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49:
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1903:, which is often the first symptom that a person with type 1 diabetes may have, can result. Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age but is most often diagnosed before age 40. For people living with type 1 diabetes, insulin injections are critical for survival. An experimental procedure to treat type 1 diabetes is
1726:
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and is cancer arising from the exocrine digestive part of the pancreas. Most occur in the head of the pancreas. Symptoms tend to arise late in the course of the cancer, when it causes abdominal pain, weight loss, or yellowing of
1806:
to facilitate the drainage of bile, and medications to help control pain. In the United States pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of deaths due to cancer. The disease occurs more often in the developed world, which had 68% of new cases in 2012. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has
1066:
The definitive pancreas results from rotation of the ventral bud and the fusion of the two buds. During development, the duodenum rotates to the right, and the ventral bud rotates with it, moving to a position that becomes more dorsal. Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud
1929:
and impaired insulin secretion, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role in the development of the disease. Over time, pancreatic beta cells may become "exhausted" and less functional. The management of type 2 diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle measures, medications if
806:
to show the location of different cell types in the pancreatic islet. Antibodies against glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, show their peripheral position. Antibodies against insulin, secreted by beta cells, show the more widespread and central position that these cells tend to have.
773:, between the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries. The lymphatic vessels of the head and neck drain into intermediate lymphatic vessels around the pancreaticoduodenal, mesenteric and hepatic arteries, and from there into the lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta.
1252:
The main factor influencing the secretion of insulin and glucagon are the levels of glucose in blood plasma. Low blood sugar stimulates glucagon release, and high blood sugar stimulates insulin release. Other factors also influence the secretion of these hormones. Some
1224:
to glucose in the liver. It also decreases the uptake of glucose in fat and muscle. Glucagon release is stimulated by low blood glucose or insulin levels, and during exercise. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake by cells (particularly
1109:
system. Development of the exocrine acini progresses through three successive stages. These are the predifferentiated, protodifferentiated, and differentiated stages, which correspond to undetectable, low, and high levels of digestive enzyme activity, respectively.
2045:. In most species (including humans), these "fuse" in the adult, but there are several exceptions. Even when a single pancreas is present, two or three pancreatic ducts may persist, each draining separately into the duodenum (or equivalent part of the foregut).
1626:; when the endocrine function is affected, this may lead to diabetes. Chronic pancreatitis is investigated in a similar way to acute pancreatitis. In addition to management of pain and nausea, and management of any identified causes (which may include
1622:. Abdominal pain, characteristically relieved by sitting forward or drinking alcohol, is the most common symptom. When the digestive function of the pancreas is severely affected, this may lead to problems with fat digestion and the development of
1067:
is below the larger dorsal bud, and eventually fuses with it. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the main pancreatic duct. Usually, the duct of the dorsal bud regresses, leaving the
1455:
of the lining of the duodenum and jejunum mostly in response to long chain fatty acids, and increases the effects of secretin. At a cellular level, bicarbonate is secreted from centroacinar and ductal cells through a sodium and bicarbonate
2072:. In a few teleost species, the endocrine tissue has fused to form a distinct gland within the abdominal cavity, but otherwise it is distributed among the exocrine components. The most primitive arrangement, however, appears to be that of
1161:
and other substances within pancreatic islets that help control blood sugar levels and metabolism within the body, and an "exocrine" role, relating to the secretion of enzymes involved in digesting substances in the digestive tract.
980:, most pancreas-specific genes encode for secreted proteins. Corresponding pancreas-specific proteins are either expressed in the exocrine cellular compartment and have functions related to digestion or food uptake such as digestive
1467:
A variety of mechanisms act to ensure that the digestive action of the pancreas does not act to digest pancreatic tissue itself. These include the secretion of inactive enzymes (zymogens), the secretion of the protective enzyme
1472:, which inactivates trypsin, the changes in pH that occur with bicarbonate secretion that stimulate digestion only when the pancreas is stimulated, and the fact that the low calcium within cells causes inactivation of trypsin.
789:
when pancreatic tissue is stained and viewed under a microscope. Parts of the digestive ("exocrine") pancreas can be seen around the islet, more darkly. These contain hazy dark purple granules of inactive digestive enzymes
1082:
are precursor cells that differentiate into the functional pancreatic cells, including exocrine acinar cells, endocrine islet cells, and ductal cells. These progenitor cells are characterised by the co-expression of the
913:
are also scattered throughout the islets. Islets are composed of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and venules that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to enter the
717:, the largest branch of the celiac trunk, runs along the top of the pancreas, and supplies the left part of the body and the tail of the pancreas through its pancreatic branches, the largest of which is called the
599:
The head of the pancreas sits within the curvature of the duodenum, and wraps around the superior mesenteric artery and vein. To the right sits the descending part of the duodenum, and between these travel the
2131:
1180:
The pancreas maintains constant blood glucose levels (shown as the waving line). When the blood glucose level is too high, the pancreas secretes insulin and when the level is too low, the pancreas secretes
2080:, in which pancreatic tissue is found as a number of discrete nodules within the wall of the gut itself, with the exocrine portions being little different from other glandular structures of the intestine.
1687:, remain very difficult to treat, and are mostly diagnosed only at a stage that is too late for surgery, which is the only curative treatment. Pancreatic cancer is rare in people younger than 40 and the
2024:
can be used to more easily differentiate cell types. This involves visible antibodies to the products of certain cell types, and helps identify with greater ease cell types such as alpha and beta cells.
1958:
It is possible for a person to live without a pancreas, provided that the person takes insulin for proper regulation of blood glucose concentration and pancreatic enzyme supplements to aid digestion.
1604:, and monitoring to prevent or manage shock, and management of any identified underlying causes. This may include removal of gallstones, lowering of blood triglyceride or glucose levels, the use of
1063:. Each joins with the foregut through a duct. The dorsal pancreatic bud forms the neck, body, and tail of the developed pancreas, and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the head and uncinate process.
639:
The neck of the pancreas separates the head of the pancreas, located in the curvature of the duodenum, from the body. The neck is about 2 cm (0.79 in) wide, and sits in front of where the
1451:
which form part of the lining of the duodenum in response to stimulation by gastric acid. Along with VIP, it increases the secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate. Cholecystokinin is released from
1427:
pH for the fluid, a pH in which most of the enzymes act most efficiently, and also helps to neutralise the stomach acids that enter the duodenum. Secretion is influenced by hormones including
2143:
1337:. These enzymes help to break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats). This role is called the "exocrine" role of the pancreas. The cells that do this are arranged in clusters called
1618:
refers to the development of pancreatitis over time. It shares many similar causes, with the most common being chronic alcohol use, with other causes including recurrent acute episodes and
1464:. Secretin and VIP act to increase the opening of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which leads to more membrane depolarisation and more secretion of bicarbonate.
