47:
473:(1994), a pioneering combination of first-person shooter mechanics and immersive systems. The game was decently successful, but initially released on floppy disk which cut out the voiced dialog in its data entry logs, a novel narrative technique for which the game became known. The CD-ROM version utilized voice acting developed by an internal sound team, made up of members from the local band
510:
production by the studio. The full-motion cutscenes were shot inside of the
Looking Glass offices on a greenscreen, with staff members doubling as actors and producers of the film. The game featured other technological achievements like procedural animation, but the massive production took its toll
536:
The
Intermetrics buyout preceded a number of departures at the studio. Co-founder Ned Lerner left to form Multitude with Looking Glass programmer Art Min. Most famously, designer Ken Levine, artist Rob Fermier, and programmer Jonathan Chey who had worked together on a
373:(1987), Neurath began recruiting from the local region. One of his early hires was Doug Church, programmer and graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Church working together with Chris Green of Lerner Research developed a basic three-dimensional,
624:
On May 24, 2000, Neurath called a meeting attended by all employees. He announced that the studio was closing down and the staff left the building that day, with public announcements following. Irrational Games continued work on
533:, a Massachusetts-based software company, acquired LookingGlass in 1997. The official name of the company was changed to Intermetrics Entertainment Software, LLC, operating under the trade name of Looking Glass Studios.
403:. The initial funding for the game was purportedly $ 30,000, allowing Neurath to hire his initial staff into Blue Sky Productions. The final cost of production was around $ 400,000 and would be released in March 1992 as
356:, Origin Systems moved back to Texas along with the majority of the staff. Neurath, not wanting to move, decided to use the former Origin office to start his own studio, Blue Sky Productions, at 59 Stiles Road in
621:(1999). In 1999, Intermetrics divested their ownership of Looking Glass, leaving them without any financial support. The following year, several publishing deals with Eidos, Sony, and Microsoft fell apart.
488:
in Fall 1994. They received $ 3.8 million of investment from venture capital firms in
November of that year. In 1995, the company started publishing their own games under their own label starting with
451:
by Lewis
Carroll and to the idea that their game worlds transported people to new worlds. They initially considered “Looking Glass Studios” but decided that their specialty was more in technology.
2414:
498:, the game was noted for its realistic physics simulation and was very successful for Looking Glass, selling 300,000 copies by mid-1997. The series was followed up by several sequels/
2419:
2409:
834:
The rights to
Looking Glass’ catalog were initially split between various rights holders, which made re-releases of their catalog difficult. Eidos retained the rights to the
601:
The lack of success for
Looking Glass’ projects continued to exert pressure on the studio, in addition to their difficulties finding publishers. Eidos Interactive published
2394:
2434:
2404:
2429:
261:
as Blue Sky
Productions in 1990, and merged with Lerner's Lerner Research in 1992 to become LookingGlass Technologies. Between 1997 and 1999, the company was part of
2389:
1899:
2424:
2399:
1941:
1917:
1039:
916:
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813:
and merged into the Zynga Boston studio; Neurath became the creative director. After the closure of Zynga Boston in
October 2012, Neurath established
568:
away from Origin
Systems to staff a development arm of the company in Austin, Texas first opened in 1995. Though Spector left soon afterwards to join
663:
Looking Glass
Studios has been called one of the most important development studios in the history of video games. Their game catalog including the
464:(1993) following. Origin became a subsidiary of Electronic Arts in September 1992; EA handled all future publishing arrangements with the studio.
447:. Initially they used the name "Flying Fish Designs" but eventually settled on Looking Glass. The name was chosen both as a reference to the book
2283:
2107:
1170:
574:
1441:
443:
for which they needed more development support. The two decided on a name change in order to differentiate themselves from the game company
1934:
980:
454:
LookingGlass Technologies Inc. was incorporated on June 29, 1992 with Neurath as President and Ned Lerner as Vice President and Treasurer.
1892:
2061:
1090:
502:
697:
are explicitly modeled after Looking Glass’ catalog. The latter two feature designers who were formerly members of Looking Glass.
309:
1822:
1503:
805:
2075:
1885:
1850:
1102:
864:
711:, conversed with Paul Neurath about the texture mapping technology used in the early Underworld demo. He spoke about this to
525:
1766:
776:. Doug Church went on to work for Ion Storm, Electronic Arts, and eventually Valve. Greg LoPiccolo and Eric Brosius joined
360:
in 1990. Lerner, who had his own company called Lerner Research, supplied funds to help get the operation off the ground.
