357:
general consensus is that while the actual origin of the Aweer and their language is not known definitively, it is likely that they at one point were not foragers. A competing hypothesis, and perhaps equally plausible one in the same vein as Heine's first scenario, is put forth by Tosco (1994:159) that links the emergence of Aweer to the expansion of Garre-speakers from the northeast:
248:
334:
prior language; it is best said that the possibility of said shift is more so based on assumptions regarding their status as foragers as opposed to linguistic evidence of the same sort found in neighboring languages. As noted in Heine (1982:141), the debate regarding the situation of if the Aweer have or have not shifted from a prior language is as follows:
393:(IPA: ) 'to swallow', which demonstrates another sound shift found in both Garre and Aweer, *ʕ > along with the semantic shift of 'to eat' > 'to swallow'; which itself is found in Aweer. Conversely, these could also be loans from Aweer into Dahalo. A similar viewpoint can be found in Nurse (2019).
333:
There are suggestions that the Aweer speech community are remnants of the early hunter-gatherer inhabitants of
Eastern Africa, although this is not without debate among specialists and unlike the neighboring speakers of the Dahalo language, there is no concrete linguistic evidence of a shift from a
356:
Further on in the same paper, Tosco does note that there are oral traditions among the Aweer ethnic community that they had at one point had cattle and, as a result of losing them (and presumably their social status), had become foragers. A similar view can be found in Stiles (1988:41-42), and the
338:
The forest was inhabited by people speaking a non-Sam (= non-Eastern Omo–Tana) language, who, as a result of contacts with Sam pastoralists along the forest fringes, adopted a Sam language. This would imply that the Boni relationship with the Sam people is merely linguistic; their cultural origin
373:
southwards until they reached the Jubba-Tana region, where they "coexisted with
Dahaloan hunter-gatherers"; their "impact led the Dahaloan food collectors to give up their Dahaloan tongue for Garre. To this day the Aweer ... speak dialects of Garre. All that remains of their Dahaloan speech is a
351:
I suppose that the "backwardness" of the cultural and economic way of life of the hunter-gatherers is probably at the very core of these theories: notwithstanding the dangers implicit in any strong association between culture and language, these people are assumed to be "linguistic survivors",
342:
Part of the
Eastern Sam, i.e. the immediate ancestors of the Boni, entered the coastal forest and adopted a hunter-gatherer existence. Such a development is likely to have been caused by war, stock raiding or ecological distress, forcing the Same people to give up their livestock
1040:
Tosco, Mauro. 1992. The classification of Dahalo: another perspective. In Banti, Giorgio (ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on
Cushitic and Omotic languages, Turin, 16–18 November 1989. Naples: Istituto Universitario
384:
He then notes that in a forthcoming work to be published, Tosco (1992), that there are loans of East Omo-Tana (or in his words, "Somali") origin within Dahalo that could have only been loaned by either Aweer or Garre, such as the verb
352:
because they are—presumably—"cultural survivors". These theories do not take into account that language shift is probably a much more recurrent phenomenon than any romantic association between people and culture leads us to assume.
1018:
Ali, Mohammed Nuuh 1985. "History of the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C. - 1500 AD: Aspects of Social and
Economic Change between the Rift Valley and the Indian Ocean." P.h.D. Thesis, University of California, Los
1030:
Since no new versions or evidence for a
Khoisan hypothesis have grown out of any more recent scholarship, there is little empirical ground for left for currently propagating such a family."
1630:
1174:
377:. Thus, for Ali the Boni are Dahalo that have been Somalised, just as many centuries before these hunter-gatherers had given up their original (?) Khoisan
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people, traditionally subsisting on hunting, gathering, and collecting honey. Their ancestral lands range along the Kenyan coast from the
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Tosco (1994) notes that Heine agrees with the second historical scenario, and as Tosco (1994:155) goes on to state:
339:
would have to be sought with those hunter-gatherers who lived in the forest prior to the arrival of the
Eastern Sam.
1802:
1051:
Nurse, Derek (2019). "When
Northern Swahili met southern Somali". In Emily Clem; Peter Jenks; Hannah Sande (eds.).
710:
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According to Garre traditions, the movement began "from an area located at or near the present-day settlement of
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Güldemann, T. (Ed.) (2018). The
Languages and Linguistics of Africa. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp107 "
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Stiles, Daniel (1988). "Historical interrelationships of the Boni with pastoral peoples of
Somalia and Kenya".
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Biber, Douglas; Heine, Bernd (1984). "The Waata Dialect of Oromo: Grammatical Sketch and Vocabulary".
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single community near the coast ..., even the lexicon has been influenced by Garre" (Ali 1985:161ff)
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389:(IPA: ) 'to be there, to exist' which demonstrates the sound change *k > /_i and the verb
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Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research
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369:. The expansion took the form of sections of the Garre communities spreading from
872:
Prins, A.H.J. (1960). "Notes on the Boni, a Tribe of Hunters in Northern Kenya".
