4588:
28:
20:
637:
4429:
1277:
3298:
477:
762:
1311:. Contrary to some commercial claims, steam distilled frankincense oils do not contain the insufficiently volatile boswellic acids (triterpenoids), although they may be present in solvent extractions. The chemistry of the essential oil is mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, such as alpha-pinene, Limonene, alpha-Thujene, and beta-Pinene with small amounts of
4439:
3285:
754:
952:
1264:) are considered to have anti-bacterial properties and blood-moving uses. It can be used topically or orally, also used in surgical and internal medicine of traditional Chinese medicine. It is used to relieve pain, remove blood stasis, promote blood circulation and treat deafness, stroke, locked jaw, and abnormalities in women's
2447:香譜 by Hong Chu . . . Zhao Rugua notes: Ruxiang or xunluxiang comes from the three Dashi countries of Murbat (Maloba), Shihr (Shihe), and Dhofar (Nufa), from the depths of the remotest mountains. The tree which yields this drug may generally be compared to the pine tree. Its trunk is notched with a hatchet, upon which the
1096:
The use of
Boswellia resin for spiritual and medicinal purposes dates back to ancient civilizations. Numerous compounds of different chemical categories are identified in the resin; the pharmacological actions of Boswellia resin are attributed to the complementary effects exerted by these compounds.
2484:
resin flows out, and, when hardened, turns into incense, which is gathered and made into lumps. It is transported on elephants to the Dashi (on the coast), who then load it upon their ships to exchange it for other commodities in
Sanfoqi. This is the reason why it is commonly collected at and known
2442:
ports of Mirbat, Shihr, and Zufar whence Arab merchant vessels shipped it to
Srivijaya, before it was then reexported to China. The term "xunluxiang" derives from the Arab word "kundur". . . According to Li Xun, frankincense originally came from Persia. Laufer refers to the
3197:
Woolley CL, Suhail MM, Smith BL, Boren KE, Taylor LC, Schreuder MF, et al. (October 2012). "Chemical differentiation of
Boswellia sacra and Boswellia carterii essential oils by gas chromatography and chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry".
3132:
Frank A, Unger M (April 2006). "Analysis of frankincense from various
Boswellia species with inhibitory activity on human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry after automated on-line extraction".
1734:
Chemotaxonomic investigations on resins of the frankincense species
Boswellia papyrifera, Boswellia serrata and Boswellia sacra, respectively, Boswellia carterii : a qualitative and quantitative approach by chromatographic and spectroscopic
916:), from the depths of the remotest mountains; the trunk of the tree is notched with a hatchet, upon which the resin flows out, and, when hardened, turns into incense, which is gathered and made into lumps; it is transported on elephants to the
2787:
Sadhasivam S, Palanivel S, Ghosh S (December 2016). "Synergistic antimicrobial activity of
Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. (Burseraceae) essential oil with various azoles against pathogens associated with skin, scalp and nail infections".
2514:
The Gospel of
Matthew (2:1–12) speaks of Magi, or wise men, who followed a star from the East to Bethlehem in search of a newborn king. There they found Mary and the baby Jesus and offered him gifts of gold, frankincense, and
1134:
1117:; however, more studies are necessary. The essential oil obtained from the oleogum resin of Boswellia serrata showed antimicrobial activities. A 2022 study stated that "frankincense oil has a weak inhibitory effect against
2563:
Coppi A, Cecchi L, Selvi F, Raffaelli M (2010-03-18). "The
Frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra, Burseraceae) from Oman: ITS and ISSR analyses of genetic diversity and implications for conservation".
791:
that frankincense was harvested from trees in southern Arabia. He reported that the gum was dangerous to harvest because of winged snakes that guard the trees and that the smoke from burning
2311:
624:. Heavily tapped trees produce seeds that germinate at only 16% while seeds of trees that had not been tapped germinate at more than 80%. In addition, burning, grazing, and attacks by the
2296:
2159:
Cerutti-Delasalle C, Mehiri M, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Meierhenrich UJ, Baldovini N (October 2016). "The (+)-cis- and (+)-trans-Olibanic Acids: Key
Odorants of Frankincense".
1088:
grow in harsh, arid regions beset by poverty and conflict. Harvesting and selling the tree's resin is one of the only sources of income for the inhabitants, resulting in overtapping.
3037:
An Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time to the Present; Compiled from Original Authors and Illustrated with Maps, Cuts, Notes, Chronological and other Tables (part i)
1080:
within the next two decades. This species, found mainly in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Sudan, accounts for about two-thirds of global frankincense production. The paper warns that all
616:
even though their shapes are different, and sold resins from both species as the same thing. However, the chemical compositions of their essential oils are completely different.
3346:
1479:
1642:
2972:"The Effects of Boswellia serrata Gum Resin on the Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile of Diabetic Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial"
2330:
1053:
831:
Southern Arabia was an exporter of frankincense in antiquity, with some of it being traded as far as China. The 13th-century Chinese writer and customs inspector
1819:
2882:
Ameen AM, Elkazaz AY, Mohammad HM, Barakat BM (July 2017). "Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activity of boswellic acids in rotenone parkinsonian rats".
2740:"Biological activity of Boswellia serrata Roxb. oleo gum resin essential oil: effects of extraction by supercritical carbon dioxide and traditional methods"
4477:
3316:
494:
at about eight to 10 years old. Tapping is done two to three times per year with the final taps producing the best tears because of their higher aromatic
4796:
2116:
3339:
2302:
2833:"In-Vitro and In-Vivo Antibacterial Effects of Frankincense Oil and Its Interaction with Some Antibiotics against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens"
1976:
1359:
1189:(30:34–38) prescribes frankincense, blended with equal amounts of three aromatic spices, to be ground and burnt in the sacred altar before the
4709:
2470:
2424:
1573:
4443:
3078:
Hayashi S, Amemori H, Kameoka H, Hanafusa M, Furukawa K (1998). "Comparison of Volatile Compounds from Olibanum from Various Countries".
4432:
3332:
2345:
1069:
4783:
2544:
1666:
3051:
Verghese J, Joy MT, Retamar JA, Malinskas GG, Catalan CA, Gros EG (1987). "A Fresh Look at the Constituents of Indian Olibanum Oil".
4845:
4587:
3267:
3248:
2691:"A standardised frankincense extract reduces disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (the SABA phase IIa trial)"
2034:
1197:, where it was meant to be a holy offering—not to be enjoyed for its fragrance. Scholars have identified frankincense as what the
1590:
172:. Resin from each is available in various grades, which depends on the time of harvesting. The resin is hand-sorted for quality.
