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sledders can simply be falling down the course at high speed with their helmet grinding along the surface or bouncing off the interior of the sled. One sledder described his experience during crashes as being equivalent to his head being inside a jet engine. Even ignoring crashes, repetitive shaking from small imperfections in the course is hypothesized to cause small tears in the brain, especially if performed repeatedly. The culture of competitive bobsledders (especially before this danger was recognized) also made injured participants hesitant to speak up and request breaks, fearful of being dropped from the team. Bobsledders who train frequently have reported issues such as chronic headaches, a heightened sensitivity to bright lights and loud noises, forgetfulness, a "mental fog", and psychological problems. Repeated mild brain trauma has caused issues for boxers, rugby players, and football players with
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the front. The ability to steer meant the sleds could make longer runs through the town. Longer runs also meant higher speeds on curves. Local sentiment about these informal competitions varied, but eventually complaints grew so vociferous that
Badrutt had to do something. His solution, in the late 1870s, was to build a basic natural-ice run for his guests outside the town near the small hamlet named Cresta. He took action because he did not want to make enemies in the town, and he had worked hard and invested a lot of time and money in popularizing wintering in St. Moritz, so he was not going to let boredom induce customers not to visit the area.
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510:). As one of the few natural weather tracks in the world, it does not use artificial refrigeration. It is not known how much the original track evolved in the early years as the three sports matured and stabilized. The first club was formed in 1897, and the first purpose-built track solely for bobsleds opened in 1902 outside St. Moritz. Over the years, bobsleigh tracks evolved from straight runs to twisting and turning tracks. The original wooden sleds gave way to streamlined fiberglass and metal ones.
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474:, Switzerland. He had been frustrated that his hotel was only busy during the summer months. By keeping his guests entertained with food, alcohol and activities, he quickly established the concept of "winter resorting". Within a few years, wintering at Badrutt's St. Moritz hotel became very fashionable in
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minimum of 162 kg (357 lb) without the athlete (but including timing equipment and any ballast weights) and a maximum of 247 kg (545 lb) including the athlete; runners are the same as for two-person bobsleighs. This implies a maximum athlete weight limit of 85 kg (187 lb).
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died of an overdose. Since 2013, three North
American former bobsledders have taken their lives, another attempted it, and two others died of overdoses; this is far over expectation of the group from chance, as only a few hundred athletes participate seriously in bobsled and other sliding sports such
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Individual runs down the course, or "heats", begin from a standing start, with the crew pushing the sled for up to 50 metres (160 ft) before boarding; though the pilot does not steer, grooves in the ice make steering unnecessary until the sled leaves the starting area. While poor form during the
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In modern bobsleighs, the steering system consists of two metal rings that actuate a pulley system located in the forward cowling that turns the front runners. For example, to turn left, the pilot would pull the left ring. Only subtle steering adjustments are necessary to guide the sled; at speeds up
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Germany and
Switzerland have proven the most successful bobsleighing nations, measured by overall success in European, World, World Cup, and Olympic championships. Since the 1990s Germans have dominated in international competition, having won more medals than any other nation. Italy, Austria, Canada
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However, when they began colliding with pedestrians in the icy lanes, alleyways and roads of St. Moritz, this led to the invention of "steering means" for the sleds. The basic bobsleigh (bobsled) consisted of two crestas (skeleton sleds) attached together with a board that had a steering mechanism at
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Prior to the 2020–21 competitive season, monobobs were traditionally constructed on one-piece chassis. Starting with the 2020–21 season, competitors in IBSF-sanctioned races must use articulated (two-section) monobobs manufactured by the IBSF's sole source sled builder, iXent. The sled must weigh a
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Women compete in women's bobsleigh (which is always two-woman) and men in both two- and four-man competitions. Women were confirmed as being able to compete in any four-"man" bobsleigh event, as from 25 September 2014, either as part of a mixed-sex team or an all-female team. However, because women
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Although bobsleighs once were ridden by five or six, crews were reduced in the 1930s to either two or four people. The four-person crew consists of a pilot, a brakeman, and two pushers. Athletes are selected for their speed and strength, which are necessary to push the sleigh to a competitive speed
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A single-person bobsleigh is called a "monobob". Single-person sleds were introduced into international competition for both adaptive bobsleigh (for athletes who are able to drive a sled but not push) and as a youth sport (for younger athletes who have not yet developed the ability to push a heavy
521:, bobsleigh has featured in every Winter Olympics since. Women's bobsleigh competition began in the US in 1983 with two demonstration races in Lake Placid, New York, one held in February and the second held during the World Cup races in March 1983. Two-woman bobsleigh made its Olympic debut at the
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Sledding at a competitive level involves sledders repeatedly subjecting themselves to high-G forces and multiple small collisions of their head into their helmet as sharp turns are taken. Additionally, when mistakes happen and the sled crashes, there are no "seatbelts" or other protections; the
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Modern-day sleighs combine light metals, steel runners, and an aerodynamic composite body. Competition sleighs must be a maximum of 3.80 metres (12.5 ft) long (4-crew) or 2.70 metres (8.9 ft) long (2-crew). The runners on both are set at 0.67 metres (2.2 ft)
333:; however, as collisions increased, growing opposition from St. Moritz residents led to bobsledding being eventually banned from public highways. In the winter of 1884, Badrutt had a purpose-built run constructed near the hamlet of Cresta. The
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initial push can lose a team the heat, it is otherwise rarely, if ever, decisive. Over the rest of the course, a sleigh's speed depends on its weight, aerodynamics, runners, the condition of the ice, and the skill of the pilot.
