96:
33:
867:, isoneotype, isolectotype, etc.) but these are not formally regulated by the Code, and a great many are obsolete and/or idiosyncratic. However, some of these categories can potentially apply to genuine type specimens, such as a neotype; e.g., isotypic/topotypic specimens are preferred to other specimens, when they are available at the time a neotype is chosen (because they are from the same time and/or place as the original type). A topotype is a specimen that was obtained from the same location that the original type specimen came from.
534:
885:
826:, in which the species description included DNA sequences from blood and feather samples. Assuming there is no future question as to the status of such a species, the absence of a type specimen does not invalidate the name, but it may be necessary for the future to designate a neotype for such a taxon, should any questions arise. However, in the case of the bushshrike, ornithologists have argued that the specimen was a rare and hitherto unknown
431:
460:, the type of a species or subspecies is a specimen or series of specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined."
921:
common occurrence), then all of the constituent species must be either moved into the pre-existing genus or disassociated from the original type species and given a new generic name; the old generic name passes into synonymy and is abandoned unless there is a pressing need to make an exception (decided case-by-case, via petition to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature).
148:
taxa. If there is more than one named type that all appear to be the same taxon, then the oldest name takes precedence and is considered to be the correct name of the material in hand. If on the other hand, the taxon appears never to have been named at all, then the scientist or another qualified expert picks a type specimen and publishes a new name and an official description.
703:, based on the 1994 reporting by Louie Psihoyos of an unpublished proposal by Bob Bakker to do so. However, this designation is invalid both because Edward Cope was not one of the specimens described in Systema Naturae 10th Ed., and therefore not being a syntype is not eligible, and because Stearne's designation in 1959 has seniority and invalidates future designations.
663:. When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype. Having a single name-bearing type reduces the potential for confusion, especially considering that it is not uncommon for a series of syntypes to contain specimens of more than one species.
1173:"Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the French; Reprinted from the English translation published by L. Reeve and Co., London, 1868 (with three-page commentary by Asa Gray)"
839:
The various types listed above are necessary because many species were described one or two centuries ago, when a single type specimen, a holotype, was often not designated. Also, types were not always carefully preserved, and intervening events such as wars and fires have resulted in the destruction
550:
A type description must include a diagnosis (typically, a discussion of similarities to and differences from closely related species), and an indication of where the type specimen or specimens are deposited for examination. The geographical location where a type specimen was originally found is known
147:
When identifying material, a scientist attempts to apply a taxon name to a specimen or group of specimens based on their understanding of the relevant taxa, based on (at least) having read the type description(s), preferably also based on an examination of all the type material of all of the relevant
546:
Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description, nonetheless, under the formal rules for naming species (the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature), a single type must be designated, as part of
302:
A detailed drawing, painting, etc., depicting the plant, from the early days of plant taxonomy. A dried plant was difficult to transport and hard to keep safe for the future; many specimens from the early days of botany have since been lost or damaged. Highly skilled botanical artists were sometimes
939:
or subfamily is formed. As with type species, the type genus is not necessarily the most representative but is usually the earliest described, largest or best-known genus. It is not uncommon for the name of a family to be based upon the name of a type genus that has passed into synonymy; the family
920:
Ideally, a type species best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs, but this is subjective and, ultimately, technically irrelevant, as it is not a requirement of the Code. If the type species proves, upon closer examination, to belong to a pre-existing genus (a
830:
of a long-known species, using only the available blood and feather samples. While there is still some debate on the need to deposit actual killed individuals as type specimens, it can be observed that given proper vouchering and storage, tissue samples can be just as valuable should dispute about
646:
A syntype is any one of two or more specimens that is listed in a species description where no holotype was designated; historically, syntypes were often explicitly designated as such, and under the present ICZN this is a requirement, but modern attempts to publish species description based on
843:
The ICZN has existed only since 1961 when the first edition of the Code was published. The ICZN does not always demand a type specimen for the historical validity of a species, and many "type-less" species do exist. The current edition of the Code, Article 75.3, prohibits the designation of a
294:), "is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached." (article 7.2) In botany a type is either a specimen or an illustration. A specimen is a real plant (or one or more parts of a plant or a lot of small plants), dead and kept safe, "curated", in a
1156:
Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès
International de Botanique tenu à Paris en août 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée à la
314:
makes for a poor type: the microscope slide may be lost or damaged, or it may be very difficult to find the "plant" in question among whatever else is on the microscope slide. An illustration makes for a much more reliable type (Art 37.5 of the
182:
refers, by definition, to the species of that particular specimen. That species was named and described by
Jardine and Selby in 1828, and the holotype was placed in the museum collection so that other scientists might refer to it as necessary.