4470:
2048:
Dejenea T, Lemenih M, Bongers F (February 2013). "Manage or convert Boswellia woodlands? Can frankincense production payoff?".
1487:
557:): Horn of Africa, Nubia. It was long considered an independent species, but in the 1980s it was determined to be a synonym of
3856:
1814:
628:
have reduced the tree population. Clearing of frankincense woodlands for conversion to agriculture is also a major threat.
4733:
1237:
1163:
1097:
Some clinical studies have weakly demonstrated the effectiveness of frankincense resin in some disease conditions like
2007:
2831:
Almutairi, Megren Bin Faisal; Alrouji, Mohammed; Almuhanna, Yasir; Asad, Mohammed; Joseph, Babu (10 November 2022).
1170:
to cleanse a house or building of bad or evil energy—including used in exorcisms and to bless one's being (like the
4568:
4463:
4243:
3105:
Basar S, Koch A, König WA (September 2001). "A verticillane-type diterpene from Boswellia carterii essential oil".
1904:
1899:
1871:
1866:
1106:
4902:
3355:
2619:
4791:
4768:
3289:
4912:
3963:
3511:
801:
434:
374:
293:
4871:
4389:
3846:
2120:
1450:
414:
394:
354:
1616:
959:
Thousands of tons of frankincense are traded every year to be used in religious ceremonies as incense in
506:
content. Generally speaking, the more opaque resins are the best quality. Cheap resin is produced in the
4763:
4705:
4519:
4334:
4000:
3898:
3481:
3168:
2614:
1894:
787:
511:
1732:
604:
1862:
4070:
3928:
3903:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3461:
2057:
1779:
1330:
1206:
1102:
1040:
579:
168:
1230:
3713:
3683:
3673:
3227:
1336:
1190:
1167:
1036:
1003:
mountains or eastern escarpment, which lies at the eastern fringe of the frankinscence escarpment.
928:
328:
1841:
1623:. Vol. VII: N–Poy (reprint 1978 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1913. p. 103
4897:
4010:
3918:
3662:
3538:
3035:
2813:
2769:
2720:
2588:
1795:
1381:
1353:
1296:
1114:
988:
587:
541:
152:
140:
2141:
2088:
1670:
1457:. Vol. IV: F–G (reprint 1978 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1933. p. 512
1076:
trees in Eritrea were becoming hard to find. In 2019, a new paper predicted a 50% reduction in
4806:
4773:
4758:
4647:
4552:
4486:
3933:
3913:
3657:
3602:
3263:
3244:
3215:
3150:
3001:
2952:
2899:
2864:
2805:
2761:
2712:
2671:
2580:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2497:
2466:
2460:
2420:
2414:
2324:
2186:
1957:
1765:"The Frankincense Trees (Boswellia spp., Burseraceae) of Northern Somalia and Southern Arabia"
1569:
1563:
995:
mountain range, a westerly escarpment that runs parallel to the coast; Cal Miskeed, including
940:
936:
770:
567:
334:
158:
32:
2263:
591:: Horn of Africa. The resin is less bitter and the fragrance of incense is less "heavy" than
4838:
4821:
4811:
4542:
4404:
4394:
4379:
4005:
3826:
3642:
3612:
3592:
3548:
3426:
3310:
3207:
3142:
3114:
3087:
3060:
2991:
2983:
2942:
2934:
2891:
2854:
2844:
2797:
2751:
2702:
2661:
2653:
2572:
2214:
2176:
2168:
2065:
1947:
1937:
1836:
1828:
1787:
1739:
1241:
1198:
1182:
848:
817:
621:
453:
425:
365:
110:
53:
27:
2689:
Stürner KH, Stellmann JP, Dörr J, Paul F, Friede T, Schammler S, et al. (April 2018).
1534:
773:
for more than 5,000 years. Frankincense was also traded from the Horn of Africa during the
271:. This is postulated to be because they both derive from the word for 'white' and that the
4907:
4573:
4344:
4265:
4030:
3942:
3782:
3624:
3543:
3031:
2374:
1394:
796:
625:
522:
482:
461:
445:
405:
385:
345:
135:
1185:
occupied a prominent position in the sacrificial legislation of the ancient Hebrews. The
824:
incense, the name refers to the quality of incense brought to Western Europe, not to the
3302:
2061:
1783:
19:
4816:
4720:
4547:
4409:
4375:
4248:
4207:
3975:
3878:
3703:
3647:
3607:
3597:
3587:
3560:
3501:
3388:
3363:
2996:
2971:
2947:
2918:
2859:
2832:
2666:
2641:
2218:
1981:
1952:
1925:
1832:
1186:
1125:
on animals revealed that frankincense oleogum resin exhibits neuroprotective activity.
1110:
809:
681:
641:
507:
319:
89:
620:
Recent studies indicate that frankincense tree populations are declining, partly from
4891:
4876:
4828:
4612:
4534:
4384:
4165:
4140:
4085:
3841:
3810:
3637:
3632:
3533:
3476:
2773:
1692:
1304:
1292:
1285:
1222:
1210:
976:
964:
932:
792:
723:
499:
276:
2592:
2269:
2208:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4524:
4509:
4414:
4399:
4238:
4160:
3995:
3990:
3958:
3948:
3868:
3851:
3757:
3652:
2938:
2817:
2724:
2069:
1770:
1509:
1421:
1318:
Essential oils can be diluted and applied to skin or the fragrance can be inhaled.
1265:
1226:
1175:
718:
636:
527:
264:
3091:
2756:
2739:
1276:
3211:
3146:
1926:"Organic Certification is Not Enough: The Case of the Methoxydecane Frankincense"
999:
and Habeeno plateau and a middle segment of the frankincense-growing escarpment;
204:
4501:
4290:
4180:
4175:
4150:
4133:
4123:
4114:
3980:
3831:
3726:
3466:
3260:
Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh: An Introduction to Eastern Christian Spirituality
2849:
2394:
1300:
272:
224:
113:
37:
3230:(1978). "Weihrauch: Ein arabisches Produkt und seine Bedeutung in der Antike".
1924:
Johnson S, DeCarlo A, Satyal P, Dosoky NS, Sorensen A, Setzer WN (April 2019).