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The men's and women's standings for normal races are calculated over the aggregate of two runs or heats. At the
Olympic Winter Games and World Championships, all competitions (for both men and women) consist of four heats.
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Modern bobsleigh teams compete to complete a downhill route in the fastest times. An aggregate time from several runs is used to determine the winners. The four-man event has been featured since the first Winter Games in
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Race times are recorded in hundredths of seconds, so even seemingly minor errors – especially those at the beginning, which affect the remainder of the heat – can have a measurable impact on the final race standings.
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are on average lighter than men (and thus at a competitive disadvantage in a gravity sport), and because most sliding nations have fewer women able to compete than men, this option has not proved popular with teams.
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to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), anything larger would result in a crash. The pilot does most of the steering, and the brakeman stops the sled after crossing the finish line by pulling the sled's brake lever.
478:. However, with increased numbers this led some guests to search for new diversions. In the early 1870s some adventurous Englishmen began adapting boys' delivery sleds for recreational purposes.
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517:(IBSF) was founded in 1923. Men's four-man bobsleigh appeared in the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924, and the men's two-man bobsleigh event was added in 1932. Though not included in the
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in 1884, which was built in an annual partnership between guests and local people. The run, which was still in operation as of 2014, has served as a host track for
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Bobsleighs can attain speeds of 150 km/h (93 mph), with the reported world record being 157.06 km/h (97.59 mph) set on March 3, 2019 at the
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at the start of the race. Pilots must have the skill, timing, and finesse to steer the sleigh along the path, or "line", that will produce the greatest speed.
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bobsledding track. Bakken, the driver, and
Flowers, the brakeman, won the first gold medal presented in Olympic women's bobsledding (2002).
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on snow or ice had long been popular in many northern countries, the origins of bobsleighing as a modern sport are relatively recent.
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The name is derived from the action some early competitors adopted of bobbing back and forth inside their sleds to increase speed.
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in which teams of 2 to 4 athletes make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered
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BMW IBSF World
Championships Bob & Skeleton 2019 Whistler (CAN). Official results
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power up in the push zone for their 80-mile-per-hour (130 km/h) ride down the
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525:. Bobsleigh is also contested at American, European, and World Cup championships.
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USA-1 in heat 3 of 4-man bobsleigh at 2010 Winter
Olympics, 27 February 2010
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was created from a revision of this article dated 4 February 2006
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Some tracks offer tourists rides in bobsleighs, including those at
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International
Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (October 2020).
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The 1913 Saint-Moritz
Bobsleigh Derby Cup; photo by Albert Ewald
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1919:"FIBT the international home of Bobsleigh and Skeleton Sports"
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1868:"Team USA's bobsled, luge and skeleton get high-tech tune-up"
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and the United States also have strong bobsleigh traditions.