976:
10,000 protein coding genes (~50% of all human genes) are expressed in the normal human pancreas. Less than 100 of these genes are specifically expressed in the pancreas. Similar to the
1133:, the endocrine precursor cells differentiate to form beta and delta cells. The pancreatic islets form as the endocrine cells migrate from the duct system to form small clusters around
455:πᾶν (pân, "all") & κρέας (kréas, "flesh"). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has been known since at least 1889, with its role in insulin production identified in 1921.
4103:
1461:
650:
The body is the largest part of the pancreas, and mostly lies behind the stomach, tapering along its length. The peritoneum sits on top of the body of the pancreas, and the
685:
The pancreas narrows towards the tail, which sits near to the spleen. It is usually between 1.3–3.5 cm (0.51–1.38 in) long, and sits between the layers of the
1557:, that often radiates to the back, and may be associated with nausea or vomiting. Severe pancreatitis may lead to bleeding or perforation of the pancreas resulting in
4026:
3928:
3887:
2921:. Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function. Vol. 3. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. pp. 1–64.
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run along the back and front surfaces of the head of the pancreas adjacent to the duodenum. These supply the head of the pancreas. These vessels join together (
149:
3031:"Cesium in Biology, Pancreatic Cancer, and Controversy in High and Low Radiation Exposure Damage—Scientific, Environmental, Geopolitical, and Economic Aspects"
286:
644:
145:
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in the head of the pancreas. Because symptoms (such as skin yellowing, pain, or itch) do not occur until later in the disease, it often presents at a later
2632:
Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
1834:
are the most common types. For those with neuroendocrine cancers the number alive after five years is much better at 65%, varying considerably with type.
1305:
The pancreas has a role in digestion, highlighted here. Ducts in the pancreas (green) conduct digestive enzymes into the duodenum. This image also shows a
3503:
Barrett, Kim E.; Barman, Susan M.; Brooks, Heddwen L.; Yuan, Jason X.-J.; Ganong, William F. (2019). "Hypoglycaemia & Diabetes
Mellitus in Humans".
4096:
1925:
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common form of diabetes. The causes for high blood sugar in this form of diabetes usually are a combination of
1811:
being 25% and 5% respectively. In localized disease where the cancer is small (< 2 cm) the number alive at five years is approximately 20%.
1562:
2216:
1189:). The cells that do this are located within the pancreatic islets that are present throughout the pancreas. When blood glucose levels are low,
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In pancreatitis, enzymes of the exocrine pancreas damage the structure and tissue of the pancreas. Detection of some of these enzymes, such as
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726:
262:
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or due to other reasons, and carries a very poor prognosis, as it is often only identified after it has spread to other areas of the body.
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1704:
722:
679:
605:
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141:
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which is then stored in granules in beta cells. Glucose is taken into the beta cells and degraded. The end effect of this is to cause
1229:), and promoting its use in the creation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Insulin is initially created as a precursor form called
536:. The longest part of the pancreas, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas ends adjacent to the
4226:
4043:
4002:
3945:
3863:
3512:
3347:"American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures 2010: see page 4 for incidence estimates, and page 19 for survival percentages"
2801:
2524:
2001:
discovered that removing the pancreas from a dog caused it to become diabetic. Insulin was later isolated from pancreatic islets by
950:. If the two buds themselves, each having a duct, do not fuse, a pancreas may exist with two separate ducts, a condition known as a
1358:
The cells in each acinus are filled with granules containing the digestive enzymes. These are secreted in an inactive form termed
3370:
2006:
2037:, but its precise form and arrangement varies widely. There may be up to three separate pancreases, two of which arise from the
2171:
1822:
of these cancers has been rising sharply; it is not clear to what extent this reflects increased detection, especially through
1504:. It has been demonstrated that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium (
209:
3834:
1934:. With relevance to the pancreas, several medications act to enhance the secretion of insulin from beta cells, particularly
1286:
846:
ducts which they surround. In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and situated around the intercalated ducts, with the
2159:
2966:
1481:
1436:
281:
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1838:
1278:
1057:
1029:
625:
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2183:
901:, each of which releases a different hormone. These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting
3353:
4427:
4171:
1908:
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can result. In addition, if there is not enough insulin for glucose to be used within cells, the medical emergency
1815:
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is blocked by the cancer. Other less common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, diabetes or recurrent
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1266:
1079:
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529:
1814:
There are several types of pancreatic cancer, involving both the endocrine and exocrine tissue. The many types of
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2313:
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1712:
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580:
548:
165:
31:
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1997:, although literally meaning all-flesh, presumably because of its fleshy consistency. It was only in 1889 when
1920:
1904:
1864:
1859:
1819:
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985:
751:
743:
629:
533:
245:
1261:, stimulate insulin and glucagon release. Somatostatin acts as an inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon. The
1016:
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present in the lining of the duodenum. The proenzymes are cleaved, creating a cascade of activating enzymes.
946:
may be present if the main duct of the dorsal bud of the pancreas does not regress; this duct opens into the
4270:
4255:
4149:
2012:
The way the tissue of the pancreas has been viewed has also changed. Previously, it was viewed using simple
1946:, increasing the secretion of insulin from beta cells after meals, and are more resistant to breakdown; and
1943:
1766:. Only 10 to 15% of tumours are suitable for surgical resection. As of 2018, when chemotherapy is given the
1609:
1122:
4436:
1137:. This occurs around the third month of development, and insulin and glucagon can be detected in the human
4164:
4129:
4113:
3396:
Burns WR, Edil BH (March 2012). "Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update".
2200:
1600:, are often used to indicate that a person has pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is often managed medically with
1485:
1049:
1005:
947:
378:
293:
269:
257:
1097:
The cells of the exocrine pancreas differentiate through molecules that induce differentiation including
4216:
4159:
3725:
Karamanou, M.; Protogerou, A.; Tsoucalas, G.; Androutsos, G.; Poulakou-Rebelakou, E. (10 January 2016).
2796:. Barman, Susan M.,, Brooks, Heddwen L., Yuan, Jason X.-J. (26th ed.). New York. pp. 433–437.
