous system
1828:10.1038/jcbfm.1987.120
1780:10.55782/ane-2013-1938
1429:Biology of the Neonate
1127:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.153
537:, and the blocking of
386:blood-borne infections
271:transmembrane proteins
261:
253:
245:
135:, thus protecting the
133:central nervous system
95:Anatomical terminology
3953:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
3369:10.1002/9783527628766
3231:10.3390/ijms232112882
1729:10.1186/2045-8118-8-7
1549:10.1083/jcb.200302070
761:blood–retinal barrier
678:molecular descriptors
605:neurological diseases
318:blood-retinal barrier
259:
251:
244:supplying brain cells
240:Part of a network of
239:
3695:Posterior commissure
3396:Zentralblatt Inn Med
3061:10.3390/ijms20071632
1352:Medical Neuroscience
779:blood–testis barrier
767:blood–saliva barrier
755:blood–ocular barrier
551:transferrin receptor
489:Therapeutic research
3951:Blood–brain barrier
3873:Blood–brain barrier
3865:Cerebrospinal fluid
3783:Hypoglossal trigone
3680:Hypothalamic sulcus
3663:Infundibular recess
3620:Collateral eminence
3407:4353654721035571173
3116:10.1021/jm00398a028
2399:2013PNAS..110.8662W
2013:(6 Pt 2): R1131-8.
1010:Fluids Barriers CNS
742:cerebrospinal fluid
701:blood–brain barrier
613:Alzheimer's disease
191:cerebrospinal fluid
189:molecules into the
177:, the diffusion of
113:blood–brain barrier
33:Blood–brain barrier
18:Blood-brain barrier
4017:Circulatory system
3888:Perilymphatic duct
3668:Suprapineal recess
3599:Lateral ventricles
3587:Ventricular system
2887:10.1111/acel.12127
2057:10.1007/BF00319366
1299:Journal of Anatomy
1219:10.1242/bio.030494
1172:10.14670/HH-11-881
723:microscopy studies
607:, as indicated by
376:Neuroimmune system
262:
254:
246:
211:transport proteins
181:in the blood, and
129:circulatory system
63:Neuroimmune system
46:vs. choroid plexus
4002:Animal physiology
3912:
3911:
3878:Cerebral aqueduct
3859:
3858:
3763:Facial colliculus
3690:Subfornical organ
3637:Septum pellucidum
3378:978-3-527-31852-0
3328:10.1021/ci010132r
3281:10.1021/ci100050t
2938:(7816): 425–430.
2502:10.1021/cr200472g
2303:(20): 2423–2434.
1897:Miyata S (2015).
1441:10.1159/000047185
1386:Neuropharmacology
1362:978-1-889325-29-3
927:978-0-12-814001-7
695:Two years later,
629:systemic diseases
439:subfornical organ
164:passive diffusion
160:basement membrane
125:endothelial cells
109:
108:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4024:
4007:Pharmacokinetics
3977:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3904:Ventriculomegaly
3710:
3705:Fourth ventricle
3615:Stria terminalis
3580:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3467:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3418:
3409:
3405:Google Scholar:
3404:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3322:(6): 1273–1280.
3307:
3301:
3300:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3224:(12882): 12882.
3209:
3203:
3202:
3161:(8): 1902–1914.
3150:
3144:
3143:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3063:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2881:(6): 1021–1031.
2866:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2785:(5): 1093–1104.
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2532:BMC Neuroscience
2523:
2514:
2513:
2490:Chemical Reviews
2484:
2478:
2477:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2145:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2098:(9): 1177–1193.
2083:
2077:
2076:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1642:(3): C343–C356.
1627:
1618:
1617:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1322:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1213:(2): bio030494.
1190:
1184:
1183:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1057:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1001:
995:
994:
984:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
899:
893:
892:
854:
848:
847:
837:
805:
494:As a drug target
423:fourth ventricle
304:(also known as "
101:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4021:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:sister projects
3955:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3892:
3855:
3834:
3830:Lateral/Luschka
3821:Median/Magendie
3809:
3805:Sulcus limitans
3800:Medial eminence
3768:Locus coeruleus
3748:
3699:
3647:Third ventricle
3641:
3626:Occipital horn
3593:
3584:
3554:
3553:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3041:
3040:
3036:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2538:(Suppl 3): S4.