1062:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
608:: Horn of Africa. In 2019, it was discovered that Somali harvesters considered
4260:
4255:
4212:
4195:
4185:
4155:
4145:
4095:
3985:
3873:
3762:
3582:
3528:
3491:
3446:
3441:
3431:
3405:
3381:
2576:
2462:
Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea
2439:
2416:
Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea
2399:
2316:
2277:
1882:
This is a synonym of Boswellia sacra Flück; Not accepted by Govearts,R.(1996).
1342:
1194:
832:
674:
476:
185:
117:
3324:
2987:
2765:
2707:
2690:
2584:
2379:
1480:"Frankincense trees—of biblical lore—are being tapped out for essential oils"
4866:
4655:
4602:
4339:
4190:
4060:
4035:
3923:
3908:
3893:
3888:
3747:
3678:
3668:
3565:
3555:
3486:
3471:
3436:
3297:
2291:
2258:
1815:"On the Genus Boswellia, with Descriptions and Figures of three new Species"
1312:
1142:
1028:
1024:
992:
889:
782:
774:
761:
698:
503:
105:
3219:
3154:
3064:
3005:
2956:
2903:
2895:
2868:
2809:
2716:
2675:
2190:
2172:
1961:
1166:, it is used for diabetes, gastritis and stomach ulcer. The oil is used in
1068:
species meet the criteria for protection. In a 2006 study, an ecologist at
3284:
1942:
4801:
4080:
4045:
3953:
3938:
3836:
3792:
3777:
3767:
3752:
3742:
3496:
3421:
2262:
2233:
A Modern Chinese Journey to the West: Economic Globalis]ation And Dualism
1389:
996:
960:
921:
813:
208:
in Old French meant 'noble, true', in this case perhaps 'pure'; although
2181:
1743:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4280:
4200:
4100:
4065:
4055:
4040:
3797:
3708:
3577:
3572:
3451:
2609:
1799:
1764:
1171:
1146:
1122:
1020:
1000:
984:
745:
have been confirmed to contain significant amounts of boswellic acids.
701:
495:
263:); the same can be said with regard to Arabic, Phoenician, Hebrew, and
256:
252:
199:
195:
126:
100:
96:
2801:
2657:
753:
4861:
4833:
4753:
4728:
4365:
4349:
4327:
4312:
4275:
4233:
4228:
4128:
3883:
3787:
3456:
3416:
3232:
Pauly-Wissowas Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft
2970:
Mehrzadi S, Tavakolifar B, Huseini HF, Mosavat SH, Heydari M (2018).
1308:
1159:
1138:
1098:
1032:
1012:
980:
913:
897:
825:
778:
213:
4455:
3118:
1791:
951:
3309:
2527:
War-Torn Societies Project International, Somali Programme (2001).
2385:
1133:
4630:
4513:
4295:
4170:
4090:
4075:
4022:
3772:
3731:
3523:
3401:
3376:
1399:
1375:
1369:
1275:
1218:
1202:
1155:
1132:
1084:
species are threatened by habitat loss and overexploitation. Most
1061:
1060:, is "near threatened". Frankincense trees are not covered by the
950:
905:
760:
752:
648:
These are some of the chemical compounds present in frankincense:
635:
491:
475:
92:
26:
18:
4620:
4302:
4285:
4270:
3515:
2268:
1214:
1118:
1016:
4459:
3328:
1315:
components being the upper limit in terms of molecular weight.
189:
120:
4110:
3815:
3371:
3241:
Frankincense & Myrrh: A Study of the Arabian Incense Trade
820:
where it was commonly used in church services. Although named
2917:
Rajabian A, Sadeghnia H, Fanoudi S, Hosseini A (March 2020).
1023:. It was traded in the ancient coastal city of Sumhuram, now
2393:
842:
3021:, vol. VI, Funk and Wagnalls Company: New York 1904, p. 568
2310:
652:
acid resin (6%), soluble in alcohol and having the formula
77:
71:
56:
2531:
Rebuilding Somalia: Issues and possibilities for Puntland
2378:
2035:"Christmas Staple Frankincense 'Doomed,' Ecologists Warn"
2008:"World's last wild frankincense forests are under threat"
1299:
of the tree resin. The oil's chemical components are 75%
287:
246:
234:
65:
975:
In the Horn of Africa, frankincense is harvested in the
2295:
816:, and other Western Europeans on their journeys to the
2738:
Ayub MA, Hanif MA, Sarfraz RA, Shahid M (2018-01-01).
2363:– via Perseus digital library, Tufts University.
1655:– via Perseus digital library, Tufts University.
1605:– via Perseus digital library, Tufts University.
1445:
1443:
1441:
2604:
2602:
2276:. Translated by Macaulay GC. p. 107 – via
1339:, a large network around the Mediterranean and beyond
1259:
1248:
1056:
warned that one of the primary frankincense species,
924:; which is why it was known as a product of Sanfoqi.
883:
868:
857:
836:
439:
379:
74:
419:
399:
359:
68:
62:
4854:
4782:
4746:
4719:
4646:
4639:
4611:
4595:
4561:
4533:
4500:
4493:
4358:
4221:
4109:
4021:
3806:
3722:
3623:
3510:
3397:
3362:
3234:(15). Munich: Alfred Druckenmüller Verlag: 700–777.
2923:
as a new candidate for neurodegenerative disorders"
1178:cultures by spreading the fumes towards the body).
644:, one of the main active components of frankincense
216:, it is not a direct reference to them in the word
80:
59:
2695:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
2528:
2161:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
1763:
963:and by makers of perfumes, natural medicines, and
212:is ultimately derived from the tribal name of the
2210:Phytochemical Investigations on Boswellia Species
240:
228:
2301:
931:, frankincense is one of the gifts given by the
36:tree that produces frankincense, growing inside
3169:"Health Benefits of Frankincense Essential Oil"
2884:Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
2384:
2976:Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine
2111:
2109:
2001:
1999:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1693:"Frankincense: Could it be a cure for cancer?"
1054:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4471:
3340:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1820:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
1757:
1755:
1753:
1473:
1471:
1254:
983:regions: mountains lying at the northwest of
878:
863:
852:
8:
2558:
2556:
2438:The frankincense was first collected in the
2202:
2200:
1154:The Egyptians cleansed body cavities in the
757:Indirect burning of frankincense on hot coal
125:('high-quality incense'). There are several
3243:. International Book Centre, Incorporated.