1900:
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is formed. The neck lies mostly behind the pylorus of the stomach, and is covered with peritoneum. The
2060:), there is no discrete pancreas at all, with pancreatic tissue being distributed diffusely across the
1566:
958:
may exist, where part or all of the duodenum is encircled by the pancreas. This may be associated with
2224:
4176:
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2688:
2021:
1985:, another Greek anatomist, gave the pancreas its name. Etymologically, the term "pancreas", a modern
1931:
1892:
1888:
1615:
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secreted from sympathetic nerves stimulates secretion of insulin and glucagon, whereas activation of
1084:
1068:
1037:
927:
915:
803:
686:
544:
445:
2339:"The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland"
1129:, the endocrine precursor cells differentiate to form alpha and gamma cells. Under the direction of
4287:
1896:
1574:
1558:
1150:
871:
766:
576:
201:
4081:
2675:
Danielsson A, Pontén F, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Schwenk JM, Uhlén M, et al. (2014-12-29).
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or chronic alcohol use, with other common causes including traumatic damage, damage following an
1517:
1344:
609:
205:
1157:) that help digestion. These are divided into an "endocrine" role, relating to the secretion of
822:
The majority of pancreatic tissue has a digestive role. The cells with this role form clusters (
48:
3218:
Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH (September 2013).
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3134:
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3003:
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2002:
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bud. As it develops, the ventral bud rotates to the other side and the two buds fuse together.
989:
954:. This condition has no physiologic consequence. If the ventral bud does not fully rotate, an
882:
851:
560:
441:
437:
359:
343:
181:
3644:
3441:"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: a single institution experience of 14 cases"
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2580:
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2541:
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2350:
1982:
1947:
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1397:
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1322:
1306:
1154:
1113:
Pancreatic progenitor cells differentiate into endocrine islet cells under the influence of
981:
959:
955:
951:
786:
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651:
621:
613:
568:
556:
552:
463:
436:. Because of its role in the regulation of blood sugar, the pancreas is also a key organ in
406:
386:
331:
323:
169:
129:
69:
697:, which also passes behind the body of the pancreas, pass behind the tail of the pancreas.
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2097:
1998:
1823:
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1432:
1405:
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1217:
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671:
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394:
355:
315:
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in front of the peritoneum. Behind the pancreas are several blood vessels, including the
4076:
2692:
819:
role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope.
731:
4441:
4330:
4181:
4154:
3753:
3726:
3593:
3576:
3467:
3440:
3293:
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3244:
3219:
3057:
3030:
2711:
2676:
2585:
2560:
2371:
2338:
2038:
1990:
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1755:
may be used if a tumour is being considered for surgical removal, and biopsy guided by
1684:
1661:
1657:
1605:
1246:
1221:
1106:
1060:
977:
971:
939:
935:
931:
835:
831:
823:
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706:
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The pancreas has a rich blood supply, with vessels originating as branches of both the
690:
452:
429:
382:
185:
153:
113:
4071:
3858:. Barman, Susan M.,, Brooks, Heddwen L., Yuan, Jason X.-J. (26th ed.). New York.
3113:
Wang, Y; Miller, FH; Chen, ZE; Merrick, L; Mortele, KJ; Hoff, FL; et al. (2011).
2927:
2608:
1807:
poor outcomes with the average percentage alive for at least one and five years after
1176:
1153:
and metabolism within the body, and also in the secretion of substances (collectively
905:) tending to be situated around the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting
497:
4451:
4238:
4203:
4144:
2677:"The human pancreas proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling"
2113:
1935:
1880:
1872:
1635:
1457:
1440:
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1230:
410:
233:
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1875:
attacks the insulin-secreting beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin is needed to keep
1309:, part of the endocrine pancreas, which contains cells responsible for secretion of
781:
4221:
4193:
4134:
3425:
1794:, focus on the management of symptoms that develop. This may include management of
1771:
1623:
1534:
1528:
1386:
1363:
1210:
1001:
847:
739:
694:
682:
which falls between these two. In front of the pancreas sits the transverse colon.
659:
525:
425:
374:
120:
3897:
The pancreas : an integrated textbook of basic science, medicine, and surgery
2661:
2017:
3780:
3617:
2701:
2576:
1762:
Because of the late development of symptoms, most cancer presents at an advanced
1362:
or proenzymes. When released into the duodenum, they are activated by the enzyme
250:
4305:
4297:
1876:
1787:
1779:
1652:
1501:
1444:
1420:
1374:
1301:
1290:
1186:
1114:
1098:
874:. There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases.
747:
640:
398:
189:
17:
2540:
Kanth, Rajan; Roy, Praveen K; Al Samman, Mounzer; Patti, Marco G (2019-11-21).
4211:
3914:
3873:
3522:
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3439:
Patil TB, Shrikhande SV, Kanhere HA, Saoji RR, Ramadwar MR, Shukla PJ (2006).
3409:
3284:
2916:
2811:
2277:
2117:
2034:
1994:
1967:
1831:
1827:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1744:
1593:
1254:
1234:
1206:
1190:
898:
890:
742:, which sits behind the pancreas. The head drains into, and wraps around, the
617:
551:
run through the body of the pancreas. The main pancreatic duct joins with the
327:
108:
4012:
2954:
2946:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2362:
2255:
1325:. It does this by secreting a fluid that contains digestive enzymes into the
274:
4247:
3157:
Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (September 2014). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma".
2645:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2061:
1974:
1939:
1808:
1799:
1692:
1601:
1538:
1497:
1238:
1198:
1134:
934:. The pancreas develops from these buds on either side of the duodenum. The
894:
878:
859:
812:
433:
347:
319:
125:
3762:
3602:
3476:
3417:
3302:
3253:
3178:
3138:
3115:"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of solid and cystic lesions of the pancreas"
3114:
3066:
3047:
3007:
2998:
2981:
2962:
2720:
2653:
2594:
2239:
1197:, which increases blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high
4060:
3170:
2380:
2263:
1842:
889:) that are distributed throughout the pancreas. Pancreatic islets contain
838:
walls. The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive enzymes called
3130:
2354:
2077:
2042:
2013:
1883:. As an untreated chronic condition, complications including accelerated
1728:
1720:
1673:
1452:
1428:
1424:
1370:
1352:
1326:
1314:
1194:
1126:
1053:
1041:
997:
902:
816:
584:
564:
521:
472:
390:
370:
351:
3743:
2561:"Laparoscopic treatment of annular pancreas in adults: report of a case"
1381:. The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinogen, as well as
559:(hepatopancreatic ampulla). This ampulla is surrounded by a muscle, the
3727:"Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributors"
3235:
2073:
2053:
1978:
1748:
1696:
1597:
1581:
1554:
1493:
1412:
1378:
1359:
1355:. About 1.5 - 3 liters of fluid are secreted in this manner every day.
