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other unique features. Smaller plants may require multiple individuals to make up a sample. Plants that show signs of infection should be avoided to prevent spreading the disease. The next step after finding a suitable plant for collection is to assign it with a number for record keeping purposes. This number system is up to the individual collector, but usually involves the date of collection or the sequential number of that collection. Along with an assigned number, observations about the plant's location and live appearance should be noted in detail. These field notes will accompany the finished sample to provide supplementary information about the plant.
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258:. Newspaper and cardboard are two common choices for blotter material. When arranging the plant in the press it is important to remember that the dried plant product will be fragile and inflexible, so position the plant exactly as you wish the final product to appear. Tighten the press and wait approximately a day to check up on the plant. The blotter should be taken out and replaced with dry blotter roughly every 24 hours. Complete drying time will vary depending on the type of plant, but is generally 7–10 days. Fleshier plants such as succulents will take longer.
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herbaria. This issue can be solved with proper research on the status of species before a plant is collected and taking the smallest sample possible. Threatened species may be listed in databases, such as the Cites (Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species) database, though poachers have been known to use these resources to identify potentially valuable species. Additionally, botanical gardens themselves can raise awareness of plant poaching.
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presses are most commonly constructed with two flat smooth pieces of wood, and some type of compression mechanism. Compression may be accomplished with tightened nuts and bolts on the corners of the press, with tightened straps around the press, or by placing weights on top of the press. A book with a weighted object on top of it can also act as a press. When placing in the press, plant samples should be sandwiched between a few layers of absorbent
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644:, plant collection is not allowed unless given special permission. Collecting internationally will involve some logistics, such as official permits which will most likely be required to bring plants both from the country of collection and to the destination country. The major herbaria can be useful to the average hobbyist in aiding them in acquiring these permits.
169:, in Paris, France. Plant samples in herbaria typically include a reference sheet with information about the plant and details of collection. This detailed and organized system of filing provides horticulturist and other researchers alike with a way to find information about a certain plant, and a way to add new information to an existing plant sample file.
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protection against deterioration. This paper can either be 100% alpha cellulose paper or cotton “rag” paper. These types of paper are ideal for preserving plant samples because they are acid free and pH neutral. Samples can be strapped to the paper with linen tape, or glued onto the sheet. If glue is needed, it is recommended that Grade A
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and “A person shall not willfully or negligently cut, destroy, mutilate, or remove plant material that is growing upon public land or upon land that is not his or hers without a written permit from the owner of the land, signed by the owner of the land or the owner’s authorized agent, as provided in subdivision.”
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When collecting a sample it is important to first make sure that land you are collecting on allows for the removal of natural specimens. The first step of plant collection begins with the selection of the sample. Viable samples include identifying features such as flowers, fruits, root systems or any
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faced an incident of attempted plant theft when a woman was seen taking a clipping from one of the gardens’ collections. When confronted, she returned the clipping, but left before authorities arrived. Garden staff members believed that she got away with other clippings as well. In an interview, the
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If traveling to a remote location to access samples, it is safe practice to inform someone of your whereabouts and planned time of return. If traveling in hot weather, collectors should bring adequate water to avoid dehydration. Forms of sun protection such as sunscreen and wide brimmed hats may be
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In the United States, misconceptions around the scope of protection for certain plants are common in several states. In both
California and Texas, for example, there is a prevalent but false belief that it is illegal to pick the state flower, the California Poppy and the Texas Bluebonnet. There are
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and is known to be discouraged or even unethical. CA Penal Code § 384a prohibits cutting of plants from both private and public property, stating “A person shall not willfully or negligently cut, destroy, mutilate, or remove plant material that is growing upon state or county highway rights-of-way”
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and Plant Snap. These plant identification apps allow users to make field identifications of plants down to the species level. However, for accurate identification of specimens the use of dichotomous keys is still required, as no plant identification app has reached an accuracy of 90%.This has made
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The hobby and practice of plant collecting is known to have been the cause of declines in certain plant populations. This can be the result of hobbyists being oblivious to the status of a particular species, collectors of valuable species for profit, or researchers over collecting to fill slots in
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specimens of plants are collected for a number of different uses. They can assist in accurate identification and provide a species record for a time and place that can be used in distribution maps. They can also provide biological material for researchers, a reference point to document scientific
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After cleaning the sample of any mud or dirt, the next step is to press the sample. Some samples may press better if they have been left to wilt for a few days. However plants should never be allowed to spoil or decompose before pressing, as this will impact the quality of the dried product. Plant
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is the acquisition of plant specimens for the purposes of research, cultivation, or as a hobby. Plant specimens may be kept alive, but are more commonly dried and pressed to preserve the quality of the specimen. Plant collecting is an ancient practice with records of a
Chinese botanist collecting
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Voucher specimens are select herbarium specimens. What distinguishes these specimens from others is that a voucher specimen is a "representative sample of an expertly identified organism." These specimens are usually associated with a professional research article and are considered to be more
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may also be used to protect the storage space from pest infestation. If pest infestation has already occurred, the samples should be frozen for three to four days. Freezing new additions of plant samples is a suggested preventative measure against the introduction of pest to the storage space.