570:
Zoological collections are maintained by universities and museums. Ensuring that types are kept in good condition and made available for examination by taxonomists are two important functions of such collections. And, while there is only one
1647:"Terms Used in Bionomenclature: The Naming of Organisms and Plant Communities : Including Terms Used in Botanical, Cultivated Plant, Phylogenetic, Phytosociological, Prokaryote (bacteriological), Virus, and Zoological Nomenclature."
917:). The description of a genus is usually based primarily on its type species, modified and expanded by the features of other included species. The generic name is permanently associated with the name-bearing type of its type species.
619:
An allotype is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype, designated from among paratypes. The word was also formerly used for a specimen that shows features not seen in the holotype of a fossil. The term is not regulated by the
213:. Type specimens are theoretically even allowed to be aberrant or deformed individuals or color variations, though this is rarely chosen to be the case, as it makes it hard to determine to which population the individual belonged.
687:
He justified his choice by noting that the specimen that
Linnaeus, who wrote his own autobiography five times, had most studied was probably himself. This sufficiently and correctly designated Linnaeus to be the lectotype for
840:
of the original type material. The validity of a species name often rests upon the availability of original type specimens; or, if the type cannot be found, or one has never existed, upon the clarity of the description.
1216:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012).
1244:
Frey, Jennifer K.; Yates, Terry L.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Gannon, William L. & Gardner, Scott L. (1992). "Designation and
Curatorial Management of Type Host Specimens (Symbiotypes) for New Parasite Species".
268:
Translation: This single character permits distinguish this type from all other species of the section ... After studying the diverse forms, I came to consider them as belonging to the one and the same specific
260:
Ce seul caractère permet de distinguer ce type de toutes les autres espèces de la section. ... Après avoir étudié ces diverses formes, j'en arrivai à les considérer comme appartenant à un seul et même type
116:
680:
and determined all valid syntypes for the species. Crucially, in 1959, Professor
William Stearne wrote in a passing remark on Linnaeus's contributions, "Linnaeus himself, must stand as the type of his
607:
When the original description designated a holotype, there may be additional specimens that the author designates as additional representatives of the same species, termed paratypes. These are not
347:
is the same and the type of the name is the same, but the extent to which the name actually applies varies greatly. Setting the circumscription of a taxon is done by a taxonomist in a publication.
1563:
Locupletissimi Rerum naturalium
Thesauri accurata Descriptio, et Iconibus artificiosissimus Expressio, per universam Physices Historiam. Opus, cui in hoc Rerum Genere, nullum par exstitit
159:, or (under the bacteriological code) a description. Some codes consider a subordinate taxon to be the type, but under the botanical code, the type is always a specimen or illustration.
593:
of that species. The holotype is typically placed in a major museum, or similar well-known public collection, so that it is freely available for later examination by other biologists.
95:
194:, particularly those established by early taxonomists, tend to be named after species that are more "typical" for them, but here too this is not always the case and due to changes in
632:
A neotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed or where the original author never cited a specimen.
399:
lectotype – a specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type when there was no holotype specified or the holotype has been lost or destroyed
647:
syntypes are generally frowned upon by practicing taxonomists, and most are gradually being replaced by lectotypes. Those that still exist are still considered name-bearing types.
136:
research collection, but failing that, an image of an individual of that taxon has sometimes been designated as a type. Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of
1610:
676:, designated in 1959. He published the first book considered to be part of taxonomical nomenclature, the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which included the first description of
487:, thigh bones, part of a pelvis, some ribs, and some arm and shoulder bones. There may be more than one type specimen, but there is (at least in modern times) only one holotype.