1334:
1310:
1258:
1242:
1202:
1158:
1045:
1021:
993:
906:
839:
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366:
363:
335:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
1695:
is 71. Risk factors include chronic pancreatitis, older age, smoking,
3096:
2792:
Barrett, Kim E. (2019). "Regulation of
Insulin Secretion; Glucagon".
2069:
2057:
1971:
1688:
1585:
1505:
1448:
1091:
758:
757:
The pancreas drains into lymphatic vessels that travel alongside its
537:
492:
476:
418:
354:
function. 99% of the pancreas is exocrine and 1% is endocrine. As an
136:
3936:
Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2015).
3558:
3556:
3507:(26th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 440–441.
3269:"Analysis of mortality rates for pancreatic cancer across the world"
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
1553:. Acute pancreatitis is likely to cause intense pain in the central
2768:
2766:
495:. In adults, it is about 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) long,
4121:
3785:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 357–59.
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2065:
1986:
1651:
1546:
1339:
1300:
1249:
of the cell membrane which stimulates the release of the insulin.
1175:
1130:
797:
780:
655:
462:
339:
299:
221:
196:
176:
3035:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2519:(14th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 244–245.
2439:
2437:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
1818:
are all uncommon or rare, and have varied outlooks. However the
1185:
Cells within the pancreas help to maintain blood glucose levels (
27:
Organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates
3371:"Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Health Professional Version"
2337:
Henderson, J. R.; Daniel, P. M.; Fraser, P. A. (February 1981).
2109:
2105:
2089:
2046:
1803:
1795:
1756:
1732:
1542:
1118:
1087:
402:
160:
4085:
3995:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
3976:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1411:
Enzymes that break down starch and other carbohydrates include
1056:
origin. Pancreatic development begins with the formation of a
4034:
Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (2013).
3974:
Standring, Susan; Borley, Neil R.; et al., eds. (2008).
1759:
or ultrasound can be used to confirm an uncertain diagnosis.
3955:
Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MW, Hobson RP, eds. (2018).
930:
exist, relating to the embryological development of the two
2843:(13th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 990–994.
1460:
that acts because of membrane depolarisation caused by the
1392:
Enzymes secreted involved in the digestion of fats include
881:
role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called
93:
90:
81:
2609:"The human proteome in pancreas – The Human Protein Atlas"
2240:"[Interaction of the endo- and exocrine pancreas]"
1656:
Pancreatic cancer, shown here, most commonly occurs as an
1216:
Glucagon acts to increase glucose levels by promoting the
1343:. Secretions into the middle of the acinus accumulate in
988:, or are expressed in the various cells of the endocrine
520:. The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the
78:
992:
and have functions related to secreted hormones such as
587:
with separate openings located above the opening of the
381:. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an
4036:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
2489:
2472:
2314:"Endocrine Pancreas - an overview ScienceDirect Topics"
1879:
levels within optimal ranges, and its lack can lead to
1537:. Pancreatitis is most often associated with recurrent
926:
The size of the pancreas varies considerably. Several
858:, and a number of zymogen granules visible within the
4425:
4077:
Pancreatic
Diseases – English – The Gastro Specialist
3622:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 24.
2238:
Gyr, K.; Beglinger, C.; Stalder, G. A. (1985-09-21).
1786:
has been shown to extend survival beyond traditional
1715:
among others. About 25% of cases are attributable to
1573:. These severe complications are often managed in an
1213:
which decreases the release of insulin and glucagon.
674:, specifically the last part of the duodenum and the
563:. This ampulla opens into the descending part of the
96:
84:
3619:
History of the
Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ
3193:"Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Patient Version"
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
483:
The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the
87:
75:
4345:
4296:
4246:
4237:
4120:
2982:"Chronic Cs-137 incorporation in children's organs"
2565:
Korean
Journal of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Surgery
1841:is a low-grade malignant tumour of the pancreas of
1462:
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
280:
268:
256:
244:
232:
220:
215:
195:
175:
159:
135:
119:
107:
72:
63:
58:
41:
3577:"The management of acute and chronic pancreatitis"
1845:architecture that typically afflicts young women.
1630:), because of the digestive role of the pancreas,
1588:in the blood, along with symptoms and findings on
670:. Below the body of the pancreas sits some of the
467:The pancreas (shown here in pink) sits behind the
3575:Banks PA, Conwell DL, Toskes PP (February 2010).
2064:and even within other nearby organs, such as the
1293:to stimulate release of insulin from beta cells.
972:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
738:The body and neck of the pancreas drain into the
628:emerges from below the head, situated behind the
3978:(40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
3720:
3718:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
2049:, for example, typically have three such ducts.
1911:to supply a person with functioning beta cells.
1826:, of tumors that would be very slow to develop.
1703:, and certain rare genetic conditions including
1683:, particularly the most common type, pancreatic
1612:, and the cessation of any medication triggers.
942:, eventually fusing. In about 10% of adults, an
909:) more numerous and found throughout the islet.
870:ducts. The ducts are lined by a single layer of
421:in food entering the duodenum from the stomach.
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2165:Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week
1048:, an embryonic tube that is a precursor to the
687:ligament between the spleen and the left kidney
3957:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
3562:
3547:
3535:
3100:
2890:
2878:
2841:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
2772:
1419:These enzymes are secreted in a fluid rich in
647:travels in front of the neck of the pancreas.
4097:
1141:by the fourth or fifth month of development.
504:Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into a
150:posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
8:
2559:Noh, TH; Lee, SE; Park, JM (February 2012).
1739:. Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by
1676:, with pancreatic cancers in red/pink color.
645:anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
405:entering the duodenum from the stomach; and
146:anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
2902:
2300:
2177:The pancreas and its surrounding structures
1942:which replicate the action of the hormones
862:. The intercalated ducts drain into larger
834:, and are arranged in lobes that have thin
4243:
4104:
4090:
4082:
4025:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3938:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3927:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3886:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3316:
3314:
3312:
2824:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2747:Human Embryology and Developmental Biology
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2443:
2428:
1790:regimens. For the most part, treatment is
1672:Relative incidences of various pancreatic
1257:, that are byproducts of the digestion of
771:lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta
471:, with the body near the curvature of the
47:
3940:(19 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
3752:
3742:
3701:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 176.
3592:
3466:
3456:
3292:
3243:
3152:
3150:
3056:
3046:
2997:
2926:
2710:
2700:
2584:
2370:
2244:Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift
1950:, which slow the breakdown of incretins.
1533:Inflammation of the pancreas is known as
424:Inflammation of the pancreas is known as
4038:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
3267:Hariharan D, Saied A, Kocher HM (2008).
2749:. St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 318–57.
2153:when it is partly obscured by bowel gas.