2244:
1557:
1555:
309:
303:
4643:
4497:
4478:
4464:
4456:
3347:
3333:
3325:
2329:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2995:
2946:
2927:Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
2858:
2848:
2755:
2706:
2665:
2465:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 131.
2419:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130.
2180:
1951:
1941:
1840:
198:', maybe with the sense of 'high quality
2744:International Journal of Food Properties
2356:. Vol. XII. Translated by Bostock J
1977:"Could This Be the End of Frankincense?"
1137:Frankincense is often prepared inside a
2235:, (Nova Science Publishers: 2006), p.66
1413:
2322:
1589:Lewis CT, Short C, eds. (1879). "II".
1360:Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)
3320:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911.
1150:traditionally used in Horn of Africa.
1019:, frankincense species grow north of
7:
4438:
3040:. Vol. 16. London. p. 257.
2565:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
1669:. www.omanwhs.gov.om. Archived from
1070:Wageningen University & Research
769:Frankincense has been traded on the
389:
1209:. Frankincense is mentioned in the
799:also mentioned frankincense in his
409:
369:
349:
103:, obtained from trees of the genus
16:Aromatic resin from Boswellia trees
2119:. www.ars-grin.gov. Archived from
1833:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1870.tb00205.x
1568:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 210.
1333:(Frankincense Trail), site in Oman
729:Among various plants in the genus
14:
3262:. Crossroads Publishing Company.
2642:"Frankincense: systematic review"
2459:Kauz R (2010). Ralph Kauz (ed.).
1225:"from the East" presented to the
1201:(6:20) relates was imported from
1072:claimed that, by the late-1990s,
808:Frankincense was reintroduced to
333:'oil', or from the Greek
223:The word for frankincense in the
4586:
4437:
4428:
4427:
3296:
3283:
2350:THE TREES THAT BEAR FRANKINCENSE
2309:(in Greek). Cambridge. pp.
1827:(2): 111–148, plates Tab.29–32.
1641:Lewis CT, Short C, eds. (1879).
1422:"Medical Definition of OLIBANUM"
1213:as one of the three gifts (with
133:that produce true frankincense:
52:
2790:Letters in Applied Microbiology
2622:from the original on 2024-05-23
2213:(Thesis). Universität Hamburg.
2006:Patinkin J (25 December 2016).
1738:(Thesis). Saarland University.
1383:Palo santo (Bursera graveolens)
1295:of frankincense is produced by
517:The main species in trade are:
2939:10.22038/ijbms.2020.35288.8419
2070:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.09.010
2033:Melina R (December 21, 2011).
1158:process with frankincense and
595:. Contains no boswellic acids.
575:, Indian frankincense): India.
1:
4734:Annunciation to the shepherds
3107:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
3092:10.1080/10412905.1998.9700833
2757:10.1080/10942912.2018.1439957
1621:The Oxford English Dictionary
1455:The Oxford English Dictionary
795:would drive the snakes away.
3212:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.073
3147:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.116
2050:Journal of Arid Environments
1667:"Omani World Heritage Sites"
1478:Fobar R (13 December 2019).
1366:Similar plants and products
1356:, author of a Tibetan herbal
1238:traditional Chinese medicine
1121:and MDR-P. aeruginosa"; and
1031:, an ancient port. In 2000,
612:to be the same species with
480:Flowers and branches of the
400:
288:
247:
235:
166:, Indian frankincense), and
3200:Journal of Chromatography A
3135:Journal of Chromatography A
2850:10.3390/antibiotics11111591
2093:Henriette's Herbal Homepage
1762:Thulin M, Warfa AM (1987).
1260:
1249:
1107:inflammatory bowel diseases
884:
869:
858:
843:
837:
765:Frankincense olibanum resin
583:: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan.
540:): Horn of Africa. It is a
440:
420:
380:
360:
4929:
3356:Non-timber forest products
1905:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1900:Plants of the World Online
1895:"Boswellia occulta Thulin"
1872:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1867:Plants of the World Online
1863:"Boswellia carteri Birdw."
1205:during the 6th century BC
490:The trees start producing
280:
241:
229:
4584:
4423:
2640:Ernst E (December 2008).
2577:10.1007/s10722-010-9546-8
2504:. National Gallery of Art
2245:
2095:. www.henriettes-herb.com
1255:
1245:
1064:, but experts argue that
1035:inscribed the sites as a
879:
864:
853:
429:
304:
260:
2988:10.1177/2515690X18772728
2708:10.1136/jnnp-2017-317101
2535:. London: HAAN. p.
2485:as a product of Sanfoqi.
2271:The History of Herodotus
2089:"Olibanum.—Frankincense"
1731:Michael P (2012-11-09).
1113:and relapsing-remitting
3317:Encyclopædia Britannica
3019:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1975:Klein J (5 July 2019).
1851:– via Hathitrust.
1691:Howell J (2010-02-09).
1426:www.merriam-webster.com
920:ports, then on ship to
873:) comes from the three
599:Other notable species:
203:
190:
121:
4872:Church of the Nativity
4370:(Iberian agroforestry)
3608:Pacific mountain onion
3301:Quotations related to
3065:10.1002/ffj.2730020304
2896:10.1139/cjpp-2016-0158
2610:"Land of Frankincense"
2375:Gaius Plinius Secundus
2300:. In Godley AD (ed.).
2207:Simla B (2005-03-18).
2173:10.1002/anie.201605242
1288:
1151:
956:
766:
758:
691:alpha-boswellic acid (
645:
538:Boswellia bhau-dajiana
534:Boswellia bhaw-dajiana
487:
465:
457:
449:
344:. Other names include
323:
310:
297:
268:
227:of the New Testament,
40:
24:
4769:Saint Joseph's dreams
4764:Virgin birth of Jesus
4706:Adoration of the Magi
4390:Indian forest produce
3861:Hydnocarpus wightiana
3292:at Wikimedia Commons
2615:UNESCO World Heritage
2392:(in Latin). pp.
1943:10.3390/plants8040088
1279:
1136:
954:
764:
756:
639:
512:Roman Catholic Church
479:
318:" may have come from
30:
22:
3633:Bare-toothed russula
3311:"Frankincense"
2982:: 2515690X18772728.
1490:on December 13, 2019
1331:Land of Frankincense
1253:) along with myrrh (
1207:Babylonian captivity
1103:rheumatoid arthritis
1078:Boswellia papyrifera
1074:Boswellia papyrifera
1041:Land of Frankincense
939:as described in the
818:Eastern Roman Empire
743:Boswellia papyrifera
632:Chemical composition
580:Boswellia papyrifera
4244:musical instruments
3502:Woodland strawberry
3258:Maloney GA (1997).
