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sledders can simply be falling down the course at high speed with their helmet grinding along the surface or bouncing off the interior of the sled. One sledder described his experience during crashes as being equivalent to his head being inside a jet engine. Even ignoring crashes, repetitive shaking from small imperfections in the course is hypothesized to cause small tears in the brain, especially if performed repeatedly. The culture of competitive bobsledders (especially before this danger was recognized) also made injured participants hesitant to speak up and request breaks, fearful of being dropped from the team. Bobsledders who train frequently have reported issues such as chronic headaches, a heightened sensitivity to bright lights and loud noises, forgetfulness, a "mental fog", and psychological problems. Repeated mild brain trauma has caused issues for boxers, rugby players, and football players with
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the front. The ability to steer meant the sleds could make longer runs through the town. Longer runs also meant higher speeds on curves. Local sentiment about these informal competitions varied, but eventually complaints grew so vociferous that
Badrutt had to do something. His solution, in the late 1870s, was to build a basic natural-ice run for his guests outside the town near the small hamlet named Cresta. He took action because he did not want to make enemies in the town, and he had worked hard and invested a lot of time and money in popularizing wintering in St. Moritz, so he was not going to let boredom induce customers not to visit the area.
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499:). As one of the few natural weather tracks in the world, it does not use artificial refrigeration. It is not known how much the original track evolved in the early years as the three sports matured and stabilized. The first club was formed in 1897, and the first purpose-built track solely for bobsleds opened in 1902 outside St. Moritz. Over the years, bobsleigh tracks evolved from straight runs to twisting and turning tracks. The original wooden sleds gave way to streamlined fiberglass and metal ones.
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463:, Switzerland. He had been frustrated that his hotel was only busy during the summer months. By keeping his guests entertained with food, alcohol and activities, he quickly established the concept of "winter resorting". Within a few years, wintering at Badrutt's St. Moritz hotel became very fashionable in
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minimum of 162 kg (357 lb) without the athlete (but including timing equipment and any ballast weights) and a maximum of 247 kg (545 lb) including the athlete; runners are the same as for two-person bobsleighs. This implies a maximum athlete weight limit of 85 kg (187 lb).
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died of an overdose. Since 2013, three North
American former bobsledders have taken their lives, another attempted it, and two others died of overdoses; this is far over expectation of the group from chance, as only a few hundred athletes participate seriously in bobsled and other sliding sports such
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Individual runs down the course, or "heats", begin from a standing start, with the crew pushing the sled for up to 50 metres (160 ft) before boarding; though the pilot does not steer, grooves in the ice make steering unnecessary until the sled leaves the starting area. While poor form during the
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In modern bobsleighs, the steering system consists of two metal rings that actuate a pulley system located in the forward cowling that turns the front runners. For example, to turn left, the pilot would pull the left ring. Only subtle steering adjustments are necessary to guide the sled; at speeds up
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Germany and
Switzerland have proven the most successful bobsleighing nations, measured by overall success in European, World, World Cup, and Olympic championships. Since the 1990s Germans have dominated in international competition, having won more medals than any other nation. Italy, Austria, Canada
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However, when they began colliding with pedestrians in the icy lanes, alleyways and roads of St. Moritz, this led to the invention of "steering means" for the sleds. The basic bobsleigh (bobsled) consisted of two crestas (skeleton sleds) attached together with a board that had a steering mechanism at
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Prior to the 2020–21 competitive season, monobobs were traditionally constructed on one-piece chassis. Starting with the 2020–21 season, competitors in IBSF-sanctioned races must use articulated (two-section) monobobs manufactured by the IBSF's sole source sled builder, iXent. The sled must weigh a
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Women compete in women's bobsleigh (which is always two-woman) and men in both two- and four-man competitions. Women were confirmed as being able to compete in any four-"man" bobsleigh event, as from 25 September 2014, either as part of a mixed-sex team or an all-female team. However, because women
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Although bobsleighs once were ridden by five or six, crews were reduced in the 1930s to either two or four people. The four-person crew consists of a pilot, a brakeman, and two pushers. Athletes are selected for their speed and strength, which are necessary to push the sleigh to a competitive speed
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A single-person bobsleigh is called a "monobob". Single-person sleds were introduced into international competition for both adaptive bobsleigh (for athletes who are able to drive a sled but not push) and as a youth sport (for younger athletes who have not yet developed the ability to push a heavy
510:, bobsleigh has featured in every Winter Olympics since. Women's bobsleigh competition began in the US in 1983 with two demonstration races in Lake Placid, New York, one held in February and the second held during the World Cup races in March 1983. Two-woman bobsleigh made its Olympic debut at the
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Sledding at a competitive level involves sledders repeatedly subjecting themselves to high-G forces and multiple small collisions of their head into their helmet as sharp turns are taken. Additionally, when mistakes happen and the sled crashes, there are no "seatbelts" or other protections; the
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Modern-day sleighs combine light metals, steel runners, and an aerodynamic composite body. Competition sleighs must be a maximum of 3.80 metres (12.5 ft) long (4-crew) or 2.70 metres (8.9 ft) long (2-crew). The runners on both are set at 0.67 metres (2.2 ft)
322:; however, as collisions increased, growing opposition from St. Moritz residents led to bobsledding being eventually banned from public highways. In the winter of 1884, Badrutt had a purpose-built run constructed near the hamlet of Cresta. The
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initial push can lose a team the heat, it is otherwise rarely, if ever, decisive. Over the rest of the course, a sleigh's speed depends on its weight, aerodynamics, runners, the condition of the ice, and the skill of the pilot.