1667:
1015:
4432:
3829:(1 ed.). Bloomsbury. p. 451.
2207:
2189:Duodenum and pancreas. Deep dissection.
2127:
2056:fish, and a few other species (such as
1731:). Jaundice occurs when the outflow of
1563:systemic inflammatory response syndrome
1545:, some medications, infections such as
1321:The pancreas plays a vital role in the
761:, and has a rich lymphatic supply. The
475:, and the tail stretching to touch the
428:, with common causes including chronic
4018:
3920:
3879:
3220:"Recent progress in pancreatic cancer"
2817:
555:forming a small ballooning called the
297:
38:
3856:Ganong's review of medical physiology
3774:
3772:
3505:Ganong's review of medical physiology
3398:Current Treatment Options in Oncology
2794:Ganong's review of medical physiology
2542:"Pancreatic Divisum: Pathophysiology"
1966:The pancreas was first identified by
1719:, while 5–10% of cases are linked to
1492:of the pancreas secrete the hormones
866:ducts within the lobule, and finally
811:The pancreas contains tissue with an
727:inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
678:to which it connects, as well as the
606:inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
501:, and salmon-coloured in appearance.
7:
3698:The Greek and Latin Roots of English
3029:Venturi, Sebastiano (January 2021).
2033:Pancreatic tissue is present in all
1938:, which act directly on beta cells;
1709:hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
4072:Pancreas at the Human Protein Atlas
3325:. World Health Organization. 2014.
3224:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
3159:The New England Journal of Medicine
2278:"Pancreas Gland - Endocrine System"
1705:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
1551:very high blood triglyceride levels
680:suspensory ligament of the duodenum
491:to the left upper abdomen near the
142:Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
3825:Spaull S, Bruce-Gardyne L (2003).
2969:from the original on Nov 18, 2022.
1664:and has limited treatment options.
1040:from two buds that arise from the
1024:, a precursor tube to part of the
666:, as well as the beginning of the
358:, it functions mostly to regulate
330:. In humans, it is located in the
25:
4227:Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
3649:. Rupa Publications. p. 86.
3581:Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3144:Diagram by Mikael Häggström, M.D.
2928:10.4199/C00026ED1V01Y201102ISP014
1351:, which drains directly into the
1289:act when stimulated by the right
1265:also plays a role. Activation of
1020:The pancreas originates from the
451:The word pancreas comes from the
4435:
4114:liver, pancreas and biliary tree
4059:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2142:
2137:A normal pancreas on ultrasound.
2130:
1802:or the insertion of stents with
1447:. Secretin is released from the
1423:. Bicarbonate helps maintain an
1371:Enzymes that break down proteins
765:of the body and tail drain into
68:
3997:(41st ed.). Philadelphia.
3899:(third ed.). Hoboken, NJ.
524:, where the head surrounds two
210:superior mesenteric lymph nodes
3993:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016).
2221:Essentials of Human Physiology
1909:transplantation of islet cells
1751:with contrast enhancement. An
1571:region around the belly button
1287:parasympathetic nervous system
1205:to decrease glucose in blood.
984:enzymes and pancreatic lipase
1:
3779:Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977).
2112:, are used as food under the
1993:πάγκρεας, , originally means
1981:. A few hundred years later,
1482:vasoactive intestinal peptide
1121:, but only in the absence of
802:A pancreatic islet that uses
487:, stretching from behind the
342:. The pancreas is a mixed or
53:Anatomy of the human pancreas
2702:10.1371/journal.pone.0115421
2577:10.14701/kjhbps.2012.16.1.43
2517:Langman's medical embryology
1839:solid pseudopapillary tumour
1333:that receives food from the
1149:The pancreas is involved in
3959:(23rd ed.). Elsevier.
3676:Online Etymology Dictionary
1816:pancreatic endocrine tumors
1480:The pancreas also secretes
1125:. Under the direction of a
1080:Pancreatic progenitor cells
966:Gene and protein expression
938:rotates to lie next to the
4474:
4172:Fibrous capsule of Glisson
3616:Howard JM, Hess W (2012).
2980:Bandazhevsky Y.I. (2003).
2198:
2104:), and, less commonly, of
1918:
1857:
1645:
1526:
1515:
1347:, which drain to the main
1271:sympathetic nervous system
1209:in the islet also secrete
1169:
1036:The pancreas forms during
969:
711:superior mesenteric artery
668:superior mesenteric artery
530:superior mesenteric artery
29:
3813:Oxford English Dictionary
3731:World Journal of Diabetes
3458:10.1080/13651820510035721
3410:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2
3285:10.1080/13651820701883148
3197:National Cancer Institute
2217:"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30"
2151:abdominal ultrasonography
1930:required and potentially
1713:dysplastic nevus syndrome
1634:may be needed to prevent
1373:begin with activation of
1103:fibroblast growth factors
944:accessory pancreatic duct
752:pancreaticoduodenal veins
719:greater pancreatic artery
581:accessory pancreatic duct
549:accessory pancreatic duct
292:
166:Pancreaticoduodenal veins
46:
32:Pancreas (disambiguation)
3854:Barrett, Kim E. (2019).
3807:Oxford Companion to Food
3646:A2Z Book of word Origins
3323:World Cancer Report 2014
2915:Pandol, Stephen (2011).
2490:Wheater's Histology 2013
2473:Wheater's Histology 2013
2149:Identifying pancreas on
1921:Diabetes mellitus type 2
1905:pancreas transplantation
1865:Diabetes mellitus type 1
1860:Diabetes mellitus type 1
1329:, the first part of the
1263:autonomic nervous system
1166:Blood glucose regulation
1123:notch receptor signaling
1105:, and activation of the
630:superior mesenteric vein
4256:Intrahepatic bile ducts
3827:Leiths Techniques Bible
2646:10.1126/science.1260419
1944:glucagon-like peptide 1
1610:autoimmune pancreatitis
1233:. This is converted to
885:(also called islets of
346:, i.e., it has both an
3895:Beger HG, ed. (2018).
3048:10.3390/ijerph18178934
2999:10.4414/smw.2003.10226
2546:emedicine.medscape.com
2201:anatomical terminology
1677:
1665:
1567:bruising of the flanks
1490:Enterochromaffin cells
1486:pancreatic polypeptide
1318:
1182:
1050:gastrointestinal tract
1033:
1006:pancreatic polypeptide
948:minor duodenal papilla
911:Enterochromaffin cells
827:
808:
804:fluorescent antibodies
795:
769:, and eventually into
730:
496:
480:
397:. This juice contains
379:pancreatic polypeptide
294:Anatomical terminology
4217:Hepatic stellate cell
3171:10.1056/NEJMra1404198
2918:The Exocrine Pancreas
2881:, pp. 2086–2102.