414:
epitype – a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type, usually when another kind of type does not show the critical features needed for identification
909:
Each genus must have a designated type species (the term "genotype" was once used for this but has been abandoned because the word has become much better known as the term for
621:
405:
syntype – any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types
1220:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
303:
employed by a botanist to make faithful and detailed illustrations. Some such illustrations have become the best record and have been chosen to serve as the type of taxon.
731:
refer to type preparations additional to the hapantotype and designated by the describing author. As with other type designations the use of the prefix "Neo-", such as
1745:
469:
A type specimen is a vernacular term (not a formally defined term) typically used for an individual or fossil that is any of the various name-bearing types for a
711:
A paralectotype is any additional specimen from among a set of syntypes after a lectotype has been designated from among them. These are not name-bearing types.
80:) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution.
457:
111:
524:
are all those specimens included by the author in a taxon's formal description, unless the author explicitly or implicitly excludes them as part of the series.
65:
of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular
331:
is a controversial taxon: some botanists consider it to consist of over a hundred species, and others regard it as a single species. The type of the name
1751:
735:, is employed when a replacement for the original hapantotype is designated, or when an original description did not include a designated type specimen.
723:
where the type consists of two or more specimens of "directly related individuals" within a preparation medium such as a blood smear. The terms
1320:
1228:
781:
A hypotype is a specimen whose details have previously been published that is used in a supplementary figure or description of the species.
408:
paratype – any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description that is not the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes
1708:
1661:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities"
411:
neotype – a specimen or illustration selected to serve as nomenclatural type if no material from the original description is available
392:
provides a listing of the various kinds of types (article 9 and the
Glossary), the most important of which is the holotype. These are
1400:
Stearn, W. T. (1 March 1959). "The Background of Linnaeus's Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology".
1783:
1623:
870:
The term fixation is used by the Code for the declaration of a name-bearing type, whether by original or subsequent designation.
1347:
1788:
655:
A lectotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of
163:
32:
954:
396:
holotype – the single specimen or illustration that the author(s) clearly indicated to be the nomenclatural type of a name
1577:
Bauer, Aaron M. (2002). "Albertus Seba, Cabinet of Natural Curiosities. The Complete Plates in Colour, 1734–1765. 2001".
1773:
246:
In some older taxonomic works the word "type" has sometimes been used differently. The meaning was similar in the first
1778:
814:
Recently, some species have been described where the type specimen was released alive back into the wild, such as the
166:
in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6.24.20. This is a specimen of a kind of bird commonly known as the
324:
205:
or onomatophore is sometimes used, to denote the fact that biological types do not define "typical" individuals or
89:
533:
982:
339:
is a "big" species) or whether the circumscription is limited to only one small species among the other hundred (
235:
1660:
1072:"New species without dead bodies: a case for photo-based descriptions, illustrated by a striking new species of
210:
539:
1310:
852:
418:
The word "type" appears in botanical literature as a part of some older terms that have no status under the
156:
137:
76:
that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a
279:
848:
unless there is "an exceptional need" for "clarifying the taxonomic status" of a species (Article 75.2).
1502:
589:
When a single specimen is clearly designated in the original description, this specimen is known as the
475:
362:(published on or after 1 January 2007, article 37) at these ranks, a type should not be an illustration.
799:" informally refers to a type specimen or a part of it that has been stolen, or improperly relocated.
1288:
480:
38:
1596:
1646:
1504:
A taxonomic study of the Haemoproteidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina) of the Avian order Strigiformes
1191:
808:
696:
514:
355:
77:
1561:
743:
An illustration on which a new species or subspecies was based. For instance, the Burmese python,
1483:
1270:
1262:
1027:
567:(or symbiotype) is used to indicate the host organism from which the type specimen was obtained.
152:
1634:
Kleptotype. (n.d.). Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from
884:
1683:
1448:
1417:
1382:
1316:
1224:
1113:
1095:
864:
815:
660:
608:
575:
designated, there can be other "type" specimens, the following of which are formally defined:
298:(or the equivalent for fungi). Examples of where an illustration may serve as a type include:
202:
73:
1675:
1542:
1475:
1409:
1254:
1103:
1085:
1019:
936:
775:
484:
447:
377:
311:
191:
1757:
1134:. Australian National Botanic Gardens, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research
186:
At least for type specimens there is no requirement for a "typical" individual to be used.