2354:The Natural History
2304:Ιστορίαι (Ηροδότου)
2219:nbn:de:gbv:18-25030
2167:(44): 13719–13723.
2142:"Incensole acetate"
2062:2013JArEn..89...77D
1813:Birdwood G (1870).
1784:1987KewBu..42..487T
1744:10.22028/D291-22839
1510:"Frankincense (n.)"
1484:National Geographic
1337:Incense trade route
1191:Ark of the Covenant
1168:Abrahamic religions
1037:World Heritage Site
929:Christian tradition
892:(Arab Muslims)) of
573:Boswellia thurifera
116:. The word is from
3080:J. Essent. Oil Res
2652:(dec17 2): a2813.
2387:Naturalis Historia
2014:. Associated Press
1802:– via JSTOR.
1647:A Latin Dictionary
1597:A Latin Dictionary
1354:Desi Sangye Gyatso
1297:steam distillation
1289:
1193:in the wilderness
1174:commonly found in
1152:
1115:multiple sclerosis
989:El Afweyn District
971:The Horn of Africa
957:
802:Naturalis Historia
767:
759:
646:
588:Boswellia frereana
555:Boswellia carterii
488:
340:or Arabic article
41:
25:
4885:
4884:
4817:Nativity displays
4807:Christmas village
4774:Flight into Egypt
4759:Star of Bethlehem
4742:
4741:
4648:Gospel of Matthew
4613:Gifts of the Magi
4582:
4581:
4487:Nativity of Jesus
4453:
4452:
3288:Media related to
2802:10.1111/lam.12683
2658:10.1136/bmj.a2813
2472:978-3-447-06103-2
2426:978-3-447-06103-2
2380:"Liber XII"
2344:Pliny the Elder.
1842:2027/chi.79869488
1575:978-3-11-014233-4
1565:Israel and Hellas
1562:Brown JP (1995).
1282:Boswellia carteri
1048:Ecological status
941:Gospel of Matthew
877:states (Chinese:
771:Arabian Peninsula
739:Boswellia serrata
614:Boswellia carteri
610:Boswellia occulta
605:Boswellia occulta
568:Boswellia serrata
551:Boswellia carteri
514:'s major source.
438:
418:
398:
378:
358:
332:
286:
255:with the name of
202:'. The adjective
184:derives from the
180:The English word
33:Boswellia carteri
4920:
4903:Incense material
4644:
4590:
4498:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4457:
4441:
4440:
4431:
4430:
4405:Resin extraction
4395:Mushroom hunting
4371:
4117: / etc.
3971:
3864:
3699:Saffron milk cap
3689:Parasol mushroom
3529:Fiddlehead ferns
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3300:
3287:
3273:
3254:
3239:Groom N (1981).
3235:
3223:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3053:Flavour Fragr. J
3048:
3042:
3041:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2710:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2571:(7): 1041–1052.
2560:
2551:
2550:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2435:
2433:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2346:"Chapters 30–32"
2341:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2266:
2264:"Book III"
2255:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1936:(4). MDPI: 88–.
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1767:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1728:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1486:. Archived from
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1345:, a trader tribe
1263:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1240:, frankincense (
1199:Book of Jeremiah
1183:incense offering
1164:Persian medicine
935:to Jesus at his
887:
882:
881:
872:
867:
866:
861:
856:
855:
846:
840:
673:gum (similar to
642:β-boswellic acid
622:overexploitation
553:(older spelling
536:(older spelling
443:
433:
431:
423:
413:
411:
403:
393:
391:
383:
373:
371:
363:
353:
351:
327:
313:
307:
306:
291:
285:romanized:
284:
282:
262:
250:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
194:, meaning 'true
193:
124:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
46:, also known as
4928:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4850:
4778:
4738:
4715:
4635:
4607:
4591:
4578:
4574:Herod the Great
4557:
4529:
4489:
4484:
4454:
4449:
4419:
4369:
4354:
4345:Vegetable ivory
4217:
4105:
4017:
3965:
3858:
3820:
3802:
3736:
3718:
3684:Oyster mushroom
3674:Meadow mushroom
3619:
3603:Twincrest onion
3506:
3410:
3393:
3364:Animal products
3358:
3353:
3308:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3251:
3238:
3226:
3196:
3192:
3190:Further reading
3187:
3186:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3141:(1–2): 255–62.
3131:
3130:
3126:
3119:10.1002/ffj.992
3104:
3103:
3099:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2507:
2505:
2498:"Biblical Magi"
2496:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2413:Kauz R (2010).
2412:
2411:
2407:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2321:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2246:ὄφιες ὑπόπτεροι
2243:
2239:
2231:Ulric Killion,
2230:
2226:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2117:"Farmacy Query"
2115:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1792:10.2307/4110063
1778:(3): 488, 492.
1761:
1760:
1751:
1730:
1729:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1395:Benzoin (resin)
1372:, resin or tree
1324:
1274:
1131:
1123:in vivo studies
1094:
1092:Health benefits
1058:Boswellia sacra
1050:
1009:
973:
949:
797:Pliny the Elder
751:
735:Boswellia sacra
715:
711:
707:
693:Boswellia sacra
686:Boswellia sacra
670:
664:
658:
634:
626:longhorn beetle
593:Boswellia sacra
559:Boswellia sacra
546:Boswellia sacra
523:Boswellia sacra
510:, which is the
483:Boswellia sacra
474:
462:Classical Latin
314:. The leading "
178:
144:B. bhaw-dajiana
136:Boswellia sacra
55:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4926:
4924:
4916:
4915:
4913:Plant products
4910:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4721:Gospel of Luke
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4435:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4410:Rubber tapping
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:Forest farming
4373:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4012:Vateria indica
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:Shorea robusta
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:Honey mushroom
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3539:Mahuwa flowers
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3306:
3280:
3279:External links
3277:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3255:
3249:
3236:
3224:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3160:
3124:
3097:
3070:
3043:
3023:
3011:
2962:
2933:(3): 277–286.
2909:
2890:(7): 819–829.
2874:
2823:
2796:(6): 495–501.
2779:
2750:(1): 808–820.
2730:
2701:(4): 330–338.
