568:
487:, grow extremely slowly and produce very high quality resin in large, white clumps. Omanis and other Gulf State Arabs consider this to be superior to all other resins produced in North and Northeast Africa, India, and Asia, and it is priced accordingly. The most widely accepted opinion is that the vast boswellia forests which have existed for millennia in modern day Somalia produce a superior quality resin. Many reports have suggested that there is an existing phenomenon of middle eastern traders reselling the superior Somali product and marketing it as a product grown indigenously in their own respective lands.
583:
601:
88:
63:
44:
479:
The resin is extracted by making a small, shallow incision on the trunk or branches of the tree or by removing a portion of the crust of it. The resin is drained as a milky substance that coagulates in contact with air and is collected by hand.
386:
that grow opposite to one another; the small, yellow-white flowers are gathered in axillary clusters composed of five petals, ten stamens, and a cup with five teeth; new leaves feature a downy covering. The fruit of the
Boswellia sacra tree is a
499:
grows, and organizations like the international banks have invested in harvesting new trees and making protection tools for the regions where the trees are mostly growing. It has helped in the increase of production of the resin.
483:
Growing conditions vary significantly, affecting both tree development and resin produced. Trees in the narrow fog-laden zone where the desert meets Dhofar mountain range, in the desert region of the
378:
tree that grows to a height of 2 to 8 m (6 ft 7 in to 26 ft 3 in), with one or more trunks, and the bark has the texture of paper, and can be easily removed. The tree has
921:"Ecological and Economic Sustainability of Non-Timber Forest Products in Post-Conflict Recovery: A Case Study of the Frankincense (Boswellia spp.) Resin Harvesting in Somaliland (Somalia)"
531:, who buried his daughter alive. Helios arrived too late to save her, but not wanting to leave her rot underneath the soil, turned her into a new tree so that she could still breathe air.
567:
1148:
1293:
1187:
1096:
1318:
1161:
1109:
813:
804:
406:
tolerates the most critical situations and often grows on rocky slopes and ravines, up to an elevation of 1,200 m (3,900 ft), mostly in
395:
that extends from the roots up into the base of the stem, which forms a cushion that adheres to the rock and ensures the stability of the tree.
1226:
241:
600:
1323:
894:
582:
1303:
969:
445:
mountain range, a westerly escarpment that runs parallel to the coast; also middle segment of the frankincense-growing escarpment;
513:
1328:
1135:
851:
1166:
809:
220:
1044:
868:
1239:
1192:
87:
730:
Pharmacographia, a history of the principal drugs of vegetable origin, met with in Great
Britain and British India
1313:
690:
391:
approximately 1 cm (0.39 in) long. On a steep slope, individual
Boswellia sacra trees usually develop
1244:
1308:
987:
1049:
1333:
1114:
795:
686:
204:
1070:
1025:
449:
mountains or eastern escarpment, which lies at the eastern fringe of the frankinscence escarpment.
52:
734:
1298:
1265:
1231:
770:
228:
82:
652:
1153:
898:
1200:
1057:
965:
847:
843:
836:
351:
961:
954:
The
Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"
1205:
932:
647:
552:. It is said that the inclusion of frankincense, also called olibanum, was to symbolise the
524:
388:
383:
1179:
509:
379:
125:
67:
1218:
758:
728:
1213:
724:
359:
112:
1287:
1174:
638:
535:
426:
392:
72:
629:
1270:
548:
335:
255:
1062:
17:
1122:
1036:
1019:
592:
553:
517:
331:
171:
342:
dried sap, is harvested. The olibanum tree is plant native to the countries of
415:
407:
161:
43:
1010:
1083:
957:
465:
438:
375:
325:
181:
1257:
1252:
1004:
528:
442:
138:
674:
1101:
937:
920:
476:
The trees start producing resin when they are about 8 to 10 years old.
461:
446:
355:
1127:
520:
453:
434:
430:
419:
151:
981:
534:
In
Christian culture, it is recorded in the Gospel of Matthew that
1140:
1088:
543:
539:
347:
339:
99:
484:
457:
343:
1075:
985:
919:
DeCarlo, Anjanette; Ali, Saleem; Ceroni, Marta (January 2020).
838:
Rebuilding
Somalia : issues and possibilities for Puntland
623:
621:
495:
There are many initiatives taken by owners of the lands where
512:, the frankincense plant had once been a mortal woman named
422:, but it is most prevalent in Eastern and northern Somalia.
869:"World's last wild frankincense forests are under threat"
527:. In bitterness, Clytie gossiped to Leucothoe's father
746:
Lehrbuch der pharmakognosie Flückiger
Boswellia sacra.