2525:
2524:
2517:
2496:(3): 1877–903.
2486:
2485:
2481:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2147:
2146:
2129:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1954:
1953:
1942:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1873:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1461:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1264:10.1038/nrn1824
1249:
1248:
1244:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1003:
1002:
998:
973:10.1038/nm.3407
967:(12): 1584–96.
961:Nature Medicine
954:
953:
949:
940:
938:
928:
901:
900:
896:
856:
855:
851:
807:
806:
793:
788:
751:
710:All the while,
697:Max Lewandowsky
686:
666:physicochemical
662:
650:
637:proinflammatory
601:
574:
568:
559:
496:
491:
483:arcuate nucleus
471:
455:pituitary gland
447:median eminence
427:third ventricle
416:
410:
378:
372:
349:
316:, and from the
266:tight junctions
234:
218:neural circuits
204:
200:
105:
47:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3933:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3851:Tela choroidea
3848:
3846:Rhomboid fossa
3842:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3826:Lateral recess
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3718:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:Tela choroidea
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3497:
3438:
3410:
3384:
3377:
3349:
3302:
3275:(5): 742–754.
3255:
3204:
3145:
3110:(3): 656–671.
3093:
3034:
2975:
2918:
2861:
2832:(2): 296–302.
2812:
2769:
2718:
2667:
2638:(4): 353–359.
2618:
2589:(4): 1363–80.
2569:
2515:
2479:
2432:
2393:(21): 8662–7.
2373:
2324:
2283:
2232:
2189:
2160:(3): 133–150.
2127:
2078:
2032:
1994:
1940:
1886:
1871:
1842:
1794:
1773:(2): 304–311.
1753:
1702:
1691:(3): 165–167.
1671:
1619:
1572:
1523:
1476:
1419:
1376:
1361:
1341:
1285:
1242:
1185:
1166:(9): 879–892.
1150:
1101:
1047:
996:
947:
926:
894:
849:
820:(1): a020412.
790:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
750:
747:
738:Edwin Goldmann
712:bacteriologist
685:
682:
661:
658:
649:
646:
600:
597:
577:Nanotechnology
570:Main article:
567:
564:
558:
555:
543:p-glycoprotein
495:
492:
490:
487:
470:
467:
463:neuroendocrine
412:Main article:
409:
406:
371:
368:
353:P-glycoprotein
348:
345:
314:choroid plexus
233:
230:
226:choroid plexus
202:
198:
145:capillary wall
107:
106:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4029:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Area postrema
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Vagal trigone
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3673:Pineal recess
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Lamina affixa
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:(5): 834–40.
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:(3): 437–48.
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:(4): 757–76.
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1872:9780444814197
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1821:(6): 663–72.
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:(3): 113911.
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:(3): 653–60.
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:(1): 147–52.
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:(8): 959–75.
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:(6): 707–16.
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:(3): 179–92.
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
948:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:
905:
898:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:
853:
850:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
792:
785:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
746:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:was studying
716:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
683:
681:
679:
673:
671:
667:
659:
657:
653:
647:
645:
642:
638:
634:
633:liver failure
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
566:Nanoparticles
565:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
493:
488:
486:
484:
481:
477:
468:
466:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:area postrema
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:
369:
367:
363:
360:
358:
354:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:glia limitans
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
258:
250:
243:
238:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:semipermeable
118:
114:
102:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
64:
61:
59:
55:
50:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3976:from Commons
3971:
3950:
3872:
3658:Optic recess
3517:
3513:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3430:. Retrieved
3425:
3403:: 1185–1200.
3400:
3394:
3387:
3359:
3352:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3051:
3047:
3037:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2535:
2531:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2157:
2153:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2048:
2044:
2010:
2006:
1964:
1960:
1906:
1902:
1854:
1818:
1814:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1639:
1635:
1589:
1586:Cell Reports
1585:
1575:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1486:Oldendorf WH
1479:
1465:cite journal
1435:(1): 58–64.