2681:
2632:
2598:
2552:
2546:978-1874209041
2545:
2519:
2489:
2471:
2451:
2425:
2405:
2366:
2336:
2297:"Θάλεια"
2283:
2250:
2237:
2224:
2196:
2151:
2133:
2105:
2075:
2040:
2037:. LiveScience.
2025:
1995:
1982:New York Times
1967:
1916:
1886:
1854:
1805:
1749:
1708:
1697:BBC World News
1683:
1658:
1633:
1608:
1581:
1574:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1467:
1451:"Frankincense"
1437:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1320:
1305:sesquiterpenes
1280:Frankincense (
1273:
1270:
1187:Book of Exodus
1141:, such as the
1130:
1127:
1111:osteoarthritis
1093:
1090:
1049:
1046:
1008:
1005:
972:
969:
965:essential oils
948:
945:
810:Western Europe
750:
747:
727:
726:
721:
716:
713:
709:
705:
696:
689:
682:boswellic acid
680:3-acetyl-beta-
678:
671:
668:
662:
656:
633:
630:
618:
617:
597:
596:
584:
576:
564:
563:
562:
548:
508:Horn of Africa
473:
470:
294:Medieval Latin
279:(Koinē Greek:
177:
174:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4925:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4878:
4877:Nativity Fast
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:Nativity play
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4446:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Honey hunting
4383:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:Coconut sugar
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3714:Yellow knight
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Slippery jack
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Heart of palm
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:Edible plants
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Juniper berry
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3271:
3269:0-8245-1616-8
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3250:0-86685-593-9
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3059:(3): 99–102.
3058:
3054:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3034:(1734–1747).
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2312:107–110
2307:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2123:on 2004-11-10
2122:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2013:
2012:Yahoo Finance
2009:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1673:on 2008-10-12
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:essential oil
1287:
1286:essential oil
1283:
1278:
1272:Essential oil
1271:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:New Testament
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:mummification
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:In 1998, the
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
968:
966:
962:
953:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
933:Biblical Magi
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
876:
871:
860:
850:
845:
839:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
763:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
724:olibanic acid
722:
720:
717:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
667:
661:
655:
651:
650:
649:
643:
640:Structure of
638:
631:
629:
627:
623:
615:
611:
607:
606:
602:
601:
600:
594:
590:
589:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
570:
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
531:
529:
525:
524:
520:
519:
518:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:sesquiterpene
497:
493:
485:
484:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
436:
427:
422:
416:
407:
402:
396:
387:
382:
376:
367:
362:
356:
347:
343:
339:
336:
330:
325:
321:
317:
312:
302:derived from
301:
300:
295:
290:
278:
277:Mount Lebanon
274:
270:
266:
258:
254:
249:
237:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
192:
187:
183:
175:
173:
171:
170:
169:B. papyrifera
165:
161:
160:
155:
154:
149:
145:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
94:
91:
85:
49:
45:
39:
35:
34:
29:
21:
4855:Remembrances
4701:Matthew 2:11
4696:Matthew 1:25
4691:Matthew 1:24
4686:Matthew 1:23
4681:Matthew 1:22
4676:Matthew 1:21
4671:Matthew 1:20
4666:Matthew 1:19
4661:Matthew 1:18
4626:Frankincense
4625:
4510:Christ Child
4442:
4415:Wildcrafting
4400:Naval stores
4378: /
4366:
4335:Tendu leaves
4291:Natural dyes
4161:Gutta-percha
4113: /
4051:Frankincense
4050:
4011:
3967:
3924:Mango butter
3869:Cocoa butter
3860:
3857:Chaulmoogra
3827:Allanblackia
3758:Black pepper
3643:Birch bolete
3593:Canada onion
3578:Wild ginseng
3573:Saw palmetto
3514: /
3404: /
3315:
3305:at Wikiquote
3303:Frankincense
3290:Frankincense
3282:
3259:
3240:
3231:
3203:
3199:
3176:. Retrieved
3172:
3163:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3113:(5): 315–8.
3110:
3106:
3100:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3036:
3026:
3018:
3014:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2912:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2843:(11): 1591.
2840:
2836:
2826:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2624:. Retrieved
2613:
2568:
2564:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2506:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2483:
2478:December 26,
2476:. Retrieved
2461:
2454:
2444:
2437:
2432:December 26,
2430:. Retrieved
2415:
2408:
2398:– via
2386:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2353:
2349:
2339:
2315:– via
2303:
2286:
2270:
2253:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2209:
2182:2318/1609095
2164:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:the original
2097:. Retrieved
2092:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2011:
1986:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1908:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1881:
1875:. Retrieved
1865:
1857:
1846:. Retrieved
1824:
1818:
1808:
1775:
1771:Kew Bulletin
1769:
1733:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1636:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:
1591:
1584:
1564:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1483:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1382:
1317:
1301:monoterpenes
1290:
1281:
1266:menstruation
1235:
1231:Matthew 2:11
1227:Christ Child
1180:
1176:Persian Gulf
1153:
1145:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1039:
1010:
974:
958:
955:Frankincense
926:
917:
909:
901:
893:
874:
870:xūn lù xiāng
830:
828:themselves.
821:
812:by Frankish
807:
800:
786:
768:
742:
738:
734:
730:
728:
719:phellandrene
692:
685:
665:
659:
653:
647:
619:
613:
609:
603:
598:
592:
586:
578:
572:
566:
558:
554:
550:
545:
537:
533:
528:South Arabia
521:
516:
489:
481:
441:lōban, dhunō
341:
337:
315:
298:
265:Vulgar Latin
222:
218:francincense
217:
209:
191:franc encens
182:frankincense
181:
179:
167:
164:B. thurifera
163:
157:
151:
147:
143:
134:
130:
122:franc encens
104:
47:
44:Frankincense
43:
42:
31:
23:Frankincense
4502:Holy Family
4350:Willow bark
4181:Maple syrup
4176:Maple sugar
4151:Fruit syrup
4134:chewing gum
4124:Birch syrup
3981:Shea butter
3653:Chanterelle
3598:Crow garlic
3588:Bear garlic
3583:Wild onions
3561:filé powder
3482:Lingonberry
3467:Huckleberry
2837:Antibiotics
2508:20 February
2395:51–65
2018:25 December
1735:methodology
1544:26 November
1519:26 November
1494:16 December
1350:Literature
1313:diterpenoid
1221:) that the
835:wrote that
788:The History
472:Description
430:লোবান, ধুনো
273:spice route
225:Koine Greek
188:expression
153:B. frereana
114:Burseraceae
38:Biosphere 2
4892:Categories
4784:In culture
4640:Narratives
4261:Birch beer
4256:Birch bark
4213:Spruce gum
4196:akpeteshie
4186:Palm sugar
4156:Gum arabic
4146:Date sugar
4096:Turpentine
3976:Sandalwood
3879:Eucalyptus
3874:Eucalyptol
3763:Brazil nut
3638:Bay bolete
3492:Strawberry
3447:Cocoa bean
3442:Breadfruit
3432:Blackberry
3406:tree fruit
3206:: 158–63.