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Area where the Eastern Omo-Tana languages (minus Bayso and Rendille) are spoken
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1109:"Sociolinguistic Surveys in Selected Kenyan Languages: The Boni/Dahalo Report"
939:"The Historical Reconstruction of a Southern Somali Dialect: Proto-Karre-Boni"
778:
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461:
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989:. Language and Dialect Atlas of Kenya. Vol. 10. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
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2018:
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321:, there are around 8,000 speakers of Aweer. Aweer has similarities with the
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2003:
30:"Bon language" redirects here. For the language spoken in Cameroon, see
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861:– via Kyoto University Research Information Repository.
1122:"Visualizing the Boni dialects with Historical Glottometry"
913:. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
985:
Heine, Bernd (1982). Heine, Bernd; Möhlig, W.J.G. (eds.).
1087:
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The phonemic inventory reconstructed for Proto-Aweer (
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language and adopted a Cushitic language, i.e. Dahalo.
1055:. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 649–665.
840:"Hunter-Gatherer Studies: The Importance of Context"
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891:Prins, A.H.J. (1963). "The Didemic Diarchic Boni".
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893:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
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27:Lowland East Cushitic language of eastern Kenya
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1053:Theory and Description in African Linguistics
847:African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue
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403:the last common stage of all Aweer dialects
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911:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
909:Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005.
286:, known by the arguably derogatory
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961:"Ethnologue - Aweer language"
365:, down the right side of the
923:Ethnologue - Garre language
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1120:Elias, Alexander (2019).
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305:Districts into Southern
89:7,600 (2009 census)
838:Stiles, Daniel (2001).
784:(subscription required)
2095:Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo
1061:10.5281/zenodo.3367193
1002:Kenya Past and Present
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354:
68:North-Eastern Province
18:Boni (Kenyan language)
1138:10.1075/jhl.18009.eli
1107:Rilling, Art (2012).
937:Tosco, Mauro (1994).
293:, are historically a
1768:Hadiyyaic–Kambaataic
1577:Kenyan Sign Language
329:Historical situation
1479:Immigrant languages
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2478:Languages of Kenya
2473:Omo–Tana languages
2072:West–Central Oromo
1640:Cushitic languages
1250:Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki
1191:Official languages
1184:Languages of Kenya
1115:. Report 2012-037.
1093:2022-05-22 at the
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1113:SIL International
1070:978-3-96110-205-1
782:(18th ed., 2015)
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405:) is as follows:
276:Cushitic language
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91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
64:Coast Province
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:Bussa–Dirasha
2156:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Eastern Oromo
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1926:Rendille–Boni
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
988:
987:Boni Dialects
981:
978:
967:on 2014-07-14
966:
962:
956:
953:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
927:
924:
919:
916:
912:
906:
903:
898:
894:
887:
884:
879:
875:
868:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
834:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
781:
780:
775:
770:
767:
760:
754:
752:
750:
748:
745:
739:
735:
733:
731:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:
581:
578:
574:
571:
567:
564:
560:
557:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
539:
536:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
502:
499:
497:
493:
490:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
463:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
440:
435:
432:
430:
425:
422:
420:
417:
414:
411:
406:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
381:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
358:
353:
348:
341:
337:
336:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
319:
315:According to
313:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
249:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
227:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
207:
202:
198:
194:
191:
186:
181:
178:
175:
171:
165:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
142:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
102:
98:
92:
88:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2449:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2309:
2081:Central–East
1933:
1886:
1821:Gedeo–Sidama
1679:
1413:Nilo-Saharan
1347:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1052:
1046:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1005:
1001:
995:
986:
980:
969:. Retrieved
965:the original
955:
946:
942:
918:
910:
905:
899:(2): 174–85.
896:
892:
886:
877:
873:
867:
850:
846:
833:
800:
796:
790:
777:
769:
402:
400:
390:
386:
383:
378:
375:
360:
355:
350:
346:
332:
316:
314:
290:
284:Aweer people
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
233:Linguasphere
204:
124:
120:Macro-Somali
115:Lowland East
105:Afro-Asiatic
880:(3): 25–27.
696:Approximant
367:Jubba river
278:of Eastern
2467:Categories
1796:Kambaataic
1536:Portuguese
1330:West Nyala
1212:Indigenous
1041:Orientale.
971:2014-09-17
949:: 153–209.
803:(4): 992.
779:Ethnologue
761:References
410:Consonants
318:Ethnologue
272:Bon, Bonta
2452:indicate
2216:Saho–Afar
2019:Maay Maay
1882:Daasanach
1775:Hadiyyaic
1358:Daasanach
1295:Mijikenda
1214:languages
1146:198404036
1132:: 70–91.
853:: 41–65.