1432:
1428:
1422:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1351:
1344:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1258:(1): 41–53.
1255:
1251:
1245:
1210:
1207:Biology Open
1206:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1121:(1): 13–21.
1118:
1114:
1104:
1069:
1065:
1013:
1009:
999:
964:
960:
950:
939:. Retrieved
908:
897:
864:
858:
852:
817:
813:
735:
727:aniline dyes
715:Paul Ehrlich
709:
700:
694:
687:
674:
663:
654:
651:
625:brain trauma
609:neuroimaging
602:
575:
560:
527:transcytosis
524:
501:
497:
480:hypothalamic
472:
459:
451:pineal gland
417:
379:
364:
361:
350:
337:pineal gland
333:diencephalon
322:
295:
263:
215:
197:molecules (O
172:
116:
112:
110:
3630:Calcar avis
3591:human brain
3054:(7): 1632.
2452:: 139–177.
2205:: 121–140.
867:(1): 1–13.
611:studies of
535:transferrin
398:antibiotics
357:transporter
347:Development
242:capillaries
195:hydrophobic
187:hydrophilic
168:amino acids
69:Identifiers
3986:Categories
3432:2023-11-02
2875:Aging Cell
2252:: 838259.
941:2023-11-02
786:References
705:Lina Stern
690:bile salts
660:Prediction
641:phagocytes
631:, such as
585:astrocytes
516:bradykinin
508:unit doses
465:function.
394:Antibodies
390:Infections
374:See also:
329:ventricles
273:, such as
123:border of
74:Acronym(s)
3997:Neurology
3814:Apertures
3744:Fastigium
3654:Recesses
3474:1662-453X
3426:Davis Lab
3336:0095-2338
3289:1549-9596
3183:0724-8741
3175:1573-904X
3132:0022-2623
3124:1520-4804
3070:1422-0067
3011:1742-4933
2952:1476-4687
2895:1474-9726
2466:1873-4995
2227:215807970
1606:2211-1247
1280:205500476
1201:claudin 5
1016:(1): 69.
627:, and in
581:pericytes
474:postrema—
431:permeable
382:pathogens
341:melatonin
298:Astrocyte
283:Claudin-5
281:(such as
232:Structure
207:metabolic
175:pathogens
156:pericytes
149:astrocyte
3943:Medicine
3727:Frenulum
3546:26578854
3492:25565938
3344:12444722
3297:20426451
3250:36361669
3199:22184045
3191:18553217
3088:30986918
3029:25784952
2970:32612231
2913:23815272
2856:25611508
2807:17688028
2799:25624154
2764:25477782
2713:26973468
2662:30546844
2613:10751361
2564:19091001
2510:23157552
2474:29772289
2427:23650374
2368:18207311
2319:27531677
2278:35402305
2219:32315731
2184:29377008
2122:26685681
2073:27789146
1989:44760261
1981:20093161
1961:Peptides
1935:26578857
1789:23823990
1748:21349155
1722:(1): 7.
1697:15808097
1666:29949404
1614:38446668
1567:12743111
1518:21944159
1457:46815691
1449:11803178
1414:15395925
1406:11406187
1371:41086829
1329:17922819
1272:16371949
1237:29437557
1180:28177105
1145:23072749
1096:19506719
1042:33208141
991:24309662
936:91847478
881:15207256
844:25561720
749:See also
719:staining
621:epilepsy
541:such as
370:Function
335:and the
279:claudins
275:occludin
152:end-feet
131:and the
3931:Anatomy
3917:Portals
3897:Related
3589:of the
3537:4624851
3520:: 385.
3483:4267212
3458:: 404.
3241:9655980
3140:2894467
3079:6479894
3020:4362825
2961:8331074
2904:3819405
2847:4350773
2755:4238323
2738:: 388.
