80:
unknown to the Greeks and Romans of classical times and for which names have had to be provided as a means of reference. Their description necessitates the recording of structures often too small for comprehension by the naked eye, hence unknown to the ancients and needing words with precise restricted applications foreign to
45:
by their own languages, or, notably in French, there may be variant spellings based on the Latin. There are at least two pronunciation systems used for Latin by
English speakers. Neither system, however, works across the full spectrum of botanical names, because many non-Latin words, such as people's names, have been used.
44:
Botanical Latin is primarily a written language. It includes taxon names derived from any language or even arbitrarily derived, and consequently there is no single consistent pronunciation system. When speakers of different languages use
Botanical Latin in speech, they use pronunciations influenced
226:"These rules cannot satisfactorily be applied to all generic names and specific epithets commemorating persons. About 80 per cent of generic names and 30 per cent of specific epithets come from languages other than Latin and Greek. A simple and consistent method of pronouncing them does not exist."
79:
with much plundering of ancient Greek, which has evolved, mainly since 1700 and primarily through the work of Carl
Linnaeus (1707–78), to serve as an international medium for the scientific naming of plants in all their vast numbers and manifold diversity. These include many thousands of plants
150:
The Pre-Classical Latin alphabet consisted of 21 letters, to which y and z were added in the
Classical epoch, w was later added, and the vowel/consonant pairs i and j, u and v, were later separated. This 26-letter alphabet is used for taxon names in Botanical Latin.
60:
C'est le latin arrangé par Linné à l'usage des descriptions et, j'oserai dire, à l'usage de ceux qui n'aiment ni les complications grammaticales, ni les phrases disposées sens desus dessous." (Quoted by W. T. Stearn)
979:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012).
177:
when speaking
Botanical Latin words. Latin names pronounced by gardeners and English botanists usually follow a system close to English. It differs greatly from classical pronunciation, and also from
65:
De
Candolle estimated that to learn Botanical Latin would take three months' work for an English speaker not already familiar with any language of Latin origin, and one month for an Italian.
733:
Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in
Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten
983:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
1043:
882:
The
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV",
34:
209:
In classical Latin words of several syllables the stress falls on the syllable next to the last one (the penultimate) when this syllable is long ... e.g.,
37:
mandated
Botanical Latin to be used for the descriptions of most new taxa. It is still the only language other than English accepted for descriptions. The
247:
93:
Latin names of organisms are generally used in English without alteration, but some informal derivatives are used as common names. For example, the -
252:
The following table is simplified from Stearn 1992. The pronunciation transcriptions for medical terminology in major medical dictionaries, such as
125:
names, sometimes containing further -ids clade names, so that, for example, in the APG IV classification, rosids contain both fabids and malvids.
991:
128:
More extensive modifications to the spelling and pronunciation are routinely used in some other languages. French organism names are usually
254:
770:
168:
1017:
725:
1048:
260:
53:
737:(Explanatory dictionary of the scientific names of .. plants grown in the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies...)
690:
75:
Botanical Latin is best described as a modern Romance language of special technical application, derived from
1058:
238:
endings derived from personal names, because the stress falls in a place that is not usual for those names.
173:
Some English speakers, and some speakers of other languages, use the reconstructed pronunciation guide for
767:
1751, by Linnaeus, described as "The first textbook of descriptive systematic botany and botanical latin."
731:
156:
763:
178:
1013:
987:
721:
76:
68:
891:
217:... on the last syllable but two (the antepenultimate) when the last but one is short, e.g.
1053:
475:
277:
121:
produces papilionoids). The -ids common names have, however also been adopted as rankless
98:
81:
708:
205:
Every vowel is pronounced, except diphthongs, which are treated as single long vowels.
117:
38:
981:
1037:
134:
709:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) 2018
1006:
700:
129:
749:
750:
George, A. & Short, E. (2013) "A Primer of Botanical Latin with Vocabulary"
720:
Stearn, W.T. (2004) "Botanical Latin" (4th ed), Timber Press, Portland Oregon.
1001:
152:
108:
27:
23:
103:
896:
1008:
Botanical Latin: history, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary
174:
122:
41:
of organisms governed by the Code also have forms based on Latin.
30:
181:
pronunciation (which is based on Italian, and has, for example,
159:
is considered an optional mark that does not affect spelling.
986:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
213:, or when two consonants separate the two last vowels, e.g.,
689:
Finding derivations /meanings for epithets. See, e.g.,:
817:
McNeill et al. 2012 & e.g., articles 20 and 23.2
1005:
745:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
1012:(4th ed.). Portland, Or.: Timber Press.