377:
demonstration of the game with animation by former Origin artist Douglas Wike. The demo was showcased at the 1990 Summer
1607:
Von Hoffman, Constantine (July 22, 1997). "The Small Business Page; Software Company Plays Games Against Competition".
2176:
2161:
945:
429:
369:
345:
265:
and was renamed Looking Glass Studios. Following financial issues at Looking Glass, the studio shut down in May 2000.
187:
2054:
996:
456:
1406:
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1629:
364:
629:
until its subsequent cancellation; many former Looking Glass staff like Terri Brosius joined them. Development on
427:
while Neurath and Lerner spoke about merging their two companies. Lerner Research was fresh off the completion of
2090:
1794:
1257:
651:
448:
378:
307:
where Lerner was a physics major and Neurath studied environmental science. The two worked together on the game
681:
485:
412:
250:
169:
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2339:
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1991:
1156:
846:
814:
796:
754:
560:
749:
729:
74:
2323:
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840:
572:, the Texas office remained open to create console games for various publishers. They created a port of
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1221:
1210:
823:
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687:
617:
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246:
107:
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2025:
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603:
545:. Irrational formed a studio initially based in the Looking Glass offices, where they co-developed
304:
84:
736:
Many other of Looking Glass’ developers went on to work on important AAA games. Ned Lerner joined
2330:
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1634:
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1300:
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855:
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270:
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2018:
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was an influence on id Software’s move to create visually impressive first person shooters.
646:
542:
490:
444:
382:
46:
31:
1354:
Pope, Kyle (December 1, 1989). "Origin Systems will move headquarters, workers to Austin".
2356:
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2136:
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1049:
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397:
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314:
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in 2013. He reassembled many Looking Glass employees to work on a spiritual successor of
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1981:
1968:
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1045:
986:
723:
565:
547:
386:
318:
282:
205:
1553:
Gourley, Bob (October 2, 1994). "Area musicians leave Tribe's sound for a new music".
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322:
17:
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530:
474:
469:
440:
276:
254:
122:
1333:
Walker-Emig, Paul (January 17, 2018). "From the Archives: Looking Glass Studios".
740:
Worldwide Studios as Director of Engineering where he worked on games through the
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1181:
877:
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313:(1987) before Lerner moved to the West Coast where he worked creating games for
1528:
2156:
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1744:
1708:
693:
507:
435:
258:
127:
1407:"Life Off the Grid, Part 1: Making Ultima Underworld The Digital Antiquarian"
1799:
1771:
1474:
1305:
1002:
788:
569:
339:(1989), which he collaborated with Lerner on many of the technical aspects.
2316:
2196:
1998:
1767:"Gamescape: A Look at Development in North America's Cities, Page 1 of 8"
1240:
1176:
777:
262:
210:
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1387:
389:
of Origin Systems saw the demo and decided to finance their first game.
1665:"Looking Glass Studios Interview Series - Audio Podcast 5 - Ken Levine"
1508:
529:(1997), Neurath sought outside investment to keep the company afloat.
2250:
645:, which was an estimated three months from completion, was handed to
349:(1990) due to its melding of storytelling and space combat elements.
1648:
Chey, Jonathan (November 1999). "Irrational Games' System Shock 2".
1823:"Zynga lays off 5 percent of workforce, closes 3 offices (updated)"
810:
477:: Greg LoPiccolo, Eric Brosius, and Terri Brosius – also voice of
303:
Co-founders of Looking Glass, Paul Neurath and Ned Lerner, met at
862:
games and eventually acquired the IP rights to create a remake,
737:
655:(2002) as the final game with credits by Looking Glass Studios.
2265:
1881:
748:. Seamus Blackley and other Looking Glass cohorts left to join
30:"Blue Sky Productions" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1855:
1739:
1709:"Reasons for the Fall: A Post-Mortem On Looking Glass Studios"
1227:
467:
The experienced development team led by Doug Church developed
795:
Following the closure of Looking Glass, Paul Neurath founded
481:’s villain SHODAN – who later moved into a game design role.
460:(1992) was the first game released by the new studio, with
433:(1992) and had been granted a license to develop EA’s next
1590:
Rosenberg, Ronald (May 3, 1995). "Preparing for takeoff".
325:
in 1984. Neurath worked on a number of projects including
780:
where they played a major role in the development of the
2261:
1436:. Secrets of the games series. Rocklin, CA: Prima Pub.
721:(1991). This technology was crucial to the creation of
511:
on Looking Glass, not recouping its production costs.