3178:2022-11-15
2626:2024-06-11
2440:Hadhramaut
2400:Wikisource
2360:2021-07-15
2317:Wikisource
2278:Wikisource
2127:2009-01-14
2099:2009-01-14
1910:2021-07-16
1877:2021-07-16
1848:2021-07-16
1702:2021-07-04
1677:2009-01-14
1652:2021-07-15
1627:2021-07-04
1617:"Olibanum"
1602:2021-07-15
1539:Etymonline
1514:Etymonline
1461:2021-07-04
1431:2023-12-03
1408:References
1343:Nabataeans
1195:Tabernacle
1143:meerschaum
947:Production
844:xunluxiang
833:Zhao Rugua
781:historian
675:gum arabic
186:Old French
159:B. serrata
148:B. carteri
118:Old French
4898:Boswellia
4867:Christmas
4656:Matthew 1
4603:Bethlehem
4569:Shepherds
4553:Balthazar
4380:gardening
4340:Thatching
4191:Palm wine
4036:Birch tar
3964:Sal-seed
3889:Japan wax
3842:Candlenut
3783:Malva nut
3748:Areca nut
3669:Matsutake
3625:Mushrooms
3566:root beer
3556:Sassafras
3544:Sago palm
3487:Raspberry
3472:Jackfruit
3437:Blueberry
3389:Wild game
3228:Müller WW
3086:: 25–30.
2921:Boswellia
2774:102917835
2766:1094-2912
2585:0925-9864
2294:(1920) .
2292:Herodotus
2261:(1904) .
2259:Herodotus
2056:: 77–83.
1086:Boswellia
1082:Boswellia
1066:Boswellia
1029:Al-Baleed
1025:Khor Rori
993:Cal Madow
961:thuribles
890:Caliphate
814:Crusaders
785:wrote in
783:Herodotus
775:Silk Road
731:Boswellia
699:incensole
571:(synonym
504:diterpene
435:romanized
415:romanized
395:romanized
375:romanized
355:romanized
275:went via
248:libanōtós
242:λιβανωτός
176:Etymology
131:Boswellia
106:Boswellia
88:), is an
4802:Batlejka
4543:Melchior
4433:Category
4249:textiles
4081:Pine tar
4046:Creosote
3996:Tea-tree
3991:Tea-seed
3959:Pongamia
3949:Phulwara
3934:Nagkesar
3929:Murumuru
3904:Kpangnan
3852:Carnauba
3793:Pine nut
3778:Hazelnut
3768:Cinnamon
3753:Bay leaf
3743:Allspice
3665:(reishi)
3497:Tamarind
3462:Gambooge
3422:Bilberry
3220:22835693
3155:16364338
3006:29774768
2957:32440312
2904:28249117
2869:36358246
2810:27730658
2717:29248894
2676:19091760
2620:Archived
2593:11915388
2325:citation
2191:27699963
1962:30987305
1390:Agarwood
1322:See also
1250:rǔ xiāng
997:Hantaara
937:nativity
859:rǔ xiāng
677:) 30–36%
458:akgünlük
390:בוּסמִין
361:al-lubān
299:olibanum
259:(Greek:
101:perfumes
95:used in
90:aromatic
48:olibanum
4839:Serbian
4797:In film
4747:Related
4444:Commons
4359:Related
4323:Tanbark
4318:Shellac
4308:Quinine
4281:Gambier
4201:ogogoro
4101:Varnish
4066:Lacquer
4056:Gamboge
4041:Camphor
4031:Benzoin
3941: (
3847:Capuacu
3832:Babassu
3798:Vanilla
3709:Truffle
3694:Red cap
3663:Lingzhi
3452:Coconut
3427:Binukaw
3402:Berries
3032:Bower A
2997:5960856
2948:7229515
2919:"Genus
2860:9686721
2818:3375723
2725:3647860
2667:2605614
2502:nga.gov
2445:Xiangpu
2058:Bibcode
1953:6524464
1800:4110063
1780:Bibcode
1592:lĭbănus
1535:"Frank"
1378:, resin
1309:ketones
1242:Chinese
1172:bakhoor
1147:dabqaad
1021:Salalah
1001:Karkaar
985:Erigavo
922:Sanfoqi
908:), and
849:Chinese
838:Ruxiang
749:History
733:, only
702:acetate
542:synonym
496:terpene
454:Turkish
437::
426:Bengali
417::
397::
377::
366:Persian
357::
335:article
331:
311:libanus
305:λίβανος
289:Libanos
281:Λίβανος
269:lĭbănus
261:Λίβανος
257:Lebanon
253:cognate
236:líbanos
230:λίβανος
200:incense
196:incense
146:, syn.
127:species
109:in the
97:incense
4908:Resins
4862:Advent
4846:Others
4834:Vertep
4812:Szopka
4792:In art
4754:Manger
4729:Luke 2
4710:In art
4562:Others
4548:Caspar
4525:Joseph
4494:People
4367:Dehesa
4328:tannin
4313:Rattan
4276:Forage
4239:edible
4234:Bamboo
4229:Amadou
4208:Rubber
4129:Chicle
4071:Mastic
4023:Resins
4006:Ucuuba
4001:Tucuma
3986:Tamanu
3943:kernel
3914:Mafura
3884:Illipe
3837:Bacuri
3788:Nutmeg
3732:spices
3457:Durian
3417:Banana
3266:
3247:
3218:
3153:
3004:
2994:
2955:
2945:
2902:
2867:
2857:
2816:
2808:
2772:
2764:
2723:
2715:
2674:
2664:
2591:
2583:
2543:
2515:myrrh.