317:. The early sleds were adapted from boys' delivery sleds and
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1815:"Rounding The Zigzag Turn Of A Bobsleigh Run", April 1932,
294:. International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the
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The first bobsleds were built in the late 19th century in
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remains the oldest in the world and is the home of the
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A significant number of athletes have either died by
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373:and a two-woman event was first contested at the
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515:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
490:Formal competitions began down the natural-ice
296:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
172:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
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1971:"A Brain-Shaking Slide and Its Long-Term Toll"
1899:. British Bobsleigh & Skeleton Association
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1820:photo of wooden bobsleigh used in early 1930s
790:. Examples include medal-winning bobsledders
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2377:List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
2066:"Yvonne Cernota crashes during training run"
551:List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
321:. These eventually evolved into bobsleighs,
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2004:"Team Canada Trained Hard. Maybe Too Hard"
1941:"International Women's Monobob Rules 2020"
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229:Yes, but usually in separate competitions
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2148:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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579:Some bobsleigh tracks are also used for
305:, Switzerland, by wealthy tourists from
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737:List of Olympic medalists in bobsleigh
684:two- or four-person sled). After the
2084:"Cernota killed in training accident"
2002:Futterman, Matthew (August 1, 2020).
1953:from the original on 22 January 2021.
1741:List of Bobsleigh World Cup champions
7:
2259:European natural track championships
2030:"Die Heidegger-Tragödie von Triesen"
1969:Futterman, Matthew (July 27, 2020).
1866:Elliot, Danielle (7 February 2014).
1794:. Reaktion Books. pp. 128–131.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1856:ibsf.org Retrieved 19 November 2023
590:, Latvia; Innsbruck-Igls, Austria;
1791:Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion
1146:World University Winter Games 1951
428:An East German bobsleigh in 1951,
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3278:Sports originating in Switzerland
2254:World natural track championships
345:and as of 2022 was still in use.
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1831:"HOW FAST DOES A BOBSLEIGH GO?"
45:needs additional citations for
1765:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1140:penultimate turn of the track
410:The Swiss bobsleigh team from
365:in Squaw Valley (now known as
1:
2367:International Luge Federation
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361:. The only exception was the
2593:Extreme and adventure sports
2028:Herbert Oehri (2013-04-22).
534:Whistler World Championships
462:It developed after hotelier
381:event was introduced in the
2382:List of natural luge tracks
339:St. Moritz Tobogganing Club
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583:and skeleton competition.
566:Modern tracks are made of
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219:Singles or teams of 2 or 4
190:Bobsled, Bob, King's Class
3070:Aggressive inline skating
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27:Olympic team winter sport
2055:, accessed December 2010
1529:World Championships 1981
1442:World Championships 1971
1317:World Championships 1966
1191:World Championships 1953
1102:World Championships 1949
1057:World Championships 1939
309:who were staying at the
245:High-tech sleigh, helmet
237:Winter sport, time trial
1401:Italy Bob Championship
798:, who died by suicide;
3248:Human-powered vehicles
2354:European championships
2309:European championships
2249:European championships
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2106:Listen to this article
1893:"Bobsleigh: Technique"
1788:Denby, Elaine (2002).
1180:Garmisch-Partenkirchen
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642:(brakes) during their
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486:Competitive discipline
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148:bobsleigh team at the
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2946:Parachuting/Skydiving
2551:Summer Olympic sports
2429:Winter Olympic sports
2207:Winter sliding sports
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1761:"bobsledding (sport)"
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735:Further information:
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549:Further information:
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298:(formerly the FIBT).
3060:Freestyle scootering
2886:Traditional climbing
2173:at Wikimedia Commons
2157:More spoken articles
2051:Hamburger Abendblatt
1121:Alexandru Budișteanu
690:2022 Winter Olympics
686:2018 Winter Olympics
634:Team USA on a wall,
523:2002 Winter Olympics
519:1960 Winter Olympics
500:Winter Olympic Games
375:2002 Winter Olympics
343:Olympic Winter Games
341:. It has hosted two
150:2010 Winter Olympics
54:improve this article
2987:Powered paragliding
2814:Whitewater kayaking
2809:Whitewater canoeing
2344:World championships
2299:World championships
2264:Asian championships
2239:World championships
1335:Josef Schnellneger
1225:St. Moritz-Celerina
725:Olympic medal table
167:governing body
134:
3118:Ski mountaineering
2881:Free solo climbing
2819:Whitewater rafting
2531:Ski mountaineering
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2008:The New York Times
1976:The New York Times
834:. You can help by
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458:Early bobsled mask
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2876:Big wall climbing
2624:Kite landboarding
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2547:Paralympic sports
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2169:Media related to
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1817:Popular Mechanics
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1694:Training session
1650:Training session
1608:Training session
1567:Training session
1547:Imants Karlsons
1518:Cortina d'Ampezzo
1307:Cortina d'Ampezzo
1047:Cortina d'Ampezzo
892:Jules van Bylandt
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811:at any one time.