333:(1989). His largest project was leading the design of
803:
to mobile platforms as well as worked on titles like
637:
project lead Steve Pearsall until it was canceled. A
1851:"5 More Defunct Developers Who Went Out With a Bang"
2349:
2301:
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2129:
2100:
2042:
2008:
1979:
1951:
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217:
204:
194:
180:
164:
154:
136:
115:
90:
80:
70:
53:
2415:Defunct video game companies of the United States
1504:"GameSpy Retro: Developer Origins, Page 17 of 19"
1434:Ultima VII and Underworld: more Avatar adventures
1296:"Ahead of its time: The history of Looking Glass"
423:Blue Sky Productions began work on the sequel to
268:Notable productions by Looking Glass include the
844:(2004) was created by Ion Storm and the reboot
2277:
1893:
8:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
39:
2420:Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
2410:Video game companies disestablished in 2000
411:, the company had moved to a new office in
295:Blue Sky Productions, Lerner Research, and
63:LookingGlass Technologies, Inc. (1992–1997)
2284:
2270:
2262:
2046:
1900:
1886:
1878:
1497:
1495:
1017:As LookingGlass Technologies (post-merger)
675:series are seen as the foundation for the
45:
38:
2395:American companies disestablished in 2000
1942:Ultima Underworld II: Labyrinth of Worlds
1289:
1287:
1040:Ultima Underworld II: Labyrinth of Worlds
889:List of Looking Glass Studios video games
462:Ultima Underworld II: Labyrinth of Worlds
2435:Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
2405:Video game companies established in 1990
1795:"Zynga acquires Floodgate Entertainment"
1115:
1020:
958:
897:
484:LookingGlass moved to a new facility in
2430:2000 disestablishments in Massachusetts
1765:Fleming, Jeffrey (September 14, 2009).
1702:
1700:
1283:
2390:American companies established in 1990
1529:"System Shock The Digital Antiquarian"
917:Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer
799:in Boston, Massachusetts. They ported
1585:
1583:
858:secured the rights to re-release the
715:, who implemented the technique into
588:(1999), along with canceled projects
419:LookingGlass Technologies (1992-1996)
7:
2425:1990 establishments in Massachusetts
1935:Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss
1427:
1425:
1423:
981:Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss
407:(1992). By the end of production on
343:was in turn a major inspiration for
27:American former video game developer
1576:. September 11, 1994. pp. B42.
555:before becoming fully independent.
541:game canceled in production formed
1268:Originally cancelled, finished by
809:. Floodgate was later acquired by
679:genre of action games. Games like
321:, who had moved their business to
25:
2062:Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri
1821:Orland, Kyle (October 24, 2012).
1405:Maher, Jimmy (January 18, 2019).
1375:. November 25, 1990. pp. B6.
1112:As Looking Glass Studios (rename)
1091:Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri
827:(2018), initially funded through
611:games, Electronic Arts published
515:Looking Glass Studios (1997-2000)
2400:Video game development companies
1707:Sterrett, James (May 31, 2000).
1663:Weise, Matthew (June 29, 2011).
1388:"The Story of Ultima Underworld"
503:Terra Nova: Strike Force Centuri
310:Deep Space: Operation Copernicus
228: (archived February 9, 1998)
60:Blue Sky Productions (1990–1992)
1793:Watts, Steve (March 24, 2011).
1527:Maher, Jimmy (March 19, 2021).
1502:Keefer, John (March 31, 2006).
1475:"Ultima Underworld 2 Interview"
1386:Neurath, Paul (June 23, 2000).
1294:Mahardy, Mike (April 6, 2015).
806:Dark Messiah of Might and Magic
381:to attract publisher interest.
367:dungeon crawler in the vein of
243:LookingGlass Technologies, Inc.
2076:British Open Championship Golf
1849:Reilly, Luke (April 1, 2013).
1463:. June 29, 1992. pp. A67.
1103:British Open Championship Golf
766:where he developed the AI for
526:British Open Championship Golf
519:Due in part to the failure of
1:
1637:. April 1995. pp. 60–64.
1570:"Redefine the Leading Edge".
868:(2023), and a future sequel.
253:. The company was founded by
1693:. May 7, 1995. pp. K18.
752:, working on the innovative
633:was handed to a team led by
564:(1998), Looking Glass hired
363:With a concept to create a
235:Looking Glass Studios, Inc.
96:; 34 years ago
40:Looking Glass Studios, Inc.
2451:
1733:IGN Staff (May 24, 2000).
1432:Spector, Caroline (1993).