230:The rules also create difficulties with the -
8:
35:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
702:A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin
248:Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
895:
851:
849:
1044:Languages attested from the 18th century
884:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
697:(Site does not always give a derivation)
468:
270:
255:Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary
782:
937:McNeill et al. 2012 & Article 60.6
924:McNeill et al. 2012 & Article 60.4
804:McNeill et al. 2012 & Principle V
16:Technical language based on Neo-Latin
7:
791:McNeill et al. 2012 & Article 39
743:The Composition of Scientific Words
771:Syllable stress of Botanical Latin
169:Syllable stress of Botanical Latin
14:
22:is a technical language based on
735:(Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).
101:names is changed to -ids (e.g.,
56:described the language in 1880:
1:
695:"slender", "thin", "graceful"
155:are not used in names, and a
936:
923:
816:
803:
790:
261:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
54:Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle
962:
949:
910:
869:
856:
840:
115:is changed to -oids (e.g.,
26:, used for descriptions of
1075:
911:Stearn 1992 & p. 49–51
841:Stearn 1992 & p. 51–54
752:Cambridge University Press
245:
166:
89:Orthography of taxon names
870:Stearn 1992 & p. 6–7
691:Plantillustrations.org:
963:Stearn 1992 & p. 35
950:Stearn 1992 & p. 53
201:Classical pronunciation
142:becomes Portulacinées.
138:becomes Chlorophycées;
1049:Botanical nomenclature
857:Stearn 1992 & p. 6
264:, match these values.
228:
223:
107:produces rosids); the
86:
63:
614:ui (not a diphthong)
533:oi (not a diphthong)
242:English pronunciation
224:
207:
73:
58:
764:Philosophia Botanica
741:Brown, R.W. (1956).
730:Backer, C.A. (1936)
437:g before e, i, or y
423:g before a, o, or u
365:c before e, i, or y
351:c before a, o, or u
179:Ecclesiastical Latin
1002:Stearn, William T.
993:978-3-87429-425-6
897:10.1111/boj.12385
676:
675:
672:
671:
465:
464:
77:Renaissance Latin
69:William T. Stearn
1066:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1011:
997:
966:
959:
953:
946:
940:
933:
927:
920:
914:
907:
901:
900:
899:
879:
873:
866:
860:
853:
844:
837:
820:
813:
807:
800:
794:
787:
746:
480:Pronounced like
469:
282:Pronounced like
271:
267:
266:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1000:
994:
978:
975:
970:
969:
960:
956:
947:
943:
934:
930:
921:
917:
908:
904:
881:
880:
876:
867:
863:
854:
847:
838:
823:
814:
810:
801:
797:
788:
784:
779:
759:
740:
717:
704:(www.mobot.org)
693:gracilis,-is,-e
686:
681:
515:oe (diphthong)
408:ei (diphthong)
332:au (diphthong)
317:ae (diphthong)
250:
244:
203:
175:Classical Latin
171:
165:
148:
132:. For example:
91:
82:classical Latin
51:
20:Botanical Latin
17:
12:
11:
5:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1059:Forms of Latin
1056:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1018:
998:
992:
974:
971:
968:
967:
954:
941:
928:
915:
902:
874:
861:
845:
821:
808:
795:
781:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
768:
758:
755:
754:
753:
747:
738:
728:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
698:
685:
682:
680:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
662:
659:
655:
654:
647:
644:
640:
639:
633:
630:
626:
625:
618:
617:/uː.ɪ/, /ʊ.ɪ/
615:
611:
610:
603:
600:
596:
595:
588:
585:
581:
580:
570:
567:
563:
562:
556:
553:
549:
548:
537:
534:
530:
529:
519:
516:
512:
511:
504:
501:
497:
496:
489:
486:
482:
481:
478:
473:
466:
463:
462:
455:
452:
448:
447:
441:
438:
434:
433:
427:
424:
420:
419:
412:
409:
405:
404:
397:
394:
390:
389:
383:
380:
376:
375:
369:
366:
362:
361:
355:
352:
348:
347:
336:
333:
329:
328:
321:
318:
314:
313:
306:
303:
299:
298:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
275:
243:
240:
202:
199:
193:pronounced as
164:
161:
147:
144:
118:Papilionoideae