626:Sleighs and crews
476:Victorian Britain
307:Victorian Britain
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16:(Redirected from
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3273:Sliding vehicles
3167:Adventure racing
3141:Extreme sledding
3108:Freestyle skiing
2919:Ski-BASE jumping
2792:Technical diving
2639:Mountainboarding
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3197:Obstacle racing
3182:Extreme ironing
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3037:Mountain biking
3008:
3004:Wingsuit flying
2950:
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2864:Alpine climbing
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2514:Nordic combined
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2327:Winter Olympics
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2282:Winter Olympics
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2222:Winter Olympics
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2138:This audio file
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1376:Andrea Clemente
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1292:Toni Pensperger
1284:
1269:Zig-Zag Curves
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992:Rudolf Gerloff
985:
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839:
832:needs expansion
817:
815:Fatal incidents
796:Pavle Jovanovic
777:Christina Smith
768:
763:
746:Vonetta Flowers
739:
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727:
702:
681:
640:Valerie Fleming
628:
560:Altenberg track
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203:Characteristics
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2859:Mountaineering
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2852:Mixed climbing
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2100:External links
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754:Winter Olympic
729:Main article:
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646:silver run on
636:Shauna Rohbock
627:
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612:Salt Lake City
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464:Caspar Badrutt
403:
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377:. The women's
367:Olympic Valley
315:Caspar Badrutt
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943:
942:
938:
936:
934:Practice run
933:
931:
929:
926:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
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874:
871:
868:
865:
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859:
856:
855:
846:
843:December 2010
837:
833:
830:This section
828:
825:
821:
820:
814:
812:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
792:Eugenio Monti
789:
785:
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697:
693:
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687:
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672:
668:
664:
662:
658:
649:
648:Cesana Pariol
645:
641:
637:
632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:Cesana Pariol
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
574:
569:
561:
557:
552:
544:
539:
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485:
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469:
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456:
452:
450:
441:
435:
431:
430:Oberhof track
426:
413:
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396:
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368:
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147:
146:United States
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2023
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3207:Powerbocking
3202:Orienteering
3192:Fell running
3187:Extreme Pogo
3135:
3113:Speed skiing
3075:Vert skating
2999:Speed flying
2977:Hang gliding
2931:Cliff-diving
2909:BASE jumping
2847:Ice climbing
2804:Water skiing
2782:Scuba diving
2754:Water sports
2696:Wakeboarding
2669:Snowboarding
2659:Skimboarding
2649:Sandboarding
2634:Longboarding
2629:Kiteboarding
2614:Bodyboarding
2543:
2524:snowboarding
2444:
2273:
2087:
2078:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2032:(in German).
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:
1980:. Retrieved
1974:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1861:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1835:bobsleigh.uk
1834:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1790:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1733:
1503:James Morgan
1358:Austria-Cup
1184:Bayernkurve
912:Practice run
840:
836:adding to it
831:
781:
769:
766:Brain trauma
719:
715:
711:
694:
682:
673:
669:
665:
653:
638:(pilot) and
585:
578:
572:
565:
531:
527:
512:
489:
480:
461:
446:
434:East Germany
392:
347:
311:Palace Hotel
300:
288:winter sport
283:
279:
278:
216:Team members
195:First played
144:The two-man
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3212:Slacklining
2994:Parasailing
2982:Paragliding
2941:Tombstoning
2787:Cave diving
2772:High diving
2762:Coasteering
2711:Motorsports
2701:Windsurfing
2674:Snowskating
2619:Dirtsurfing
2601:Boardsports
2519:ski jumping
2482:short-track
1770:21 February
1656:2-man sled
1614:4-man sled
1573:2-man sled
1533:4-man sled
1488:4-man sled
1446:2-man sled
1418:Luis López
1404:4-man sled
1361:2-man sled
1321:4-man sled
1277:4-man sled
1265:Lake Placid
1235:2-man sled
1195:4-man sled
1150:4-man sled
1106:2-man sled
1091:Lake Placid
1061:4-man sled
1017:4-man sled
978:4-man sled
939:5-man sled
860:Competitor
786:or died of
750:Jill Bakken
748:(left) and
608:Lake Placid
600:Lillehammer
468:mineral spa
419: 1910
69:"Bobsleigh"
3237:Categories
3222:Zip-lining
3103:Freeriding
3025:BMX racing
2967:Air racing
2962:Aerobatics
2893:Skyrunning
2799:Snorkeling
2777:Jet Skiing
2767:Freediving
2739:Rally raid
2729:Rallycross
2664:Skysurfing
2487:long-track
2462:Ice hockey
2153:Audio help
2144:2006-02-04
1924:3 February
1903:5 February
1877:5 February
1840:2023-09-11
1747:References
1076:Max Houben
924:Oberüberl
906:Cresta Run
622:, France.