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The men's and women's standings for normal races are calculated over the aggregate of two runs or heats. At the
Olympic Winter Games and World Championships, all competitions (for both men and women) consist of four heats.
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Modern bobsleigh teams compete to complete a downhill route in the fastest times. An aggregate time from several runs is used to determine the winners. The four-man event has been featured since the first Winter Games in
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Race times are recorded in hundredths of seconds, so even seemingly minor errors – especially those at the beginning, which affect the remainder of the heat – can have a measurable impact on the final race standings.
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are on average lighter than men (and thus at a competitive disadvantage in a gravity sport), and because most sliding nations have fewer women able to compete than men, this option has not proved popular with teams.
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to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), anything larger would result in a crash. The pilot does most of the steering, and the brakeman stops the sled after crossing the finish line by pulling the sled's brake lever.
467:. However, with increased numbers this led some guests to search for new diversions. In the early 1870s some adventurous Englishmen began adapting boys' delivery sleds for recreational purposes.
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506:(IBSF) was founded in 1923. Men's four-man bobsleigh appeared in the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924, and the men's two-man bobsleigh event was added in 1932. Though not included in the
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in 1884, which was built in an annual partnership between guests and local people. The run, which was still in operation as of 2014, has served as a host track for
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Bobsleighs can attain speeds of 150 km/h (93 mph), with the reported world record being 157.06 km/h (97.59 mph) set on March 3, 2019 at the
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at the start of the race. Pilots must have the skill, timing, and finesse to steer the sleigh along the path, or "line", that will produce the greatest speed.
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bobsledding track. Bakken, the driver, and
Flowers, the brakeman, won the first gold medal presented in Olympic women's bobsledding (2002).
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on snow or ice had long been popular in many northern countries, the origins of bobsleighing as a modern sport are relatively recent.
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The name is derived from the action some early competitors adopted of bobbing back and forth inside their sleds to increase speed.
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455:(1848–1904) convinced some wealthy English regular guests to remain through the entire winter at his hotel in the
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in which teams of 2 to 4 athletes make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered
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BMW IBSF World
Championships Bob & Skeleton 2019 Whistler (CAN). Official results
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power up in the push zone for their 80-mile-per-hour (130 km/h) ride down the
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USA-1 in heat 3 of 4-man bobsleigh at 2010 Winter
Olympics, 27 February 2010
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was created from a revision of this article dated 4 February 2006
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Some tracks offer tourists rides in bobsleighs, including those at
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International
Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (October 2020).
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The 1913 Saint-Moritz
Bobsleigh Derby Cup; photo by Albert Ewald
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1908:"FIBT the international home of Bobsleigh and Skeleton Sports"
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1857:"Team USA's bobsled, luge and skeleton get high-tech tune-up"
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and the United States also have strong bobsleigh traditions.