2839:Hall, John E (2016).
2446:, pp. 1183–1190.
2431:, pp. 1179–1189.
2318:www.sciencedirect.com
1901:diabetic ketoacidosis
1830:(largely benign) and
1800:choledochojejunostomy
1753:endoscopic ultrasound
1671:
1655:
1512:Clinical significance
1443:stimulation from the
1304:
1222:breakdown of glycogen
1179:
1085:transcription factors
1019:
970:Further information:
928:anatomical variations
856:endoplasmic reticulum
801:
784:
567:. The opening of the
466:
4177:Perisinusoidal space
4068:at Wikimedia Commons
3131:10.1148/rg.313105174
2613:www.proteinatlas.org
2355:10.1136/gut.22.2.158
2022:immunohistochemistry
1889:diabetic retinopathy
1616:Chronic pancreatitis
1476:Additional functions
1406:cholesterol esterase
1281:inhibits secretion.
1075:Cellular development
1069:main pancreatic duct
916:systemic circulation
877:The tissues with an
616:. In front sits the
589:main pancreatic duct
573:main pancreatic duct
545:main pancreatic duct
446:chronic pancreatitis
444:can arise following
401:, which neutralizes
30:For other uses, see
4288:Common hepatic duct
3782:The Vertebrate Body
3744:10.4239/wjd.v7.i1.1
3587:(2 Suppl 3): 1–16.
2745:Carlson BM (2019).
2693:2014PLoSO...9k5421D
2515:Sadley, TW (2019).
2492:, pp. 287–291.
2475:, pp. 332–333.
1770:regimen containing
1575:intensive care unit
1385:to its active form
1218:creation of glucose
1151:blood sugar control
872:column-shaped cells
785:This image shows a
767:splenic lymph nodes
744:superior mesenteric
618:peritoneal membrane
608:. Behind rests the
577:sphincter of Boyden
409:, which break down
338:and functions as a
239:πάγκρεας (pánkreas)
202:Splenic lymph nodes
4283:Right hepatic duct
4140:Ligamentum venosum
3643:O'Brien T (2015).
3565:, p. 745-751.
3550:, p. 730-732.
3236:10.3322/caac.21190
3103:, p. 837-844.
2905:, pp. 16, 57.
2775:, pp. 2853–4.
2199:This article uses
1927:insulin resistance
1869:autoimmune disease
1743:in the form of an
1681:Pancreatic cancers
1678:
1666:
1632:enzyme replacement
1518:Pancreatic disease
1345:intralobular ducts
1319:
1183:
1058:dorsal and ventral
1034:
1030:dorsal and ventral
809:
796:
610:inferior vena cava
481:
360:blood sugar levels
206:celiac lymph nodes
4423:
4422:
4408:Centroacinar cell
4403:Pancreatic islets
4341:
4340:
4321:Sphincter of Oddi
4278:Left hepatic duct
4064:Media related to
3985:978-0-8089-2371-8
3966:978-0-7020-7028-0
3906:978-1-119-18841-4
3695:Green TM (2008).
3670:Harper, Douglas.
2992:(35–36): 488–90.
2938:978-1-61504-138-1
2850:978-1-4557-7016-8
2640:(6220): 1260419.
2250:(38): 1299–1306.
2215:Nosek, Thomas M.
2124:Additional images
2003:Frederick Banting
1849:Diabetes mellitus
1737:venous thrombosis
1648:Pancreatic cancer
1628:alcohol cessation
1470:trypsin inhibitor
1402:lysophospholipase
1279:Alpha-1 receptors
1172:Pancreatic islets
1139:fetal circulation
990:pancreatic islets
883:pancreatic islets
852:basement membrane
763:lymphatic vessels
735:) in the middle.
575:is controlled by
561:sphincter of Oddi
442:Pancreatic cancer
438:diabetes mellitus
407:digestive enzymes
344:heterocrine gland
308:
307:
303:
182:Pancreatic plexus
16:(Redirected from
4465:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4377:Uncinate process
4316:Ampulla of Vater
4311:Common bile duct
4266:Canals of Hering
4261:Bile canaliculus
4244:
4199:Lobules of liver
4187:Periportal space
4106:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4063:
4049:
4030:
4024:
4016:
3989:
3970:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3918:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3841:
3840:
3822:
3816:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3500:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3352:. Archived from
3351:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3318:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3154:
3145:
3142:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3001:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2930:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2893:, pp. 2090.
2888:
2882:
2876:
2855:
2854:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2789:
2776:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2742:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2512:
2493:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2447:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2223:. Archived from
2212:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2146:
2134:
2088:The pancreas of
2041:, and the other
2016:methods such as
1983:Rufus of Ephesus
1970:(335–280 BC), a
1948:DPP-4 inhibitors
1885:vascular disease
1881:high blood sugar
1398:phospholipase A2
1383:chymotrypsinogen
1323:digestive system
1307:pancreatic islet
1267:Beta-2 receptors
1155:pancreatic juice
982:chymotrypsinogen
960:duodenal atresia
956:annular pancreas
952:pancreas divisum
787:pancreatic islet
652:transverse colon
626:uncinate process
622:transverse colon
614:common bile duct
569:common bile duct
557:ampulla of Vater
553:common bile duct
387:pancreatic juice
362:, secreting the
350:and a digestive
324:endocrine system
320:digestive system
300:edit on Wikidata
170:pancreatic veins
130:endocrine system
126:Digestive system
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
51:
39:
21:
18:Body of pancreas
4473:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4434:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4337:
4292:
4233:
4116:
4112:Anatomy of the
4110:
4056:
4046:
4033:
4017:
4005:
3992:
3986:
3973:
3967:
3954:
3948:
3935:
3919:
3907:
3894:
3878:
3866:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3563:Davidson's 2018
3561:
3554:
3548:Davidson's 2018
3546:
3542:
3536:Davidson's 2018
3534:
3530:
3515:
3502:
3501:
3484:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3321:"Chapter 5.7".
3320:
3319:
3310:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3165:(11): 1039–49.
3156:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3101:Davidson's 2018
3099:
3074:
3028:
3027:
3023:
2986:Swiss Med. Wkly
2979:
2978:
2974:
2939:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2891:Harrison's 2015
2889:
2885:
2879:Harrison's 2015
2877:
2858:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2816:
2804:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2773:Harrison's 2015
2771:
2764:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2728:
2687:(12): e115421.
2674:
2673:
2669:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2496:
2488:
2479:
2471:
2450:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2388:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2303:, pp. 124.