124:, or in some cases specimens. Types are of great significance to biologists, especially to
851:
There are many other permutations and variations on terms using the suffix "-type" (e.g.,
827:
495:
167:
62:
1635:
335:
is the same whether the circumscription of the species includes all those small species (
1108:
1071:
745:
440:
141:
1218:
1202:(2: Comptes-redus des séances de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique): 163–217.
1048:
430:
1767:
1355:
897:
751:
667:
99:
72:
A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a
1437:"Know Thyself: Responsible Science and the Lectotype of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758"
1371:"Know Thyself: Responsible Science and the Lectotype of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758"
1274:
959:
879:
763:
672:
491:
120:(ICN), the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on one particular
1007:
69:. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon rather than a specimen.
54:
1649: (2010). United Kingdom: Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
1529:
Peirce, M. A.; Bennett, G. F. (1992). "Neohapantotype and paraneohapantotypes of
1466:
Hansen, Hans V.; Seberg, Ole (1984). "Paralectotype, a new type term in botany".
1154:
965:
889:
521:
195:
1172:
1679:
1546:
1312:
Terms Used in Bionomenclature. The naming of organisms (and plant communities)
1131:
930:
860:
819:
796:
790:
510:
435:
307:
125:
17:
1687:
1452:
1421:
1386:
1099:
1090:
155:
applied to the organism in question, a type can be a specimen, a culture, an
1289:"The Code Online | International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature"
976:
970:
949:
807:
Type illustrations have also been used by zoologists, as in the case of the
720:
328:
295:
230:
133:
1413:
1117:
914:
910:
602:
584:
503:
175:
58:
1487:
1436:
1370:
1266:
1080:
1031:
845:
656:
641:
483:
in 1856 at Feldhofer in the Neander Valley in Germany, consisting of a
470:
370:
225:
46:
1051:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
811:, which is known only from historical illustrations and descriptions.
1579:
International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology
1315:. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. p. 216.
762:
An ergatotype is a specimen selected to represent a worker member in
221:
187:
129:
1479:
1258:
1023:
1510:(Doctorate thesis). Memorial University of Newfound land. p. 3
883:
532:
499:
381:
366:
359:
251:
94:
66:
31:
902:
306:
A detailed picture of something that can be seen only through a
206:
1192:"Rosa Synstylae: études sur les roses de la section Synstyleés"
1049:"Botanical nomenclature, types, & standard reference works"
117:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
1441:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1375:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
517:
that is the name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon.
1223:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
88:"Type specimen" redirects here. For the mineralogy term, see
27:
Specimen(s) to which a scientific name is formally attached
750:
is one of many species that are based on illustrations by
128:. Types are usually physical specimens that are kept in a
979:– a type of intrasubspecific taxon of pathogenic bacteria
1739:
1613:
Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 201-205.
1636:
https://en_ichthyology.en-academic.com/9763/kleptotype
1196:
Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique
940:
name does not need to be changed in such a situation.
220:
is somewhat complicated by slightly different uses in
110:
According to a precise set of rules laid down in the
1352:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1304:
1302:
935:A type genus is a genus from which the name of a
473:. For example, the type specimen for the species
209:, but rather fix a scientific name to a specific
1070:Marshall, Stephen A.; Evenhuis, Neal L. (2015).
1076:Hesse (Diptera, Bombyliidae) from South Africa"
479:was the specimen "Neanderthal-1" discovered by
162:For example, in the research collection of the
57:(or in some cases a group of specimens) of an
1740:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
1042:
1040:
774:"Hypotype" redirects here. For the moth, see
112:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
8:
258:
170:, which currently bears the scientific name
102:'s remains constitute the type specimen for
1001:
999:
997:
973:– genetic sequence data from type specimens
498:that is the name-bearing type of a nominal
452:3) dorsal and 4) ventral aspect of paratype
1622:Glime, J. M., & Wagner, D. H. (2013).
1160:. Genève et Bale: J.-B. Baillière et fils.