306:. The early sleds were adapted from boys' delivery sleds and
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1804:"Rounding The Zigzag Turn Of A Bobsleigh Run", April 1932,
283:. International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the
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The first bobsleds were built in the late 19th century in
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remains the oldest in the world and is the home of the
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A significant number of athletes have either died by
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362:and a two-woman event was first contested at the
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504:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
479:Formal competitions began down the natural-ice
285:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
161:International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
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1960:"A Brain-Shaking Slide and Its Long-Term Toll"
1888:. British Bobsleigh & Skeleton Association
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1809:photo of wooden bobsleigh used in early 1930s
779:. Examples include medal-winning bobsledders
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2366:List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
2055:"Yvonne Cernota crashes during training run"
540:List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
310:. These eventually evolved into bobsleighs,
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1993:"Team Canada Trained Hard. Maybe Too Hard"
1930:"International Women's Monobob Rules 2020"
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218:Yes, but usually in separate competitions
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2137:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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568:Some bobsleigh tracks are also used for
294:, Switzerland, by wealthy tourists from
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726:List of Olympic medalists in bobsleigh
673:two- or four-person sled). After the
2073:"Cernota killed in training accident"
1991:Futterman, Matthew (August 1, 2020).
1942:from the original on 22 January 2021.
1730:List of Bobsleigh World Cup champions
7:
2248:European natural track championships
2019:"Die Heidegger-Tragödie von Triesen"
1958:Futterman, Matthew (July 27, 2020).
1855:Elliot, Danielle (7 February 2014).
1783:. Reaktion Books. pp. 128–131.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1845:ibsf.org Retrieved 19 November 2023
579:, Latvia; Innsbruck-Igls, Austria;
1780:Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion
1135:World University Winter Games 1951
417:An East German bobsleigh in 1951,
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3267:Sports originating in Switzerland
2243:World natural track championships
334:and as of 2022 was still in use.
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23:
1820:"HOW FAST DOES A BOBSLEIGH GO?"
34:needs additional citations for
1754:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1129:penultimate turn of the track
399:The Swiss bobsleigh team from
354:in Squaw Valley (now known as
1:
2356:International Luge Federation
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350:. The only exception was the
2582:Extreme and adventure sports
2017:Herbert Oehri (2013-04-22).
523:Whistler World Championships
451:It developed after hotelier
370:event was introduced in the
2371:List of natural luge tracks
328:St. Moritz Tobogganing Club
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572:and skeleton competition.
555:Modern tracks are made of
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208:Singles or teams of 2 or 4
179:Bobsled, Bob, King's Class
3059:Aggressive inline skating
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16:Olympic team winter sport
2044:, accessed December 2010
1518:World Championships 1981
1431:World Championships 1971
1306:World Championships 1966
1180:World Championships 1953
1091:World Championships 1949
1046:World Championships 1939
298:who were staying at the
234:High-tech sleigh, helmet
226:Winter sport, time trial
1390:Italy Bob Championship
787:, who died by suicide;
3237:Human-powered vehicles
2343:European championships
2298:European championships
2238:European championships
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2095:Listen to this article
1882:"Bobsleigh: Technique"
1777:Denby, Elaine (2002).
1169:Garmisch-Partenkirchen
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631:(brakes) during their
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475:Competitive discipline
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2935:Parachuting/Skydiving
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2418:Winter Olympic sports
2196:Winter sliding sports
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1750:"bobsledding (sport)"
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724:Further information:
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538:Further information:
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287:(formerly the FIBT).