618:, US; and
602:, Norway;
598:, Canada;
540:Modern era
492:Cresta Run
472:St. Moritz
383:2022 games
371:1932 games
363:1960 games
335:Cresta Run
331:St. Moritz
303:St. Moritz
80:newspapers
3243:Bobsleigh
3136:Bobsleigh
2914:Free BASE
2837:Canyoning
2724:Motocross
2544:See also:
2509:freestyle
2445:Bobsleigh
2349:World Cup
2332:medalists
2304:World Cup
2287:medalists
2274:Bobsleigh
2244:World Cup
2227:medalists
2171:Bobsleigh
2013:August 8,
1982:August 8,
1697:Training
1691:Echowand
1687:Königssee
1653:Training
1643:Altenberg
1611:Training
1601:Altenberg
1570:Training
1525:3rd heat
1398:2nd heat
1349:Königssee
917:skeleton
620:La Plagne
606:, Italy;
562:, Germany
536:in 2019.
447:Although
389:Etymology
327:skeletons
319:toboggans
313:owned by
280:Bobsleigh
242:Equipment
225:Mixed-sex
187:Nicknames
154:Vancouver
133:Bobsleigh
3268:Sledding
3151:Skeleton
3128:Sledding
3042:Downhill
2829:Climbing
2744:Snocross
2734:Rallying
2719:Drifting
2450:skeleton
2440:Biathlon
2319:Skeleton
2155: ·
2092:(German)
2088:CBC News
2073:(German)
2071:Stern.de
1948:Archived
1872:CBS News
1707:See also
1605:Curve 4
1432:Cervinia
1391:Cervinia
878:Vehicle
869:Section
809:skeleton
592:Whistler
568:concrete
496:skeleton
470:town of
449:sledding
355:Chamonix
260:Presence
165:Highest
3053:Rolling
3013:Cycling
2972:Gliding
2902:Falling
2684:Surfing
2472:Skating
2457:Curling
2142: (
2113:minutes
2053:article
1647:Finish
1522:Finish
1480:Finish
1395:Finish
1006:Oberhof
967:Oberhof
784:suicide
679:Monobob
650:, Italy
588:Sigulda
498:at two
402:Origins
397:History
379:monobob
284:bobsled
266:Olympic
208:Contact
94:scholar
18:Bobsled
3258:Racing
3172:Caving
3160:Others
3091:Skiing
2955:Flying
2499:alpine
2494:Skiing
2337:venues
2292:venues
2232:venues
1798:
875:Event
866:Track
761:Safety
700:Racing
661:weight
610:, US;
545:Tracks
359:France
292:sleigh
270:since
176:French
158:Canada
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1951:(PDF)
1944:(PDF)
1676:2004
1632:1990
1590:1989
1550:1982
1507:1981
1465:1980
1421:1971
1380:1970
1338:1970
1296:1966
1254:1966
1214:1956
1169:1953
1125:1951
1080:1949
1036:1939
995:1933
956:1933
927:1911
872:Race
863:Year
657:gauge
412:Davos
323:luges
286:is a
250:Venue
198:1870s
101:JSTOR
87:books
3146:Luge
2549:and
2467:Luge
2214:Luge
2015:2020
1984:2020
1926:2010
1905:2022
1879:2022
1796:ISBN
1772:2014
1729:Luge
1561:Igls
1476:Igls
895:1907
807:and
805:luge
794:and
644:2006
616:Utah
581:luge
513:The
508:1948
506:and
504:1928
351:1924
325:and
272:1924
234:Type
211:None
73:news
3020:BMX
1661:42
1619:41
857:No
838:.
803:as
353:in
282:or
152:in
56:by
3239::
2086:.
2038:^
2006:.
1992:^
1973:.
1959:^
1946:.
1895:.
1870:.
1833:.
1780:^
1763:.
614:,
594:,
576:.
432:,
416:c.
414:,
385:.
357:,
178::
156:,
2585:e
2578:t
2571:v
2416:e
2409:t
2402:v
2200:e
2193:t
2186:v
2159:)
2151:(
2146:)
2115:)
2111:3
2108:(
2017:.
1986:.
1928:.
1907:.
1881:.
1843:.
1804:.
1774:.
845:)
841:(
573:g
502:(
182:)
174:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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