414:
is abundant in Oman in arid woodland, on the steep,
994:
717:. 31. 1867. (as cited in Flückiger & Hanbury's
523:fell in love with her, and left his previous lover
835:
425:In Somalia, frankincense is harvested in mainly
715:Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches
464:and were traded in the ancient coastal city of
606:Boswellia Frereana resin, not Boswellia Sacra
8:
653:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T34533A9874201.en
982:
713:was originally described and published in
61:
42:
31:
936:
651:
433:regions: mountains lying at the east of
814:United States Department of Agriculture
805:Germplasm Resources Information Network
617:
563:
790:
788:
1294:IUCN Red List near threatened species
460:, frankincense species grow North of
7:
897:. www.omanwhs.gov.om. Archived from
867:Patinkin, Jason (25 December 2016).
733:. London: Macmillan and Co. p.
315:and others, and commonly called the
639:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
25:
1245:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127065-1
599:
581:
566:
542:as a child brought gifts: gold,
86:
1319:Trees of the Arabian Peninsula
1:
834:WSP Somali Programme (2001).
810:Agricultural Research Service
895:"Omani World Heritage Sites"
416:precariously eroding slopes
1352:
1324:Medicinal plants of Africa
691:Missouri Botanical Garden
323:, is a tree in the genus
234:
227:
210:
203:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
1304:Plants described in 1867
842:. London: HAAN. p.
723:Freidrich A. Flückiger;
466:Sumhuram, now Khor Rori
294:B. undulatocrenata
1329:Near threatened plants
725:Daniel Hanbury, F.R.S.
399:Occurrence and habitat
350:, in the south of the
238:Boswellia bhaw-dajiana
687:Saint Louis, Missouri
538:that came to worship
382:and an odd number of
952:Hard, Robin (2004).
646:: e.T34533A9874201.
418:in the mountains of
248:B. bhaw-dajiana
628:Thulin, M. (1998).
374:species is a small
334:family, from which
53:Conservation status
938:10.3390/su12093578
875:. Associated Press
771:World Flora Online
1281:
1280:
1201:Open Tree of Life
988:Taxon identifiers
765:
554:divinity of Jesus
540:Jesus of Nazareth
352:Arabian Peninsula
317:frankincense tree
313:Boswellia carteri
304:
303:
298:
290:
278:
266:
258:
244:
76:
18:Boswellia carteri
16:(Redirected from
1341:
1314:Flora of Somalia
1274:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1195:
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1157:
1156:
1144:
1143:
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1092:
1091:
1079:
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1066:
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1030:
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1028:
1015:
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1013:
983:
976:
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910:
909:
907:
906:
891:
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841:
831:
825:
824:
822:
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792:
783:
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778:
763:
755:
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708:
702:
701:
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603:
585:
570:
311:, also known as
296:
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216:
91:
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70:
65:
64:
46:
32:
21:
1351:
1350:
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1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1269:
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1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1186:
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1173:
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1147:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1026:Boswellia sacra
1024:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1003:
996:Boswellia sacra
990:
980:
979:
972:
951:
950:
946:
918:
917:
913:
904:
902:
893:
892:
888:
878:
876:
866:
865:
861:
854:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
798:Boswellia sacra
794:
793:
786:
776:
774:
761:Boswellia sacra
757:
756:
752:
739:
737:
722:
719:Pharmacographia
711:Boswellia sacra
709:
705:
695:
693:
677:Boswellia sacra
673:
672:
668:
658:
656:
632:Boswellia sacra
627:
626:
619:
614:
607:
604:
595:
589:Boswellia sacra
586:
577:
574:Boswellia sacra
571:
562:
510:Greek mythology
506:
497:Boswellia sacra
493:
474:
429:and in east of
412:Boswellia sacra
401:
380:compound leaves
372:Boswellia sacra
368:
308:Boswellia sacra
286:undulatocrenata
282:B. carteri
270:B. carteri
262:B. carteri
223:
218:
214:Boswellia sacra
212:
199:
85:
77:
68:Near Threatened
66:
62:
55:
36:Boswellia sacra
28:
27:Species of tree
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:wfo-0000569724
1262:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1210:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1158:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1031:
1016:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
986:
978:
977:
970:
944:
925:Sustainability
911:
886:
859:
852:
826:
784:
750:
703:
666:
616:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
598:
596:
587:
580:
578:
572:
565:
561:
558:
505:
502:
492:
489:
473:
470:
437:; and west to
400:
397:
393:buttress roots
367:
364:
360:Horn of Africa
302:
301:
300:
299:
291:
279:
267:
259:
245:
232:
231:
225:
224:
219:
208:
207:
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200:
193:
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179:
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142:
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136:
129:
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116:
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102:
97:
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92:
79:
78:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Flora of Oman
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
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1207:
1202:
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1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
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1159:
1155:
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1142:
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1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
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1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
973:
971:9780415186360
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
945:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
912:
901:on 2008-10-12
900:
896:
890:
887:
874:
873:Yahoo Finance
870:
863:
860:
855:
849:
845:
840:
839:
830:
827:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
799:
791:
789:
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773:
772:
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751:
747:
736:
732:
731:
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584:
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559:
557:
555:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
511:
508:According to
503:
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488:
486:
481:
477:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
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428:
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413:
409:
405:
404:B. sacra
398:
396:
394:
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385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
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329:
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322:
321:olibanum tree
318:
314:
310:
309:
297:(Engl.) Engl.