90:
87:
50:
47:
33:. Until 2012,
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1071:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1021:
1019:9780881923216
1015:
1010:
1009:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
985:
984:
977:
976:
972:
964:
958:
955:
951:
945:
942:
938:
932:
929:
925:
919:
916:
912:
906:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
878:
875:
871:
865:
862:
858:
852:
850:
846:
842:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
812:
809:
805:
799:
796:
792:
786:
783:
776:
772:
769:
766:
765:
761:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
739:
736:
734:
729:
727:
726:9780881926279
723:
719:
718:
714:
710:
707:
705:
703:
699:
696:
694:
688:
687:
683:
678:
667:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
648:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
604:
601:
598:
597:
593:
589:
586:
583:
582:
578:
574:
571:
568:
565:
564:
561:
557:
554:
551:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:
514:
513:
509:
505:
502:
499:
498:
494:
490:
487:
484:
483:
479:
477:
474:
471:
470:
467:
460:
456:
453:
450:
449:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
417:
413:
410:
407:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
391:
388:
384:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
331:
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
292:
289:
286:
285:
281:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
263:
262:
257:
256:
249:
241:
239:
237:
233:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
206:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
170:
163:Pronunciation
162:
160:
158:
154:
145:
143:
141:
140:Portulacineae
137:
136:
135:Chlorophyceae
131:
126:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
88:
85:
83:
78:
72:
70:
66:
62:
57:
55:
48:
46:
42:
40:
36:
32:
29:
25:
21:
1023:. Retrieved
1007:
982:
957:
944:
931:
918:
905:
887:
883:
877:
864:
811:
798:
785:
762:
742:
732:
701:
692:
665:
650:
635:
621:
606:
591:
576:
572:
559:
544:
540:
526:
522:
507:
492:
458:
443:
429:
415:
400:
386:
371:
357:
343:
339:
324:
309:
294:
259:
253:
251:
235:
231:
229:
225:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
194:
190:
186:
182:
172:
149:
139:
133:
127:
116:
112:
102:
94:
92:
74:
67:
64:
59:
52:
43:
19:
18:
1025:19 February
890:(1): 1–20,
575:able, or na
518:/iː/, /iə/
320:/iː/, /iə/
215:cru-ěn'-tus
211:for-mō'-sus
1038:Categories
973:References
472:Letter(s)
274:Letter(s)
246:See also:
219:flō-ri-dus
167:See also:
153:Diacritics
130:gallicized
97:ending of
1004:(1992) .
777:Footnotes
679:Resources
109:subfamily
28:botanical
24:Neo-Latin
757:See also
157:dieresis
146:Alphabet
111:ending -
99:subclass
536:/oʊ.ɪ/
185:before
104:Rosidae
71:wrote:
1054:Botany
1016:
990:
724:
684:Online
668:nical
440:/d͡ʒ/
374:entre
113:oideae
49:Origin
715:Books
653:pher
646:/aɪ/
587:/uː/
558:like
543:in gr
539:like
521:like
488:/oʊ/
411:/aɪ/
382:/iː/
338:like
335:/ɔː/
290:/eɪ/
234:and -
123:clade
39:names
1027:2015
1014:ISBN
988:ISBN
722:ISBN
661:/ɪ/
632:/v/
602:/ʌ/
569:/t/
555:/f/
525:in b
503:/ɒ/
454:/ɪ/
426:/ɡ/
418:ght
396:/ɛ/
368:/s/
354:/k/
305:/æ/
258:and
95:idae
31:taxa
892:doi
888:181
658:y̆
638:an
624:ng
594:te
579:on
552:ph
547:ng
545:owi
541:owi
495:te
476:IPA
446:em
360:at
342:in
297:te
278:IPA
236:iae
197:).
189:or
1040::
886:,
848:^
824:^
643:ȳ
629:v
622:oi
609:b
599:ŭ
590:br
584:ū
577:ti
566:t
527:ee
523:ee
510:t
500:ŏ
485:ō
461:t
451:i
432:o
416:ei
403:t
393:ĕ
379:ē
346:l
344:aw
340:aw
327:t
325:ea
312:t
302:ǎ
287:ā
232:ii
195:ch
1029:.
996:.
965:)
961:(
952:)
948:(
939:)
935:(
926:)
922:(
913:)
909:(
894::
872:)
868:(
859:)
855:(
843:)
839:(
819:)
815:(
806:)
802:(
793:)
789:(
666:y
664:c
651:y
649:c
636:v
620:d
607:u
605:t
592:u
573:t
560:f
508:o
506:n
493:o
491:n
459:i
457:p
444:g
430:g
414:h
401:e
399:p
387:e
385:m
372:c
358:c
323:m
310:a
308:f
295:a
293:f
221:.
191:e
187:i
183:c
84:.
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