271:. Most of the reasons for use are the same as those for RBCs, and whole blood is not frequently used in high income countries where packed red blood cells are readily available. However, use of whole blood is much more common in low and middle income countries. Over 40% of blood collected in low-income countries is administered as whole blood, and approximately a third of all blood collected in middle-income countries is administered as whole blood.
40:
1963:
341:
The collected blood is generally separated into components by one of three methods. A centrifuge can be used in a "hard spin" which separates whole blood into plasma and red cells or a "soft spin" which separates it into plasma, buffy coat (used to make platelets), and red blood cells. The third
977:
Milford EM, Gurney JM, Beckett A, Strandenes G, Reade MC. Type-specific whole blood still has a role in the era of low titer O universal donor transfusion for severe trauma hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024 May 20. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000004369. Epub ahead of print. PMID:
1028:
Chu YH, Rose WN, Nawrot W, Raife TJ. Pooled platelet concentrates provide a small benefit over single-donor platelets for patients with platelet refractoriness of any etiology. J Int Med Res. 2021 May;49(5):3000605211016748. doi: 10.1177/03000605211016748. PMID: 34013757; PMCID:
301:
in the civilian setting. Whole blood can be ABO-type specific when the recipient blood type is known. For unknown recipient type, low-titer O universal donor whole blood (LTOWB) can be used; this requires that the donor plasma contains only low titers of anti-A and anti-B.
908:
Sharma DC, Rai S, Mehra A, Kaur MM, Sao S, Gaur A, Sapra R. Study of 25 cases of exchange transfusion by reconstituted blood in hemolytic disease of newborn. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2007 Jul;1(2):56-8. doi: 10.4103/0973-6247.33448. PMID: 21938234; PMCID:
1038:
Kumar R, Dhawan HK, Sharma RR, Kaur J. Buffy coat pooled platelet concentrate: A new age platelet component. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2021 Jul-Dec;15(2):125-132. doi: 10.4103/ajts.AJTS_72_19. Epub 2021 Nov 1. PMID: 34908742; PMCID:
350:
Whole blood is typically stored under the same conditions as red blood cells and can be kept up to 35 days if collected with CPDA-1 storage solution or 21 days with other common storage solutions such as CPD.
342:
method is sedimentation: the blood simply sits overnight and the red cells and plasma are separated by gravitational interactions. Preparing a pooled buffy coat concentrate may provide additional advantages.
1988:
354:
If the blood is used to make platelets, it is kept at room temperature until the process is complete. This must be done quickly to minimize the warm storage of RBCs in the unit.
71:
1326:
1083:
1621:
524:
Bahr MP, Yazer MH, Triulzi DJ, Collins RA (December 2016). "Whole blood for the acutely haemorrhaging civilian trauma patient: a novel idea or rediscovery?".
1321:
338:
because whole blood platelets, sometimes called "random donor" platelets, must be pooled from multiple donors to get enough for an adult therapeutic dose.
173:
1331:
1204:
1876:
1830:
1347:
1316:
1001:
224:
177:
1342:
1007:
685:
652:
619:
586:
476:
394:
297:
Transfusion of whole blood is being used in the military setting and is being studied in pre-hospital trauma care and in the setting of
227:. In the 1980s the cost of whole blood was about US$ 50 per unit in the United States. Whole blood is not commonly used outside of the
1076:
773:
679:
388:
1614:
1359:
767:
613:
580:
503:
470:
169:
334:
for transfusion can also be prepared from a unit of whole blood. Some blood banks have replaced this with platelets collected by
1689:
943:
Goforth CW, Tranberg JW, Boyer P, Silvestri PJ (June 2016). "Fresh Whole Blood
Transfusion: Military and Civilian Implications".
1740:
646:
204:. It is best within a day of collection; however, can be used for up to three weeks. The blood is typically combined with an
161:
1993:
1935:
1658:
1144:
1069:
790:
Flint AW, McQuilten ZK, Wood EM (April 2018). "Massive transfusions for critical bleeding: is everything old new again?".
181:
1953:
1735:
1707:
1607:
1394:
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1919:
1264:
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1983:
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59:
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268:
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165:
138:
1051:
836:
Pivalizza EG, Stephens CT, Sridhar S, Gumbert SD, Rossmann S, Bertholf MF, et al. (July 2018).