1081:LookingGlass Technologies
886:
875:
396:, was rebranded under the
392:The demo, initially named
29:
2049:
1915:
1691:Austin American-Statesman
1356:Austin American-Statesman
1195:
1165:
1142:
1080:
975:
921:
758:(1998). AI programmer on
558:During the production of
449:Through the Looking Glass
379:Consumer Electronics Show
352:Before the completion of
44:
2055:John Madden Football '93
1689:"LEADING EDGE Game Co".
1613:. pp. Business, 24.
997:John Madden Football '93
682:The Elder Scrolls: Arena
551:(1999) and the canceled
486:Cambridge, Massachusetts
457:John Madden Football ’93
413:Lexington, Massachusetts
317:. Neurath found work at
251:Cambridge, Massachusetts
170:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2317:Thief II: The Metal Age
2246:OtherSide Entertainment
1992:Thief: The Dark Project
1157:Thief: The Dark Project
955:By Blue Sky Productions
815:Otherside Entertainment
797:Floodgate Entertainment
760:Thief: The Dark Project
561:Thief: The Dark Project
2091:Jane's Attack Squadron
1735:"Looking Glass Broken"
1258:Jane's Attack Squadron
850:(2014) was created by
750:Dreamworks Interactive
652:Jane’s Attack Squadron
142:; 24 years ago
2109:Command & Conquer
1909:Looking Glass Studios
1171:Command & Conquer
841:Thief: Deadly Shadows
575:Command & Conquer
2116:Destruction Derby 64
2033:Flight Unlimited III
1222:Destruction Derby 64
1211:Flight Unlimited III
824:Underworld Ascendant
707:, who had worked on
618:Flight Unlimited III
585:Destruction Derby 64
494:(1995). Designed by
358:Salem, New Hampshire
247:video game developer
239:Blue Sky Productions
108:Salem, New Hampshire
18:Blue Sky Productions
2026:Flight Unlimited II
1559:. pp. City 13.
1533:Digital Antiquarian
1369:"Game Programmer".
1138:Flight Unlimited II
770:projects including
762:Tom Leonard joined
649:to be completed as
604:Flight Unlimited II
506:(1996) was a large
305:Wesleyan University
196:Number of employees
41:
2331:Robbing the Cradle
2236:Night Dive Studios
1635:Imagine Publishing
1596:. pp. 77, 80.
1457:"Office Manager".
1246:Eidos Interactive
1201:Co-developed with
894:By Lerner Research
854:. Stephen Kick of
539:Star Trek: Voyager
245:) was an American
2377:
2376:
2259:
2258:
2125:
2124:
2101:Nintendo 64 ports
1926:Ultima Underworld
1443:978-1-55958-251-3
1343:. pp. 74–79.
1341:Future Publishing
1275:
1274:
1264:Xicat Interactive
1144:Eidos Interactive
1109:
1108:
1014:
1013:
952:
951:
856:Nightdive Studios
819:Ultima Underworld
801:Ultima Underworld
764:Valve Corporation
701:Ultima Underworld
665:Ultima Underworld
445:Blue Sky Software
425:Ultima Underworld
409:Ultima Underworld
405:Ultima Underworld
297:Ultima Underworld
271:Ultima Underworld
232:
231:
140:May 24, 2000
16:(Redirected from
2442:
2310:The Dark Project
2286:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2231:Irrational Games
2206:Related articles
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2019:Flight Unlimited
2010:Flight Unlimited
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1556:The Boston Globe
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1516:on June 9, 2007.
1512:. Archived from
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1460:The Boston Globe
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1339:. No. 177.
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1270:Mad Doc Software
1203:Irrational Games
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1076:Flight Unlimited
1021:
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934:F-22 Interceptor
898:
647:Mad Doc Software
639:Flight Unlimited
607:(1997) and both
543:Irrational Games
491:Flight Unlimited
430:Car & Driver
383:Richard Garriott
150:
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32:Blue Sky Studios
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1625:"Looking Glass"
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1050:Electronic Arts
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896:
891:
885:
883:Games developed
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874:
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496:Seamus Blackley
421:
315:Electronic Arts
301:
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226:Wayback Machine
200:120 (1999)
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1972:(co-developed)
1969:System Shock 2
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1669:gambit.mit.edu
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1650:Game Developer
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1633:. No. 4.
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1962:System Shock
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1953:System Shock
1952:
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1925:
1908:
1864:. Retrieved
1854:
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1832:. Retrieved
1828:Ars Technica
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1536:. Retrieved
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1514:the original
1507:
1484:February 15,
1482:. Retrieved
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1410:. Retrieved
1400:
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1309:. Retrieved
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1061:System Shock
1059:
1038:
1008:Sega Genesis
995:
979:
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865:System Shock
863:
860:System Shock
859:
845:
839:
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833:
822:
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792:franchises.