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2178:
2175:
2166:
2163:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2135:
2126:
2086:
2031:
1999:Oskar Minkowski
1964:
1956:
1923:
1917:
1915:Type 2 diabetes
1862:
1856:
1854:Type 1 diabetes
1851:
1824:medical imaging
1741:medical imaging
1721:inherited genes
1717:tobacco smoking
1650:
1644:
1620:cystic fibrosis
1606:corticosteroids
1590:medical imaging
1531:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1478:
1433:cholecystokinin
1349:pancreatic duct
1331:small intestine
1299:
1237:and cleaved by
1227:skeletal muscle
1174:
1168:
1147:
1077:
1026:digestive tract
1014:
978:salivary glands
974:
968:
932:pancreatic buds
924:
850:resting on the
842:into the small
830:) around small
779:
703:
672:small intestine
664:left renal vein
597:
543:Two ducts, the
461:
395:pancreatic duct
356:endocrine gland
304:
114:Pancreatic buds
71:
67:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4471:
4469:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4331:Cholecystocyte
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4182:Liver sinusoid
4179:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4155:Lobes of liver
4152:
4150:Round ligament
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4055:
4054:External links
4052:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4031:
4003:
3990:
3984:
3971:
3965:
3952:
3946:
3933:
3905:
3892:
3864:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3817:
3798:
3792:978-0039102845
3791:
3768:
3714:
3708:978-0742547803
3707:
3687:
3662:
3656:978-8129118097
3655:
3635:
3629:978-1461505556
3628:
3608:
3567:
3552:
3540:
3538:, p. 735.
3528:
3513:
3482:
3431:
3388:
3362:
3359:on 2015-01-14.
3338:
3332:978-9283204299
3331:
3308:
3259:
3210:
3184:
3146:
3105:
3072:
3021:
2972:
2937:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2856:
2849:
2831:
2802:
2777:
2762:
2756:978-0323523752
2755:
2726:
2667:
2624:
2600:
2551:
2532:
2525:
2494:
2477:
2448:
2433:
2386:
2349:(2): 158–167.
2329:
2305:
2293:
2269:
2230:
2227:on 2016-03-24.
2206:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2085:
2082:
2039:pancreatic bud
2030:
2027:
2018:H&E stains
1989:adaptation of
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1936:sulphonylureas
1919:Main article:
1916:
1913:
1893:kidney disease
1858:Main article:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1685:adenocarcinoma
1658:adenocarcinoma
1646:Main article:
1643:
1640:
1527:Main article:
1524:
1521:
1516:Main article:
1513:
1510:
1477:
1474:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1390:
1298:
1295:
1275:catecholamines
1247:depolarisation
1167:
1164:
1146:
1143:
1107:Notch receptor
1076:
1073:
1061:pancreatic bud
1013:
1010:
967:
964:
923:
920:
778:
775:
715:splenic artery
707:coeliac artery
702:
699:
691:splenic artery
632:and sometimes
596:
593:
547:and a smaller
460:
457:
383:exocrine gland
306:
305:
296:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
236:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
213:
212:
199:
193:
192:
186:celiac ganglia
179:
173:
172:
163:
157:
156:
154:splenic artery
139:
133:
132:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4470:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4414:
4413:Stellate cell
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:Microanatomy
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Biliary tract
4236:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:Microanatomy
4207:
4205:
4204:Liver segment
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Porta hepatis
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4045:9780702047473
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4004:9780702052309
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3947:9780071802154
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3865:9781260122404
3861:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3688:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3514:9781260122404
3510:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3451:(2): 148–50.
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:(5): 318–48.
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:(3): E47-64.
3124:
3120:
3119:Radiographics
3116:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2803:9781260122404
2799:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2526:9781496383907
2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:culinary name
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:Other animals
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:immune system
1871:in which the
1870:
1867:is a chronic
1866:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1636:malabsorption
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:cotransporter
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:acetylcholine
1439:, as well as
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:preproinsulin
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
921:
919:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
805:
800:
793:
788:
783:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:blood vessels
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411:carbohydrates
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66:
64:Pronunciation
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4346:
4271:Interlobular
4222:Kupffer cell
4194:Portal triad
4135:Cantlie line
4035:
3994:
3975:
3956:
3937:
3896:
3855:
3848:Bibliography
3826:
3820:
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3690:
3679:. Retrieved
3675:
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3531:
3504:
3448:
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3434:
3404:(1): 24–34.
3401:
3397:
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3377:. 2014-02-21
3374:
3365:
3354:the original
3341:
3322:
3279:(1): 58–62.
3276:
3272:
3262:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3199:. 2014-04-17
3196:
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3158:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3041:(17): 8934.
3038:
3034:
3024:
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2917:
2910:
2903:Beger's 2018
2898:
2886:
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2633:
2627:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:
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2535:
2516:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2301:Beger's 2018
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2225:the original
2220:
2210:
2102:ris d'agneau
2101:
2093:
2087:
2051:
2032:
2011:
2007:Charles Best
1965:
1957:
1924:
1907:or isolated
1863:
1836:
1813:
1772:fluorouracil
1761:
1725:
1679:
1624:steatorrhoea
1614:
1579:
1535:pancreatitis
1532:
1529:Pancreatitis
1523:Inflammation
1479:
1466:
1418:
1387:chymotrypsin
1364:enterokinase
1357:
1338:
1320:
1283:M3 receptors
1251:
1215:
1211:somatostatin
1184:
1148:
1115:neurogenin-3
1112:
1096:
1078:
1065:
1044:part of the
1035:
1002:somatostatin
975:
925:
876:
868:interlobular
867:
864:intralobular
863:
844:intercalated
843:
821:
810:
777:Microanatomy
756:
748:portal veins
740:splenic vein
737:
704:
701:Blood supply
684:
660:splenic vein
649:
638:
598:
542:
517:
513:
509:
505:
503:
482:
450:
426:pancreatitis
423:
393:through the
375:somatostatin
311:
309:
263:A05.9.01.001
238:
226:
36:
4306:Cystic duct
4298:Gallbladder
2571:(1): 43–5.
2548:. Medscape.
2444:Gray's 2008
2429:Gray's 2016
2094:ris de veau
2035:vertebrates
1877:blood sugar
1832:gastrinomas
1828:Insulinomas
1788:gemcitabine
1780:oxaliplatin
1602:pain relief
1502:substance P
1445:vagus nerve
1421:bicarbonate
1375:trypsinogen
1291:vagus nerve
1255:amino acids
1207:Delta cells
1191:alpha cells
1187:homeostasis
1135:capillaries
1099:follistatin
1052:. It is of
1038:development
1012:Development
936:ventral bud
899:delta cells
891:alpha cells
641:portal vein
583:opens into
399:bicarbonate
334:behind the
328:vertebrates
216:Identifiers
190:vagus nerve
4248:Bile ducts
4212:Hepatocyte
3915:1065547789
3874:1076268769
3836:0747560463
3737:(1): 1–7.