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609:
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541:
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491:
466:
458:
432:
384:
376:
311:
282:(FFP) for neonatal transfusions. This is done to provide a final product with a very specific
215:
The first transfusion of whole blood was in 1818; however, common use did not begin until the
193:
1061:
989:
1681:
1286:
1233:
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1173:
952:
849:
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1967:
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319:
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216:
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1459:
1354:
1269:
1229:
1194:
236:
150:
130:
39:
1977:
1856:
1645:
1444:
1237:
1104:
205:
871:
838:"Whole Blood for Resuscitation in Adult Civilian Trauma in 2017: A Narrative Review"
553:
1914:
1493:
1134:
819:
323:
209:
201:
79:
377:"Red Blood Cell Metabolism During Storage: Basic Principles and Practical Aspects"
854:
837:
1449:
1276:
672:
Pharmacology and
Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application
315:
264:
185:
154:
84:
919:
17:
1766:
1377:
1189:
490:
Woodson LC, Sherwood ER, Kinsky MP, Talon M, Martinello C, Woodson SM (2012).
428:
283:
263:
Whole blood has similar risks to a transfusion of red blood cells and must be
146:
101:
732:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
1454:
1336:
1225:
331:
197:
45:
31:
964:
863:
811:
704:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
545:
436:
1209:
1117:
232:
740:
712:
1568:
1534:
956:
381:
Blood
Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice
1599:
803:
537:
1479:
994:
Transfusion
Medicine and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects
1558:
1544:
1524:
126:
318:
now split the whole blood into two or more components, typically
1553:
1424:
1399:
608:(4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 267.
1603:
1065:
291:
287:
153:
is typically done before the blood is given. It is given by
992:. In Hillyer CD, Shaz BH, Zimring JC, Abshire TC (eds.).
716:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
463:
Plumer's
Principles and Practice of Intravenous Therapy
225:
1951:
415:
Connell NT (December 2016). "Transfusion
Medicine".
1928:
1907:
1849:
1818:
1793:
1775:
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1680:
1644:
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1368:
1300:
1257:
1218:
1182:
1103:
100:
95:
70:
58:
53:
639:Textbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine
496:Total Burn Care: Expert Consult - Online and Print
465:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 422.
314:as whole blood without further processing. Most
274:Whole blood is sometimes "recreated" from stored
1327:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
294:plasma to minimize the chance of complications.
145:. One unit of whole blood (~517 mls) brings up
1989:World Health Organization essential medicines
1615:
1077:
8:
30:
1322:Transfusion associated circulatory overload
1641:
1622:
1608:
1600:
1332:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
1205:International Society of Blood Transfusion
1084:
1070:
1062:
370:
368:
366:
38:
990:"Component preparation and manufacturing"
853:
739:
711:
674:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 628.
641:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 205.
575:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 287.
498:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 194.
452:
450:
448:
446:
410:
408:
406:
404:
383:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 190.
573:Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing
519:
517:
515:
1958:
362:
1831:Peripherally inserted central catheter
1010:from the original on 23 September 2017
988:Greene CE, Hillyer CD (17 June 2009).
635:"Donor Screening and Blood Collection"
606:Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials
29:
1317:Transfusion related acute lung injury
831:
829:
785:
783:
762:. DIANE Publishing. 1985. p. 8.
734:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
706:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
668:"Transfusion and Coagulation Therapy"
7:
602:"Blood Conservation and Transfusion"
83:
670:. In Hemmings HC, Egan TD (eds.).
25:
1360:Transfusion transmitted infection
235:. It is used to make a number of
133:. It is used in the treatment of
1961:
776:from the original on 2017-01-12.
688:from the original on 2017-01-11.
655:from the original on 2017-01-12.
622:from the original on 2017-01-11.
589:from the original on 2017-09-14.
492:"Anesthesia for burned patients"
479:from the original on 2017-01-12.
397:from the original on 2017-01-12.
886:"Blood safety and availability"
286:(percentage of red cells) with
212:during the collection process.
27:Unseparated donated human blood
600:Marini JF, Wheeler AP (2012).
1:
1936:Needle and syringe programmes
760:Blood policy & technology
1249:Intraoperative blood salvage
1056:Food and Drug Administration
855:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003427
188:. Whole blood is made up of
1265:Blood compatibility testing
2010:
1826:Peripheral venous catheter
1052:Blood & Blood Products
996:. Elsevier. pp. 45–.
756:"Introduction and Summary"
744:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
375:Hess JR, Beyer GM (2007).
143:donate blood to themselves
1941:Supervised injection site
1312:Transfusion hemosiderosis
728:World Health Organization
700:World Health Organization
429:10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.004
37:
1292:Monocyte monolayer assay
842:Anesthesia and Analgesia
633:Rudmann SV, ed. (2005).
310:Historically, blood was
162:red blood cell breakdown
149:levels by about 10 g/L.
1892:Thermodilution catheter
1841:Central venous catheter
1167:Granulocyte transfusion
494:. In Herndon DN (ed.).
379:. In Hillyer CD (ed.).
1757:Immunoglobulin therapy
571:. In Linton AD (ed.).