3049:Freestyle scootering
2875:Traditional climbing
2162:at Wikimedia Commons
2146:More spoken articles
2040:Hamburger Abendblatt
1110:Alexandru Budișteanu
679:2022 Winter Olympics
675:2018 Winter Olympics
623:Team USA on a wall,
512:2002 Winter Olympics
508:1960 Winter Olympics
489:Winter Olympic Games
364:2002 Winter Olympics
332:Olympic Winter Games
330:. It has hosted two
139:2010 Winter Olympics
43:improve this article
2976:Powered paragliding
2803:Whitewater kayaking
2798:Whitewater canoeing
2333:World championships
2288:World championships
2253:Asian championships
2228:World championships
1324:Josef Schnellneger
1214:St. Moritz-Celerina
714:Olympic medal table
156:governing body
123:
3107:Ski mountaineering
2870:Free solo climbing
2808:Whitewater rafting
2520:Ski mountaineering
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1997:The New York Times
1965:The New York Times
823:. You can help by
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447:Early bobsled mask
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2613:Kite landboarding
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2158:Media related to
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1806:Popular Mechanics
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1683:Training session
1639:Training session
1597:Training session
1556:Training session
1536:Imants Karlsons
1507:Cortina d'Ampezzo
1296:Cortina d'Ampezzo
1036:Cortina d'Ampezzo
881:Jules van Bylandt
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615:Sleighs and crews
465:Victorian Britain
296:Victorian Britain
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3156:Adventure racing
3130:Extreme sledding
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2908:Ski-BASE jumping
2781:Technical diving
2628:Mountainboarding
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3171:Extreme ironing
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3026:Mountain biking
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2993:Wingsuit flying
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2853:Alpine climbing
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2503:Nordic combined
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2316:Winter Olympics
2302:
2271:Winter Olympics
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2211:Winter Olympics
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2127:This audio file
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1365:Andrea Clemente
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1258:Zig-Zag Curves
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981:Rudolf Gerloff
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821:needs expansion
806:
804:Fatal incidents
785:Pavle Jovanovic
766:Christina Smith
757:
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735:Vonetta Flowers
728:
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629:Valerie Fleming
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743:Winter Olympic
718:Main article:
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635:silver run on
625:Shauna Rohbock
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601:Salt Lake City
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453:Caspar Badrutt
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366:. The women's
356:Olympic Valley
304:Caspar Badrutt
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832:December 2010
826:
822:
819:This section
817:
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799:
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790:
786:
782:
781:Eugenio Monti
778:
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647:
638:
637:Cesana Pariol
634:
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621:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Cesana Pariol
590:
586:
582:
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546:
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419:Oberhof track
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135:United States
130:
125:
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110:
102:
99:November 2023
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3196:Powerbocking
3191:Orienteering
3181:Fell running
3176:Extreme Pogo
3124:
3102:Speed skiing
3064:Vert skating
2988:Speed flying
2966:Hang gliding
2920:Cliff-diving
2898:BASE jumping
2836:Ice climbing
2793:Water skiing
2771:Scuba diving
2743:Water sports
2685:Wakeboarding
2658:Snowboarding
2648:Skimboarding
2638:Sandboarding
2623:Longboarding
2618:Kiteboarding
2603:Bodyboarding
2532:
2513:snowboarding
2433:
2262:
2076:
2067:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2021:(in German).
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:
1969:. Retrieved
1963:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1850:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1824:bobsleigh.uk
1823:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1779:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1722:
1492:James Morgan
1347:Austria-Cup
1173:Bayernkurve
901:Practice run
829:
825:adding to it
820:
770:
758:
755:Brain trauma
708:
704:
700:
683:
671:
662:
658:
654:
642:
627:(pilot) and
574:
567:
561:
554:
520:
516:
501:
478:
469:
450:
435:
423:East Germany
381:
336:
300:Palace Hotel
289:
277:winter sport
272:
268:
267:
205:Team members
184:First played
133:The two-man
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3201:Slacklining
2983:Parasailing
2971:Paragliding
2930:Tombstoning
2776:Cave diving
2761:High diving
2751:Coasteering
2700:Motorsports
2690:Windsurfing
2663:Snowskating
2608:Dirtsurfing
2590:Boardsports
2508:ski jumping
2471:short-track
1759:21 February
1645:2-man sled
1603:4-man sled
1562:2-man sled
1522:4-man sled
1477:4-man sled
1435:2-man sled
1407:Luis López
1393:4-man sled
1350:2-man sled
1310:4-man sled
1266:4-man sled
1254:Lake Placid
1224:2-man sled
1184:4-man sled
1139:4-man sled
1095:2-man sled
1080:Lake Placid
1050:4-man sled
1006:4-man sled
967:4-man sled
928:5-man sled
849:Competitor
775:or died of
739:Jill Bakken
737:(left) and
597:Lake Placid
589:Lillehammer
457:mineral spa
408: 1910
58:"Bobsleigh"
3226:Categories
3211:Zip-lining
3092:Freeriding
3014:BMX racing
2956:Air racing
2951:Aerobatics
2882:Skyrunning
2788:Snorkeling
2766:Jet Skiing
2756:Freediving
2728:Rally raid
2718:Rallycross
2653:Skysurfing
2476:long-track
2451:Ice hockey
2142:Audio help
2133:2006-02-04
1913:3 February
1892:5 February
1866:5 February
1829:2023-09-11
1736:References
1065:Max Houben
913:Oberüberl
895:Cresta Run
611:, France.