295:
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217:
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209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
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196:B. sacra
192:
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185:
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118:
117:
114:
113:Tracheophytes
111:
108:
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98:
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94:
89:
84:
80:
74:
69:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1334:South Arabia
995:
953:
947:
928:
924:
914:
903:. Retrieved
899:the original
889:
877:. Retrieved
872:
862:
837:
829:
819:November 24,
817:. Retrieved
803:
797:
777:December 29,
775:. Retrieved
769:
760:
753:
745:
740:November 24,
738:. Retrieved
729:
718:
714:
710:
706:
696:November 25,
694:. Retrieved
682:
676:
669:
657:. Retrieved
643:
637:
631:
588:
576:illustration
573:
549:frankincense
547:
533:
507:
496:
494:
482:
478:
475:
451:
424:
411:
403:
402:
371:
369:
336:frankincense
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
306:
305:
293:
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261:
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213:
211:
195:
194:
182:
145:
132:
119:
106:
35:
29:
1219:kew-2680579
1123:iNaturalist
1020:Wikispecies
931:(9): 3578.
879:25 December
659:12 November
593:Biosphere 2
366:Description
332:Burseraceae
172:Burseraceae
126:Angiosperms
1288:Categories
1214:Plant List
960:. p.
905:2009-01-14
853:1874209049
612:References
504:In culture
408:calcareous
274:subintegra
162:Sapindales
1299:Boswellia
958:Routledge
514:Leucothoe
439:laasqorey
376:deciduous
358:, in the
354:, and to
326:Boswellia
252:serrulata
190:Species:
183:Boswellia
96:Kingdom:
1258:50158481
1253:Tropicos
1154:10206584
1141:127065-1
1005:Wikidata
727:(1874).
683:Tropicos
675:"Name -
529:Orchamus
443:calmadow
384:leaflets
340:resinous
229:Synonyms
168:Family:
139:Eudicots
73:IUCN 2.3
1102:5421352
1011:Q133964
764:Flueck.
679:Flueck"
591:inside
560:Gallery
518:Sun god
491:Threats
462:Salalah
447:Karkaar
389:capsule
356:Somalia
330:in the
319:or the
221:Flueck.
178:Genus:
158:Order:
100:Plantae
71: (
1227:PLANTS
1206:815270
1193:173701
1167:506409
1128:189867
1115:310550
1076:483515
1050:550391
1034:APDB:
968:
850:
525:Clytie
521:Helios
516:. The
454:Dhofar
441:; and
435:Bosaso
431:Sanaag
420:Dhofar
410:soil.
265:Birdw.
242:Birdw.
152:Rosids
1232:BOSA3
1180:34533
1149:IRMNG
1089:BSWSA
544:myrrh
472:Resin
348:Yemen
289:Engl.
284:var.
277:Engl.
272:var.
256:Engl.
250:var.
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
1240:POWO
1188:NCBI
1175:IUCN
1162:ITIS
1136:IPNI
1110:GRIN
1097:GBIF
1084:EPPO
1063:MMNH
1045:BOLD
1037:7740
966:ISBN
881:2016
848:ISBN
821:2012
779:2023
742:2012
698:2012
661:2021
644:1998
546:and
536:Magi
485:Najd
458:Oman
427:Bari
370:The
346:and
344:Oman
338:, a
1266:WFO
1071:EoL
1058:CoL
933:doi
844:124
735:120
721:).
648:doi
452:In
1290::
1268::
1255::
1242::
1229::
1216::
1203::
1190::
1177::
1164::
1151::
1138::
1125::
1112::
1099::
1086::
1073::
1060::
1047::
1022::
1007::
964:.
962:45
956:.
929:12
927:.
923:.
871:.
846:.
812:,
808:.
802:.
787:^
768:.
744:.
689::
685:.
681:.
642:.
636:.
620:^
556:.
468:.
456:,
362:.
148::
135::
122::
109::
974:.
941:.
935::
908:.
883:.
856:.
823:.
800:"
796:"
781:.
766:"
759:"
700:.
663:.
650::
634:"
630:"
328:,
75:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