1501:Bishop, M. A. W. (1989). "introduction".
1107:
1089:
358:can have a type of its own. For most new
234:, type-based definitions are replaced by
1609:Baker, N. T., & Timm, R. M. (1976).
1177:The American Journal of Science and Arts
429:
380:has the same type as that of one of its
369:has the same type as that of one of its
1758:Zoological Type Nomenclature (Evenhuis)
1008:"The Type Concept in Systematic Botany"
993:
659:. In zoology, a lectotype is a kind of
250:, but has a meaning closer to the term
1179:. Series II, Volume 46 (63–74, 75–77).
327:of the taxon. For example, the common
1611:"Modern type concepts in entomology."
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1211:
1209:
559:. In the case of parasites, the term
402:isotype – a duplicate of the holotype
7:
1659:Hume, Julian Pender (25 June 2007).
1132:"Plant names – a basic introduction"
900:, is the type species for the genus
1709:"Topotype Definition & Meaning"
1566:. Amsterdam: Janssonio-Waesbergios.
803:Alternatives to preserved specimens
1624:"Herbarium methods and exchanges."
1348:"Who is the type of Homo sapiens?"
450:and 2) ventral aspect of holotype,
174:. This particular specimen is the
25:
831:the validity of a species arise.
835:Formalisation of the type system
695:It has also been suggested that
343:is a "small" species). The name
766:which have polymorphic castes.
323:A type does not determine the
248:Laws of Botanical Nomenclature
1:
955:Glossary of scientific naming
1748:Glossary section (archived)
1247:The Journal of Parasitology
547:the published description.
422:: for example a clonotype.
178:for that species; the name
1805:
1535:Journal of Natural History
1153:de Candolle, A.P. (1867).
1012:American Journal of Botany
928:
877:
788:
773:
639:
600:
582:
211:operational taxonomic unit
90:type specimen (mineralogy)
87:
1680:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1
1547:10.1080/00222939200770431
1435:Spamer, Earle E. (1999).
1369:Spamer, Earle E. (1999).
1309:Hawksworth, D.L. (2010).
983:Principle of typification
436:gossamer-winged butterfly
1091:10.3897/zookeys.525.6143
1006:Hitchcock, A.S. (1921),
540:Mormopterus acetabulosus
236:phylogenetic definitions
1784:Zoological nomenclature
1560:Seba, Albertus (1734).
458:zoological nomenclature
138:scientific nomenclature
1789:Botanical nomenclature
1742:, the official website
1599:. University of Basel.
906:
543:
453:
310:. A tiny "plant" on a
280:botanical nomenclature
271:
265:
259:
216:The usage of the term
164:Natural History Museum
107:
42:
1752:A compendium of terms
1597:"Compendium of Types"
1531:Haemoproteus passeris
887:
699:is the lectotype for
670:is the lectotype for
537:Type illustration of
536:
529:Use of type specimens
476:Homo neanderthalensis
433:
354:Only a species or an
350:Miscellaneous notes:
266:
256:
254:in some other works:
98:
35:
1414:10.2307/sysbio/8.1.4
481:Johann Karl Fuhlrott
345:Taraxacum officinale
341:Taraxacum officinale
337:Taraxacum officinale
333:Taraxacum officinale
201:be. Hence, the term
39:Marocaster coronatus
1774:Biological concepts
1190:Crépin, F. (1886).
911:a different concept
824:Laniarius liberatus
356:infraspecific taxon
78:species description
1779:Taxonomy (biology)
1402:Systematic Biology
1047:Nicholson, Dan H.
907:
719:A special case in
609:name-bearing types
544:
454:
292:nomenclatural type
108:
43:
36:Type specimen for
1322:978-87-92020-09-3
1230:978-3-87429-425-6
816:Bulo Burti boubou
746:Python bivittatus
661:name-bearing type
242:Older terminology
203:name-bearing type
153:nomenclature code
151:Depending on the
16:(Redirected from
1796:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1358:on 5 March 2016.
1354:. Archived from
1344:
1327:
1326:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1171:Weddell (1868).
1168:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1093:
1084:(525): 117–127.