2704:4777722
2653:6289486
2604:1876882
2555:2604882
2418:3666717
2395:Bibcode
2359:2442477
2269:8992797
2175:5829048
2113:4900538
2065:1571958
2027:2260724
1926:4621430
1909:: 390.
1881:1410407
1837:2891718
1739:3042981
1657:6171039
1558:2172943
1510:7452231
1320:2375847
1228:5861362
1197:in vivo
1136:3597357
1087:2687937
1033:7672931
982:4080800
889:2202060
835:4292164
745:found.
684:History
589:daltons
547:vectors
531:insulin
512:osmotic
179:solutes
88:D001812
52:Details
3774:Lower
3759:Upper
3739:Taenia
3544:
3534:
3490:
3480:
3472:
3375:
3342:
3334:
3295:
3287:
3248:
3238:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3086:
3076:
3068:
3027:
3017:
3009:
2968:
2958:
2950:
2932:Nature
2911:
2901:
2893:
2854:
2844:
2826:Neuron
2805:
2797:
2762:
2752:
2711:
2701:
2687:: 56.
2660:
2650:
2611:
2601:
2562:
2552:
2508:
2472:
2464:
2425:
2415:
2366:
2356:
2317:
2276:
2266:
2225:
2217:
2182:
2172:
2120:
2110:
2071:
2063:
2025:
1987:
1979:
1933:
1923:
1879:
1869:
1835:
1787:
1746:
1736:
1695:
1664:
1654:
1612:
1604:
1565:
1555:
1516:
1508:
1455:
1447:
1412:
1404:
1369:
1359:
1327:
1317:
1278:
1270:
1235:
1225:
1178:
1143:
1133:
1094:
1084:
1040:
1030:
989:
979:
934:
924:
887:
879:
842:
832:
731:organs
58:System
4012:Brain
3973:Media
3839:Other
3753:Floor
3606:Body
3195:S2CID
3171:eISSN
3120:eISSN
2995:: 2.
2803:S2CID
2297:Blood
2223:S2CID
2069:S2CID
1985:S2CID
1514:S2CID
1453:S2CID
1410:S2CID
1276:S2CID
932:S2CID
885:S2CID
593:lipid
220:—the
183:large
141:blood
137:brain
99:[
3793:Obex
3714:Roof
3542:PMID
3488:PMID
3470:ISSN
3373:ISBN
3340:PMID
3332:ISSN
3293:PMID
3285:ISSN
3246:PMID
3187:PMID
3179:ISSN
3136:PMID
3128:ISSN
3084:PMID
3066:ISSN
3025:PMID
3007:ISSN
2966:PMID
2948:ISSN
2909:PMID
2891:ISSN
2852:PMID
2795:PMID
2760:PMID
2709:PMID
2658:PMID
2609:PMID
2560:PMID
2506:PMID
2470:PMID
2462:ISSN
2423:PMID
2364:PMID
2315:PMID
2274:PMID
2215:PMID
2180:PMID
2118:PMID
2061:PMID
2023:PMID
1977:PMID
1931:PMID
1877:PMID
1867:ISBN
1833:PMID
1785:PMID
1744:PMID
1693:PMID
1662:PMID
1610:PMID
1602:ISSN
1563:PMID
1506:PMID
1471:link
1445:PMID
1402:PMID
1367:OCLC
1357:ISBN
1325:PMID
1268:PMID
1233:PMID
1176:PMID
1141:PMID
1092:PMID
1038:PMID
987:PMID
922:ISBN
877:PMID
840:PMID
670:QSAR
529:for
355:, a
302:feet
224:and
201:, CO
111:The
83:MeSH
3828:to
3532:PMC
3522:doi
3478:PMC
3460:doi
3365:doi
3324:doi
3277:doi
3236:PMC
3226:doi
3163:doi
3112:doi
3074:PMC
3056:doi
3015:PMC
2997:doi
2956:PMC
2940:doi
2936:583
2899:PMC
2883:doi
2842:PMC
2834:doi
2787:doi
2750:PMC
2740:doi
2699:PMC
2689:doi
2648:PMC
2640:doi
2599:PMC
2591:doi
2587:156
2550:PMC
2540:doi
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