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781:
771:
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753:
735:
728:
722:
718:Catacomb 3-D
716:
713:John Carmack
708:
700:
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692:
686:
680:
672:
669:System Shock
668:
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531:Intermetrics
524:
520:
518:
501:
500:
489:
483:
479:System Shock
478:
470:System Shock
468:
466:
461:
455:
453:
441:Sega Genesis
434:
428:
424:
422:
408:
404:
398:
393:
391:
368:
365:first-person
362:
353:
351:
344:
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334:
330:
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308:
302:
296:
281:
277:System Shock
275:
269:
267:
263:Intermetrics
255:Paul Neurath
242:
238:
234:
233:
190:; 1990–2000)
165:Headquarters
123:Paul Neurath
71:Company type
36:
2362:Dark Engine
2221:Dark Engine
2177:Randy Smith
2142:Doug Church
2086:(cancelled)
2083:Mini Racers
2043:Other games
1336:Retro Gamer
1182:Nintendo 64
878:Dark Engine
838:franchise.
829:Kickstarter
783:Guitar Hero
773:Half-Life 2
727:(1992) and
709:Space Rogue
705:John Romero
595:Mini Racers
580:Nintendo 64
354:Space Rogue
341:Space Rogue
336:Space Rogue
329:(1986) and
299:(1990–1992)
213:(1997–1999)
85:Video games
2384:Categories
2162:Ken Levine
2157:Ned Lerner
1861:Ziff Davis
1745:Ziff Davis
1278:References
1125:Publisher
1030:Publisher
968:Publisher
907:Publisher
872:Technology
755:Trespasser
694:Dishonored
641:spin-off,
627:Deep Cover
553:Deep Cover
521:Terra Nova
508:multimedia
394:Underworld
259:Ned Lerner
237:(formerly
182:Key people
147:2000-05-24
128:Ned Lerner
1800:Shacknews
1772:Gamasutra
1674:March 16,
1538:March 16,
1412:March 16,
1306:Vox Media
1003:EA Sports
789:Rock Band
733:(1993).
631:Thief III
570:Ion Storm
249:based in
188:president
159:Dissolved
2214:BioShock
1999:Thief II
1652:: 52–59.
1241:Thief II
1177:Nintendo
1010:version
778:Harmonix
635:Thief II
578:for the
286:series.
211:AverStar
116:Founders
81:Industry
54:Formerly
2357:Garrett
2350:Related
2069:Voyager
1866:July 8,
1834:July 8,
1806:July 8,
1778:July 8,
1750:July 8,
1718:July 8,
1509:GameSpy
1311:July 8,
1301:Polygon
688:Deus Ex
290:History
224:at the
218:Website
145: (
137:Defunct
99: (
91:Founded
75:Private
2251:SHODAN
2216:series
2130:People
1440:
1128:Notes
1122:Title
1027:Title
971:Notes
965:Title
904:Title
768:Source
691:, and
671:, and
659:Legacy
436:Madden
401:series
399:Ultima
206:Parent
110:, U.S.
2340:Thief
2302:Games
2294:Thief
1982:Thief
1253:2002
1236:2000
1184:port
1166:1999
1152:1998
1133:1997
1119:Year
1098:1997
1086:1996
1071:1995
1056:1994
1035:1993
1024:Year
976:1992
962:Year
941:1992
929:1991
912:1987
901:Year
847:Thief
836:Thief
811:Zynga
673:Thief
609:Thief
475:Tribe
331:Omega
283:Thief
257:with
1868:2019
1836:2019
1808:2019
1780:2019
1752:2019
1720:2019
1713:TTLG
1676:2024
1540:2024
1486:2020
1479:TTLG
1438:ISBN
1414:2024
1392:TTLG
1313:2019
786:and
744:and
738:Sony
730:Doom
615:and
592:and
523:and
385:and
327:Ogre
280:and
241:and
175:U.S.
155:Fate
101:1990
94:1990
1856:IGN
1740:IGN
1228:THQ
105:in
2386::
1859:.
1853:.
1825:.
1797:.
1769:.
1743:.
1737:.
1711:.
1699:^
1667:.
1627:.
1582:^
1531:.
1506:.
1494:^
1477:.
1422:^
1390:.
1321:^
1304:.
1298:.
1286:^
831:.
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1722:.
1678:.
1542:.
1488:.
1446:.
1416:.
1394:.
1315:.
1048:/
149:)
103:)
34:.
20:)
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