817:0097-8507
657:Fricative
623:implosive
501:voiceless
397:Phonology
307:Somalia's
206:Glottolog
190:ISO 639-3
74:Ethnicity
2395:Iraqwoid
2281:Blemmyan
1999:Benadiri
1953:language
1939:Rendille
1899:Somaloid
1869:Arboroid
1860:Omo–Tana
1808:Kambaata
1761:Sidamoid
1740:Highland
1715:Xamtanga
1541:Japanese
1421:Kipsigis
1383:Rendille
1340:Cushitic
1091:Archived
1019:Angeles.
1008:: 38–45.
797:Language
589:ejective
439:alveolar
429:Alveolar
343:economy.
274:), is a
239:14-GAF-a
213:awee1242
140:Dialects
110:Cushitic
2450:Italics
2366:Burunge
2345:Kwʼadza
2170:Dirasha
2138:Konsoid
2109:Eastern
2088:Central
2051:Oromoid
2024:Waqooyi
2009:Harlaad
2004:Caloowe
1968:Dabarre
1916:Girirra
1888:El Molo
1851:Lowland
1782:Hadiyya
1648:Central
1551:Russian
1531:Chinese
1511:Italian
1501:Spanish
1496:Punjabi
1486:English
1466:Turkana
1456:Samburu
1368:El Molo
1290:Marachi
1203:Swahili
1198:English
496:Plosive
455:Glottal
434:Palato-
391:unneed-
371:Afmadow
160:Safaree
151:Bireeri
2432:Others
2402:Gorowa
2386:Alagwa
2250:Dahalo
2238:Others
2206:Tsamai
2201:Dobase
2188:Dullay
2014:Jiiddu
1994:Ashraf
1987:Others
1877:Arbore
1833:Sidama
1787:Libido
1687:Qimant
1556:Danish
1546:Romani
1526:Arabic
1521:Hebrew
1506:German
1491:French
1451:Pökoot
1446:Omotik
1436:Naandi
1431:Maasai
1388:Somali
1363:Dahalo
1310:Pokomo
1280:Logoli
1270:Kikuyu
1255:Ilwana
1230:Bajuni
1144:
1067:
825:413828
823:
815:
730:Rhotic
550:voiced
450:Uvular
424:Dental
419:Labial
288:exonym
282:. The
264:Aweera
148:Baddey
60:Region
2407:Iraqw
2375:North
2298:South
2273:North
2255:Yaaku
2165:Bussa
2149:Konso
2121:Waata
2060:Oromo
2029:Yibir
1978:Tunni
1973:Garre
1961:Digil
1934:Aweer
1911:Baiso
1828:Gedeo
1752:Burji
1710:Bilen
1692:Qwara
1681:Kayla
1669:North
1660:Awngi
1598:Engsh
1593:Sheng
1561:Dutch
1516:Hindi
1461:Tugen
1441:Ogiek
1403:Yaaku
1398:Waata
1378:Oromo
1353:Burji
1348:Aweer
1325:Taita
1315:Samia
1305:Nyole
1285:Luhya
1275:Kuria
1265:Khayo
1260:Kamba
1245:Gusii
1222:Bantu
1142:S2CID
1088:AWEER
843:(PDF)
821:JSTOR
774:Aweer
462:Nasal
445:Velar
303:Ijara
280:Kenya
260:Aweer
226:Aweer
177:Latin
157:Kijee
145:Kilii
125:Aweer
78:Aweer
54:Kenya
40:Aweer
2439:Maʼa
2355:West
2329:East
2321:Rift
2286:Beja
2245:Boon
2229:Saho
2224:Afar
2100:Orma
1732:East
1703:East
1373:Orma
1320:Suba
1300:Meru
1240:Embu
1235:Digo
1065:ISBN
813:ISSN
387:šir-
363:Luuq
301:and
299:Lamu
291:Boni
268:Boni
154:Jara
45:Boni
2338:Asa
2196:Ale
1426:Luo
1134:doi
1057:doi
855:doi
805:doi
776:at
221:ELP
197:bob
2469::
1140:.
1128:.
1124:.
1111:.
1063:.
1006:20
1004:.
947:15
945:.
941:.
929:^
897:93
895:.
876:.
851:26
849:.
845:.
819:.
811:.
801:60
799:.
744:r̪
741:,
611:kʼ
604:cʼ
597:tʼ
441:)
312:.
66:,
1951:/
1632:e
1625:t
1618:v
1176:e
1169:t
1162:v
1148:.
1136::
1130:9
1073:.
1059::
974:.
878:1
857::
827:.
807::
738:r
718:w
711:j
704:l
688:h
677:ʃ
670:s
663:f
645:ɠ
638:ʄ
631:ɗ
577:g
570:ɟ
563:d
556:b
542:ʔ
535:q
528:k
521:c
514:t
507:p
482:ɲ
475:n
468:m
437:(
426:/
270:(
262:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