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1003:
822:), described as
809:RĂ©union parakeet
776:Hypotype (genus)
729:lectohapantotype
565:
564:
557:
556:
312:microscope slide
263:
180:Circus assimilis
172:Circus assimilis
53:is a particular
21:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1764:
1763:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1713:Merriam-Webster
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1480:10.2307/1220790
1465:
1464:
1460:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1346:
1345:
1330:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1259:10.2307/3283335
1243:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1024:10.2307/2434993
1005:
1004:
995:
991:
946:
933:
927:
882:
876:
837:
805:
793:
787:
779:
772:
760:
741:
725:parahapantotype
717:
709:
653:
644:
638:
630:
617:
605:
599:
587:
581:
562:
561:
554:
553:
531:
496:nominal species
466:
451:
445:
428:
325:circumscription
276:
244:
168:spotted harrier
114:(ICZN) and the
93:
86:
63:scientific name
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1730:External links
1728:
1726:
1725:
1700:
1674:(1513): 1–76.
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1602:
1588:
1569:
1552:
1541:(3): 689–690.
1533:Kruse, 1890".
1521:
1493:
1474:(4): 707–711.
1458:
1427:
1392:
1361:
1328:
1321:
1298:
1280:
1253:(5): 930–993.
1236:
1229:
1205:
1182:
1163:
1145:
1123:
1062:
1036:
1018:(5): 251–255,
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
980:
974:
968:
963:
957:
952:
945:
942:
929:Main article:
926:
923:
878:Main article:
875:
872:
836:
833:
804:
801:
789:Main article:
786:
783:
771:
768:
759:
756:
740:
737:
733:Neohapantotype
716:
713:
708:
705:
652:
649:
640:Main article:
637:
634:
629:
626:
616:
613:
601:Main article:
598:
595:
583:Main article:
580:
577:
530:
527:
526:
525:
518:
507:
488:
465:
462:
441:Jamides elioti
427:
424:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
386:
385:
374:
363:
321:
320:
304:
275:
272:
243:
240:
142:alpha taxonomy
85:
82:
26:
24:
18:Botanical type
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1801:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
943:
941:
938:
932:
924:
922:
918:
916:
912:
905:
904:
899:
896:described by
895:
891:
886:
881:
873:
871:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
841:
834:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
802:
800:
798:
792:
784:
782:
777:
769:
767:
765:
764:hymenopterans
757:
755:
753:
752:Albertus Seba
749:
747:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
714:
712:
707:Paralectotype
706:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
686:
683:
682:Homo sapiens.
679:
675:
674:
669:
668:Carl Linnaeus
664:
662:
658:
650:
648:
643:
635:
633:
627:
625:
623:
614:
612:
610:
604:
596:
594:
592:
586:
578:
576:
574:
568:
566:
558:
555:type locality
548:
542:
541:
535:
528:
523:
519:
516:
515:nominal genus
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
477:
472:
468:
467:
463:
461:
459:
449:
443:
442:
437:
432:
425:
423:
421:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
393:
391:
384:(article 10).
383:
379:
375:
373:(article 10).
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
352:
351:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
270:
264:
262:
255:
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:
113:
105:
101:
100:Carl Linnaeus
97:
91:
84:Type specimen
83:
81:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
61:to which the
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
1735:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1671:
1667:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1605:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1562:
1555:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1503:
1496:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1356:the original
1351:
1311:
1293:www.iczn.org
1292:
1283:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1219:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1155:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1126:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1015:
1011:
960:Nomen dubium
934:
919:
908:
901:
893:
880:Type species
874:Type species
869:
856:
850:
842:
838:
823:
813:
806:
794:
780:
761:
744:
742:
732:
728:
724:
718:
710:
701:Homo sapiens
700:
694:
690:Homo sapiens
689:
685:
681:
678:Homo sapiens
677:
673:Homo sapiens
671:
665:
654:
645:
631:
618:
606:
590:
588:
572:
569:
560:
552:
549:
545:
538:
492:type species
474:
455:
439:
419:
417:
389:
387:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
322:
316:
291:
287:
283:
277:
267:
257:
247:
245:
229:
217:
215:
198:
185:
179:
171:
161:
157:illustration
150:
146:
121:
115:
109:
104:Homo sapiens
103:
71:
50:
44:
37:
29:
1447:: 109–114.