241:packed red blood cells
1302:Transfusion reactions
569:"Intravenous Therapy"
459:"Transfusion Therapy"
269:transfusion reactions
160:Side effects include
155:injection into a vein
1994:Transfusion medicine
1882:Implantable catheter
1777:Parenteral nutrition
1282:Kleihauer–Betke test
1244:Exchange transfusion
1123:Platelet transfusion
1097:transfusion medicine
792:Transfusion Medicine
526:Transfusion Medicine
245:platelet concentrate
166:high blood potassium
139:exchange transfusion
48:whole blood donation
1835:Seldinger technique
1663:Fresh frozen plasma
1646:Blood-based product
1631:Intravenous therapy
1370:Blood group systems
1305:and adverse effects
1140:Fresh frozen plasma
945:Critical Care Nurse
920:"Blood Far Forward"
328:fresh frozen plasma
299:massive transfusion
280:fresh frozen plasma
267:to avoid hemolytic
253:fresh frozen plasma
34:
1741:Sodium bicarbonate
1638:Infused substances
957:10.4037/ccn2016780
457:Plumer AL (2007).
326:component such as
182:allergic reactions
141:, and when people
1949:
1948:
1897:Dialysis catheter
1814:
1813:
1597:
1596:
1174:Blood substitutes
1162:White blood cells
1093:Blood transfusion
1003:978-0-12-374432-6
804:10.1111/tme.12524
666:Tanaka K (2012).
538:10.1111/tme.12329
221:Second World Wars
194:white blood cells
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
2001:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1736:Ringer's lactate
1708:Ringer's lactate
1690:Hemoglobin-based
1682:Blood substitute
1642:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1287:Antibody elution
1234:plateletpheresis
1200:Blood management
1183:General concepts
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1079:
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567:Flagg C (2015).
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521:
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487:
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412:
399:
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372:
336:plateletpheresis
229:developing world
135:massive bleeding
129:from a standard
87:
42:
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33:
21:
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1850:Other equipment
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1810:
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1700:Volume expander
1694:
1676:
1671:Cryoprecipitate
1667:Cryosupernatant
1633:
1628:
1598:
1593:
1388:Secretor status
1364:
1304:
1296:
1253:
1214:
1178:
1155:Cryosupernatant
1150:Cryoprecipitate
1130:Red blood cells
1099:
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320:red blood cells
308:
276:red blood cells
261:
249:cryoprecipitate
223:. It is on the
190:red blood cells
174:volume overload
112:
91:
61:
49:
28:
23:
22:
18:Blood component
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1984:Blood products
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1908:Specific risks
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1801:Drug injection
1797:
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1762:Gamma globulin
1759:
1753:
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1747:
1746:
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1732:
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1718:Sugar solution
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1355:Serum sickness
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1270:Cross-matching
1261:
1259:
1255:
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1246:
1241:
1230:plasmapheresis
1222:
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1207:
1202:
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1195:Blood donation
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1046:External links
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848:(1): 157–162.
825:
798:(2): 140–149.
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681:978-1455737932
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658:
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532:(6): 406–414.
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423:(4): 651–659.
400:
390:978-0443069819
389:
361:
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290:red cells and
260:
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237:blood products
151:Cross matching
131:blood donation
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1857:Infusion pump
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1806:Ascorbic acid
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210:preservative
202:blood plasma
159:
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1750:Medications
1654:Whole blood
1378:Blood types
1277:Coombs test
1113:Whole blood
1039:PMC8628246.
1029:PMC8142527.
1014:16 November
909:PMC3168121.
890:www.who.int
316:blood banks
259:Medical use
186:anaphylaxis
178:lung injury
125:) is human
119:Whole blood
96:Identifiers
32:Whole blood
1978:Categories
1767:Interferon
1190:Blood bank
1054:from U.S.
929:2019-06-22
895:2019-06-22
648:072160384X
358:References
312:transfused
306:Processing
284:hematocrit
239:including
147:hemoglobin
102:ChemSpider
1395:Augustine
1339:reaction
1337:Hemolytic
1226:Apheresis
1118:Platelets
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332:Platelets
198:platelets
170:infection
60:Routes of
46:Red Cross
1968:Medicine
1929:See also
1520:Lutheran
1425:Dombrock
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1008:Archived
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395:Archived
233:military
184:such as
72:ATC code
1728:Buffers
1559:Scianna
1445:Gerbich
1348:delayed
1219:Methods
820:4561424
346:Storage
292:type AB
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1954:Portal
1470:Indian
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180:, and
1794:Other
1785:Sugar
1589:Other
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1505:Knops
1485:KANNO
1430:Duffy
1420:Diego
1343:acute
1258:Tests
1058:(FDA)
868:S2CID
816:S2CID
550:S2CID
217:First
137:, in
127:blood
1887:Port
1877:PICC
1659:PF24
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1554:RHAG
1552:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
