215:, but he was acknowledged only by the Germans. On the very day of Adrian's burial in the Vatican basilica, 5 September, Cardinal Boso, who appears to have taken the lead, withdrew with the majority, twenty-three, of the cardinals within the fortress of Sant' Angelo to escape the vengeance of the antipope. They immedediately elected as pope Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli of Siena, who was consecrated under the name of
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papal curia from at least 1135 as member of the household of cardinal Guido of SS. Cosma e
Damiano from Pisa, and it was Guido, not Nicholas, who was his early protector at the papal court. Geisthardt has established that Boso was born probably at Loppia near Lucca in Tuscany. His conclusions are now accepted in academic literature.
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The monograph of F. Geisthardt (1936) about
Cardinal Boso refuted almost all elements of his traditional biography concerning the period before his promotion to the cardinalate. He has proven that Boso's curial career much predated the career of his alleged uncle Nicholas Breakspear. He served at the
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He had a reputation not only for piety, but also for learning, and was esteemed by contemporary writers as among the most eminent theologians of his age. He compiled or wrote the lives of several eleventh and twelfth century popes, among them the life of Adrian. He was also a poet, examples of his
230:(subscribed the bulls with this title between 18 March 1166 and 29 July 1178). Boso, though dismissed as camerlengo, was subsequently entrusted with several important missions in Northern Italy (1160/61, 1162, 1173/74, 1177). When Alexander made his journey to
196:, being somewhat suspicious of the fidelity of the Roman populace. Two years later, on 21 December 1156, the same pope named him cardinal-deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano; as such, he subscribed papal bulls between 4 January 1157 and 1 August 1165.
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and a
Benedictine monk. He showed that neither his relationship with Adrian IV nor his belonging to the Order of Benedictines is attested in any of the contemporary sources, while papal privileges for the Boso's titular church of
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This view was still accepted at the beginning of the 20th century, but subsequently was challenged by a number of scholars. Johannes M. Brixius (1912) undermined the tradition identifying him as a nephew of
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in the young age, and then entered the Roman Curia when his uncle
Nicholas became cardinal. Shortly after his election to the papacy he was promoted to the cardinalate and died ca. 1181.
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in 1143. After Guido's death in autumn 1149 Boso replaced him as director of papal chancery, though without the title of chancellor. He occupied that post until 3 May 1153.
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Brixius concluded that Boso must have been a member of this religious community, and not a
Benedictine. However, he still considered him an Englishman.
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has described Boso as being one "whose knowledge of Papal and ecclesiastical precedent was probably unrivalled" during his life.
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When
Nicholas Breakspear became Pope Adrian IV in December 1154, he appointed Boso to the important post of
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The new pope was mindful of his obligations to Boso, and soon (no later than 18 March 1166) promoted him
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Born in
Tuscany, Boso joined the canons regular of S. Maria di Reno at
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Zenker, p. 149; Bolton, Duggan, p. 182 and 215; Robinson, p. 254-255
242:(24 June 1177) which closed the schism, he was accompanied by Boso.
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Brixius, p. 114. He was certainly dead by
September 26, 1180, when
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According to the older historiography Boso was an
Englishman from
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attached this title to the canons regular of S. Maria di Reno.
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interest voted for
Cardinal Octavian, who assumed the name of
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452:. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 421.
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appears as cardinal priest of S. Pudenziana (Ch. L. Hugo,
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Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts
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Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts
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Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa
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Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159
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poetry powers still existing in the Cotton MSS in the
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When Adrian IV died in 1159, dissensions arose in the
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Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181
469:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
234:to receive the submission and allegiance of the
535:The Papacy 1073-1198. Continuity and Innovation
207:lasting seventeen years. Four cardinals in the
253:He died in 1178, perhaps on 12 September. The
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250:, in the form of metrical lives of saints.
203:, the result of which was the creation of a
192:and confided to him the governorship of the
201:conclave as to the choice of his successor
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:"Boso" cardinal of Santa Pudenziana
19:(death 1178) was an Italian prelate and
551:(Eberings Hist. Stud. 293), Berlin 1936
392:Sacri Ordinis Praemonstratensis Annales
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516:, II, under Adrian 1V, Alexander III.
436:Skottowe, Britiffe Constable (1886).
408:". In Bolton, B.; Duggan, A. (eds.).
21:Cardinal of the Roman Catholic church
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575:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church
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284:, vol. 1, pt. 2, Rome 1792, p. 85-86
103:adding citations to reliable sources
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190:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
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537:, Cambridge University Press 1990
394:, vol. II, Nancy 1736, col. 454).
332:Zenker, p. 149; Geisthardt, p. 17
463:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
449:Dictionary of National Biography
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544:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2003
90:needs additional citations for
39:of Nicholas Breakspear, future
570:12th-century Italian cardinals
497:Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen
475:Memorie Storiche de' Cardinali
359:Brixius, p. 58; Zenker, p. 225
341:Brixius, p. 58; Zenker, p. 150
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580:Religious leaders from Lucca
457:Birt, Henry Norbert (1907).
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492:, II, xxxix-xliii, 351-446
460:"Boso (Breakspear)"
255:Ecclesiastical historian
540:B. Bolton, A. Duggan,
194:Castle of Sant' Angelo
519:Johannes M. Brixius,
466:Catholic Encyclopedia
404:Duggan, A. (2003b). "
238:, and to ratify the
236:Emperor Frederick II
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406:Servus Servorum Dei
314:Geisthardt, p. 1-39
305:Brixius, pp. 113-14
499:, 6th ed., II, 331
489:Liber Pontificalis
217:Pope Alexander III
549:Der Kämmerer Boso
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565:1178 deaths
559:Categories
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473:Cardella,
430:References
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506:(1860–64)
294:Birt 1907
213:Victor IV
155:July 2018
71:Biography
53:Adrian IV
33:St Albans
502:Reuter,
209:imperial
446:(ed.).
179:Bologna
139:scholar
27:Origins
479:Eggs,
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232:Venice
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37:nephew
442:. In
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265:Notes
183:Spain
146:JSTOR
132:books
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118:news
35:and
17:Boso
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