2469:
2423:
2389:
2306:
2273:
2189:
1988:5 July
1960:
1950:
1930:Plants
1798:
1572:
1386:, tree
1327:Trade
1307:, and
1261:mò yào
1244::
1160:natron
1139:censer
1099:asthma
1033:UNESCO
1027:, and
1013:Dhofar
981:Sanaag
914:Dhofar
898:Murbat
894:Maloba
826:Franks
793:storax
446:Somali
421:ləvonā
406:Hebrew
401:busmin
386:Syriac
381:kondor
350:اللبان
346:Arabic
251:), is
214:Franks
111:family
4822:theft
4631:Myrrh
4596:Place
4514:Jesus
4296:henna
4271:Ferns
4222:Other
4171:Latex
4091:Rosin
4086:Pitch
4076:Myrrh
4061:Kauri
3919:Mahua
3909:Kusum
3899:Kombo
3894:Kokum
3816:waxes
3773:Clove
3679:Morel
3613:Ramps
3549:queen
3524:Betel
3516:roots
3377:Honey
3173:WebMD
2814:S2CID
2770:S2CID
2721:S2CID
2589:S2CID
1796:JSTOR
1643:"tūs"
1400:Copal
1376:Myrrh
1370:Elemi
1219:myrrh
1203:Sheba
1162:. In
918:Dashi
906:Shihr
902:Shihe
885:dàshí
875:Dashi
822:frank
779:Greek
777:era.
492:resin
410:לבונה
324:oleum
320:Latin
210:franc
205:franc
93:resin
4621:Gold
4535:Magi
4520:Mary
4303:Peat
4286:Moss
4266:Cork
4166:Kino
3954:Pilu
3939:Palm
3727:Nuts
3382:pine
3372:Furs
3264:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3216:PMID
3204:1261
3151:PMID
3139:1112
3002:PMID
2953:PMID
2900:PMID
2865:PMID
2806:PMID
2762:ISSN
2713:PMID
2672:PMID
2581:ISSN
2541:ISBN
2510:2024
2480:2011
2467:ISBN
2434:2011
2421:ISBN
2331:link
2187:PMID
2146:NIST
2020:2016
1990:2019
1958:PMID
1570:ISBN
1546:2023
1521:2023
1496:2019
1291:The
1223:magi
1217:and
1215:gold
1181:The
1129:Uses
1119:MRSA
1017:Oman
1007:Oman
979:and
977:Bari
910:Nufa
741:and
502:and
486:tree
450:foox
370:کندر
329:lit.
239:(or
141:syn.
99:and
4115:gum
4111:Sap
3811:Oil
3648:Cep
3208:doi
3143:doi
3115:doi
3088:doi
3061:doi
2992:PMC
2984:doi
2943:PMC
2935:doi
2892:doi
2855:PMC
2845:doi
2798:doi
2752:doi
2703:doi
2662:PMC
2654:doi
2650:337
2646:BMJ
2573:doi
2537:124
2215:urn
2177:hdl
2169:doi
2066:doi
1948:PMC
1938:doi
1837:hdl
1829:doi
1788:doi
1740:doi
1236:In
1233:).
1011:In
927:In
900:),
865:薰陸香
841:or
704:, C
544:of
466:tūs
342:al-
308:or
292:).
220:.
150:),
129:of
4894::
3314:.
3214:.
3202:.
3171:.
3149:.
3137:.
3111:16
3109:.
3084:10
3082:.
3055:.
3000:.
2990:.
2980:23
2978:.
2974:.
2951:.
2941:.
2931:23
2929:.
2925:.
2898:.
2888:95
2886:.
2863:.
2853:.
2841:11
2839:.
2835:.
2812:.
2804:.
2794:63
2792:.
2768:.
2760:.
2748:21
2746:.
2742:.
2719:.
2711:.
2699:89
2697:.
2693:.
2670:.
2660:.
2648:.
2644:.
2618:.
2612:.
2601:^
2587:.
2579:.
2569:57
2567:.
2555:^
2539:.
2512:.
2500:.
2482:.
2436:.
2383:.
2377:.
2352:.
2348:.
2327:}}
2323:{{
2267:.
2199:^
2185:.
2175:.
2165:55
2163:.
2144:.
2108:^
2091:.
2078:^
2064:.
2054:89
2052:.
2010:.
1998:^
1979:.
1956:.
1946:.
1932:.
1928:.
1903:.
1897:.
1880:.
1870:.
1835:.
1825:27
1823:.
1817:.
1794:.
1786:.
1776:42
1774:.
1768:.
1752:^
1711:^
1695:.
1645:.
1619:.
1595:.
1554:^
1537:.
1512:.
1482:.
1470:^
1453:.
1440:^
1424:.
1303:,
1284:)
1268:.
1256:沒藥
1246:乳香
1109:,
1105:,
1101:,
1044:.
1015:,
991:;
987:;
967:.
943:.
888:-
880:大食
862:/
854:乳香
851::
805:.
737:,
710:34
706:21
663:32
657:20
530:.
526::
498:,
468:.
464::
460:,
456::
452:,
448::
444:,
432:,
428::
424:,
412:,
408::
404:,
392:,
388::
384:,
372:,
368::
364:,
352:,
348::
338:o-
326:,
322::
296::
283:,
267::
245:,
233:,
156:,
57:oʊ
4712:)
4708:(
4516:)
4512:(
4479:e
4472:t
4465:v
3970:)
3966:(
3945:)
3863:)
3859:(
3348:e
3341:t
3334:v
3272:.
3253:.
3222:.
3210::
3181:.
3157:.
3145::
3121:.
3117::
3094:.
3090::
3067:.
3063::
3057:2
3008:.
2986::
2959:.
2937::
2906:.
2894::
2871:.
2847::
2820:.
2800::
2776:.
2754::
2727:.
2705::
2678:.
2656::
2629:.
2595:.
2575::
2549:.
2402:.
2333:)
2319:.
2280:.
2221:.
2217::
2193:.
2179::
2171::
2148:.
2130:.
2102:.
2072:.
2068::
2060::
2022:.
1992:.
1964:.
1940::
1934:8
1913:.
1839::
1831::
1790::
1782::
1746:.
1742::
1705:.
1680:.
1630:.
1578:.
1548:.
1523:.
1498:.
1464:.
1434:.
1229:(
912:(
904:(
896:(
847:(
714:3
712:O
708:H
695:)
688:)
684:(
669:4
666:O
660:H
654:C
561:.
316:o
162:(
139:(
84:/
81:m
78:ə
75:n
72:ə
69:b
66:ɪ
63:l
60:ˈ
54:/
50:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