607:, US; and
591:, Norway;
587:, Canada;
529:Modern era
481:Cresta Run
461:St. Moritz
372:2022 games
360:1932 games
352:1960 games
324:Cresta Run
320:St. Moritz
292:St. Moritz
69:newspapers
3232:Bobsleigh
3125:Bobsleigh
2903:Free BASE
2826:Canyoning
2713:Motocross
2533:See also:
2498:freestyle
2434:Bobsleigh
2338:World Cup
2321:medalists
2293:World Cup
2276:medalists
2263:Bobsleigh
2233:World Cup
2216:medalists
2160:Bobsleigh
2002:August 8,
1971:August 8,
1686:Training
1680:Echowand
1676:Königssee
1642:Training
1632:Altenberg
1600:Training
1590:Altenberg
1559:Training
1514:3rd heat
1387:2nd heat
1338:Königssee
906:skeleton
609:La Plagne
595:, Italy;
551:, Germany
525:in 2019.
436:Although
378:Etymology
316:skeletons
308:toboggans
302:owned by
269:Bobsleigh
231:Equipment
214:Mixed-sex
176:Nicknames
143:Vancouver
122:Bobsleigh
3257:Sledding
3140:Skeleton
3117:Sledding
3031:Downhill
2818:Climbing
2733:Snocross
2723:Rallying
2708:Drifting
2439:skeleton
2429:Biathlon
2308:Skeleton
2144: ·
2081:(German)
2077:CBC News
2062:(German)
2060:Stern.de
1937:Archived
1861:CBS News
1696:See also
1594:Curve 4
1421:Cervinia
1380:Cervinia
867:Vehicle
858:Section
798:skeleton
581:Whistler
557:concrete
485:skeleton
459:town of
438:sledding
344:Chamonix
249:Presence
154:Highest
3042:Rolling
3002:Cycling
2961:Gliding
2891:Falling
2673:Surfing
2461:Skating
2446:Curling
2131: (
2102:minutes
2042:article
1636:Finish
1511:Finish
1469:Finish
1384:Finish
995:Oberhof
956:Oberhof
773:suicide
668:Monobob
639:, Italy
577:Sigulda
487:at two
391:Origins
386:History
368:monobob
273:bobsled
255:Olympic
197:Contact
83:scholar
3247:Racing
3161:Caving
3149:Others
3080:Skiing
2944:Flying
2488:alpine
2483:Skiing
2326:venues
2281:venues
2221:venues
1787:
864:Event
855:Track
750:Safety
689:Racing
650:weight
599:, US;
534:Tracks
348:France
281:sleigh
259:since
165:French
147:Canada
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1940:(PDF)
1933:(PDF)
1665:2004
1621:1990
1579:1989
1539:1982
1496:1981
1454:1980
1410:1971
1369:1970
1327:1970
1285:1966
1243:1966
1203:1956
1158:1953
1114:1951
1069:1949
1025:1939
984:1933
945:1933
916:1911
861:Race
852:Year
646:gauge
401:Davos
312:luges
275:is a
239:Venue
187:1870s
90:JSTOR
76:books
3135:Luge
2538:and
2456:Luge
2203:Luge
2004:2020
1973:2020
1915:2010
1894:2022
1868:2022
1785:ISBN
1761:2014
1718:Luge
1550:Igls
1465:Igls
884:1907
796:and
794:luge
783:and
633:2006
605:Utah
570:luge
502:The
497:1948
495:and
493:1928
340:1924
314:and
261:1924
223:Type
200:None
62:news
3009:BMX
1650:42
1608:41
846:No
827:.
792:as
342:in
271:or
141:in
45:by
3228::
2075:.
2027:^
1995:.
1981:^
1962:.
1948:^
1935:.
1884:.
1859:.
1822:.
1769:^
1752:.
603:,
583:,
565:.
421:,
405:c.
403:,
374:.
346:,
167::
145:,
2574:e
2567:t
2560:v
2405:e
2398:t
2391:v
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
2148:)
2140:(
2135:)
2104:)
2100:3
2097:(
2006:.
1975:.
1917:.
1896:.
1870:.
1832:.
1793:.
1763:.
834:)
830:(
562:g
491:(
171:)
163:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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