3681:2007-04-04
3672:"Pancreas"
3523:1076268769
2812:1076268769
2618:2017-09-25
2323:2021-06-12
2287:2021-06-12
2195:References
2118:sweetbread
1995:sweetbread
1968:Herophilus
1897:neuropathy
1792:palliative
1784:leucovorin
1776:irinotecan
1768:FOLFIRINOX
1745:ultrasound
1727:the skin (
1594:ultrasound
1539:gallstones
1235:proinsulin
1199:beta cells
1170:See also:
1054:endodermal
940:dorsal bud
895:beta cells
887:Langerhans
854:, a large
750:, via the
732:anastamose
662:, and the
624:. A small
612:, and the
434:gallstones
385:secreting
4393:accessory
4130:Bare area
4021:cite book
4013:920806541
3923:cite book
3882:cite book
2955:708084265
2947:2154-560X
2820:cite book
2363:0017-5749
2282:Innerbody
2256:0036-7672
2062:mesentery
2009:in 1921.
1975:anatomist
1940:incretins
1843:papillary
1820:incidence
1809:diagnosis
1693:diagnosis
1674:neoplasms
1498:serotonin
1453:Ito cells
1297:Digestion
1239:C-peptide
1181:glucagon.
922:Variation
879:endocrine
860:cytoplasm
813:endocrine
498:lobulated
459:Structure
389:into the
348:endocrine
109:Precursor
4458:Pancreas
4452:Category
4347:Pancreas
4165:Quadrate
4066:Pancreas
3763:26788261
3603:20567557
3477:18333264
3418:22198808
3303:18695761
3254:23856911
3179:25207767
3139:21721197
3067:34501532
3016:28184979
3008:14652805
2967:Archived
2963:21634067
2721:25546435
2681:PLOS ONE
2654:25613900
2595:26388905
2078:lungfish
2074:lampreys
2043:dorsally
2014:staining
1729:jaundice
1701:diabetes
1592:such as
1429:secretin
1425:alkaline
1360:zymogens
1353:duodenum
1327:duodenum
1315:glucagon
1220:and the
1201:secrete
1195:glucagon
1193:secrete
1145:Function
1127:Pax gene
1042:duodenal
998:glucagon
903:glucagon
840:zymogens
817:exocrine
792:zymogens
759:arteries
723:superior
620:and the
602:superior
585:duodenum
565:duodenum
522:duodenum
473:duodenum
432:use and
415:proteins
391:duodenum
371:glucagon
364:hormones
352:exocrine
312:pancreas
227:pancreas
42:Pancreas
4442:Anatomy
4160:Caudate
3754:4707300
3594:2886461
3468:2131425
3426:7329783
3294:2504856
3245:3769458
3058:8431133
2712:4278897
2689:Bibcode
2634:Science
2586:4575014
2381:6111521
2372:1419227
2264:2865807
2084:Cuisine
2058:rabbits
2054:teleost
2020:. Now,
1979:surgeon
1962:History
1954:Removal
1932:insulin
1749:CT scan
1697:obesity
1691:age of
1598:CT scan
1582:amylase
1569:or the
1555:abdomen
1494:motilin
1449:S cells
1413:amylase
1379:trypsin
1335:stomach
1311:insulin
1285:of the
1269:of the
1259:protein
1243:insulin
1203:insulin
1159:insulin
1046:foregut
1028:, as a
1022:foregut
994:insulin
907:insulin
836:fibrous
676:jejunum
489:stomach
485:abdomen
469:stomach
430:alcohol
367:insulin
336:stomach
332:abdomen
318:of the
251:D010179
59:Details
4428:Portal
4384:Ducts
4354:Gross
4327:Cells
4042:
4011:
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2254:
2070:spleen
1689:median
1642:Cancer
1586:lipase
1506:Cs-137
1500:, and
1435:, and
1404:, and
1394:lipase
1092:NKX6-1
897:, and
848:nuclei
721:. The
713:. The
689:. The
658:, the
634:artery
579:. The
538:spleen
528:: the
516:, and
493:spleen
477:spleen
314:is an
137:Artery
121:System
4122:Liver
3422:S2CID
3357:(PDF)
3350:(PDF)
3012:S2CID
2658:S2CID
2096:) or
2066:liver
2047:Birds
1991:Greek
1987:Latin
1972:Greek
1764:stage
1662:stage
1596:or a
1561:or a
1559:shock
1547:mumps
1340:acini
1131:Pax-6
986:PNLIP
832:ducts
828:acini
824:Latin
656:aorta
595:Parts
571:into
453:Greek
340:gland
316:organ
298:[
234:Greek
222:Latin
197:Lymph
177:Nerve
4388:main
4373:Head
4368:Neck
4363:Body
4358:Tail
4040:ISBN
4027:link
4009:OCLC
3999:ISBN
3980:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3942:ISBN
3929:link
3911:OCLC
3901:ISBN
3888:link
3870:OCLC
3860:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3787:ISBN
3759:PMID
3703:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3624:ISBN
3599:PMID
3519:OCLC
3509:ISBN
3473:PMID
3414:PMID
3383:2014
3327:ISBN
3299:PMID
3250:PMID
3205:2014
3175:PMID
3135:PMID
3063:PMID
3004:PMID
2959:PMID
2951:OCLC
2943:ISSN
2933:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2826:link
2808:OCLC
2798:ISBN
2751:ISBN
2717:PMID
2650:PMID
2591:PMID
2521:ISBN
2377:PMID
2359:ISSN
2260:PMID
2252:ISSN
2110:pork
2106:beef
2098:lamb
2090:calf
2076:and
2005:and
1977:and
1895:and
1804:ERCP
1798:, a
1796:itch
1782:and
1757:ERCP
1733:bile
1711:and
1608:for
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1549:and
1543:ERCP
1484:and
1313:and
1119:ISL1
1117:and
1090:and
1088:PDX1
1004:and
815:and
746:and
725:and
709:and
695:vein
693:and
604:and
534:vein
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518:tail
514:body
510:neck
506:head
419:fats
417:and
403:acid
377:and
322:and
310:The
287:7198
275:3114
258:TA98
246:MeSH
208:and
161:Vein
128:and
3749:PMC
3739:doi
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3375:NCI
3289:PMC
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