1408:(1): 4–22.
1381:: 109–114.
1138:17 November
1074:Marleyimyia
1055:17 November
966:Nomen nudum
890:common toad
828:color morph
715:Hapantotype
697:Edward Cope
522:type series
464:Definitions
317:Vienna Code
261:spécifique.
196:systematics
126:taxonomists
1768:Categories
1754:(archived)
1693:13 January
989:References
931:Type genus
925:Type genus
861:generitype
855:, cotype,
820:bushshrike
797:kleptotype
795:The term "
791:Kleptotype
785:Kleptotype
758:Ergatotype
721:Protistans
666:Formally,
511:type genus
426:In zoology
308:microscope
1736:ICZN Code
1688:1175-5334
1453:0097-3157
1422:1063-5157
1387:0097-3157
1100:1313-2970
977:Pathotype
971:Genetypes
962:(zoology)
950:Archetype
894:Bufo bufo
739:Iconotype
651:Lectotype
563:type host
329:dandelion
296:herbarium
274:In botany
231:PhyloCode
228:. In the
134:herbarium
1746:Fishbase
1718:18 April
1514:18 April
1275:82003952
1118:26487819
944:See also
915:genetics
898:Linnaeus
857:topotype
853:allotype
770:Hypotype
754:(1734).
657:syntypes
615:Allotype
603:Paratype
597:Paratype
591:holotype
585:Holotype
579:Holotype
573:holotype
504:subgenus
485:skullcap
319:, 2006).
192:families
176:holotype
122:specimen
59:organism
55:specimen
1668:Zootaxa
1488:1220790
1267:3283335
1157:congrès
1109:4607853
1081:ZooKeys
1032:2434993
865:isotype
846:neotype
642:Syntype
636:Syntype
628:Neotype
551:as its
513:is the
494:is the
471:species
371:species
226:zoology
47:biology
1686:
1486:
1451:
1420:
1385:
1319:
1273:
1265:
1227:
1116:
1106:
1098:
1030:
937:family
448:dorsal
382:genera
378:family
222:botany
199:cannot
188:Genera
130:museum
1760:(PDF)
1664:(PDF)
1508:(PDF)
1484:JSTOR
1468:Taxon
1271:S2CID
1263:JSTOR
1028:JSTOR
500:genus
367:genus
288:typus
269:type.
252:taxon
67:taxon
1720:2024
1695:2011
1684:ISSN
1672:1513
1516:2024
1449:ISSN
1418:ISSN
1383:ISSN
1317:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1140:2015
1114:PMID
1096:ISSN
1057:2015
903:Bufo
888:The
727:and
622:ICZN
520:The
388:The
360:taxa
284:type
282:, a
224:and
218:type
207:taxa
190:and
140:and
51:type
49:, a
1676:doi
1543:doi
1476:doi
1445:149
1410:doi
1379:149
1255:doi
1104:PMC
1086:doi
1020:doi
913:in
818:(a
502:or
456:In
446:1)
420:ICN
390:ICN
278:In
132:or
74:set
45:In
1770::
1738::
1711:.
1682:.
1670:.
1666:.
1581:.
1539:26
1537:.
1482:.
1472:33
1470:.
1443:.
1439:.
1416:.
1404:.
1377:.
1373:.
1350:.
1331:^
1301:^
1291:.
1269:.
1261:.
1251:78
1249:.
1208:^
1200:25
1198:.
1194:.
1175:.
1112:.
1102:.
1094:.
1078:.
1039:^
1026:,
1014:,
1010:,
996:^
892:,
863:,
859:,
692:.
624:.
611:.
509:A
490:A
438:,
434:A
376:A
365:A
290:,
238:.
144:.
1722:.
1697:.
1678::
1585:.
1583:3
1549:.
1545::
1518:.
1490:.
1478::
1455:.
1424:.
1412::
1406:8
1389:.
1325:.
1295:.
1277:.
1257::
1233:.
1142:.
1120:.
1088::
1059:.
1022::
1016:8
778:.
748:,
684:"
506:.
444::
286:(
106:.
92:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