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After the plant sample has been sufficiently dried and pressed, it must be mounted. The quality of mounting not only impacts the appearance of the plant sample, but also determines the rate of deterioration the sample will experience. Herbarium quality mounts use specialized paper for the best
467:, Virginia, USA. The openings for poaching were found to be increased in locations with easy accessibility, such as roads, trails, and developed areas. The condition of the environment can determine the levels of poaching, with regions of higher quality receiving more attention from poachers.
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creates their barcodes from a short sequence of plant DNA, which can be easily identified from all healthy specimens of the species. This barcode is then printed and placed onto the plant mount. By creating these DNA barcodes, the process of organizing and loaning plant specimens becomes more
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similarly led to extinction of several species. The Lady
Slipper Orchid was declared extinct in the UK in 1917 and later rediscovered in 1930 as a single wild plant in the Yorkshire Dales, the only remaining site in the UK for these plants. Once found, the plant was guarded 24 hours a day.
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Some specimens cannot be compressed, degrade when dried, or require other techniques for preservation and storage. Large seeds or fruits may be stored in boxes without compression. Aquatic plants and delicate plants may be stored in a liquid preservative. Cacti may be stored in
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in Cape Town, South Africa. Twenty-two of those twenty-four were Albany cycads, a species on the critically endangered list with only an estimate of 80 left in the wild. The total cost of the theft amounted to an estimated 700,000 rand, or just over $ 45,000.
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Plant theft is not solely limited to botanical gardens with rare collections. It extends to private property and local businesses. The practice of taking fallen plant leaves or clippings for the purpose of later propagating from those pieces is known as
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There are some historical examples of widespread plant collecting that have led to extinction or near extinction of species. Many of these instances have further led to an increase in modern theft of these species, given their rarity in the modern day.
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While plant collecting may seem like a very safe and harmless practice, there is a few things collectors should keep in mind to protect themselves. First collectors should always be aware of the land where they are collecting. As in
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In cases where drying or pressing a plant may destroy or alter a plant feature being studied, 50-75% ethanol can be used to preserve the specimen for up to 4 weeks. This is commonly used when sectioning tissue samples.
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president and CEO of the gardens attributed an increase in theft to “the surge in houseplant interest, which is driving plant prices higher and leading to less ethical plant-sourcing behavior.”
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saw a surge in plant hunting activity as botanical adventurers explored the world to find exotic plants to bring home, often at considerable personal risk. These plants usually ended up in
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Plant collecting may also refer to a hobby, in which the hobbyist takes identifiable samples of plant species found in nature, dries them, and stores them in a paper sheet album, a simple
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official references than a typical herbarium specimen. Voucher specimens can be useful in many ways such as use for comparison when scientists think they have found a new species or when
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must precede the collector's ambitions. This has led in some cases to a collector voluntarily taking part, helping scientists, in some research areas, provided they can store the "
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essential depending on location. Travel to remote locations will most likely involve walking measurable distances in wild terrain, so precautions synonymous with those related to
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319:. To do this flowers are placed in a box, and the desiccant is added till the flowers are covered. After 2–7 days the desiccant is removed, revealing the preserved flowers.
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In order for plant specimens to be kept in good condition for future reference, adequate storage conditions are needed. The storage space should be kept in a low light, low
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583:, the world's smallest water lily ever discovered. There are about 100 of these species left, which survive solely in botanical gardens, last seen in the wild in 2008.
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Proper pressing and mounting techniques are critical to the longevity of a collected plant sample. Properly preserved plant samples can last for hundreds of years. The
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names and vouchers for research and seed collections. DNA barcoding, a new method of identification of plant vouchers, is being used in herbaria across the world. The
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It is important to keep the storage space free of harmful pest. It is recommended to protect the specimens by sheathing the sheets in sealed plastic bags. Various
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there will be certain limitations to whether or not public access is granted on a plot of land and if collection from that land is allowed. For example, in a
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however other laws against trespass and destruction of state property, including a ban on the picking of flowers on federal, and, in
California, state lands.
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Recently plant identification apps have begun to be used by hobbyist plant collectors and casual plant enjoyers. The most common and accessible of these is
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Young, John A.; Manen, Frank T. van; Thatcher, Cindy A. (2011-09-01). "Geographic
Profiling to Assess the Risk of Rare Plant Poaching in Natural Areas".
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Many botanical gardens have been the target of plant theft, given the nature of their collections, which often house rare and valuable plants.
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are collections of preserved plants samples and their associated data for scientific purposes. The largest herbarium in the world exist at the
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or Fern-Fever, which, beginning in the 1830s, drastically reduced the numbers of various fern species in the UK. In particular, many in the
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Plant "introduction" means the first time that living matter – seed, cuttings or a whole plant – was brought back to Europe. Thus, the
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environment. The temperature of the storage space should be kept cool, between 50 – 65 degrees
Fahrenheit or 10 – 20 degrees Celsius.
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Plant "discovery" means the first time that a new plant was recorded for science, often in the form of dried and pressed plants (a
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1293:; Given, David R.; Lange, Peter J. De (1994-01-01). "Over-Collecting: An Overlooked Factor in the Decline of Plant Taxa".
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388:. Some have switched to collecting live specimens of various plant species in their gardens, building a sort of "private
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361:, along with the information of the finding location, finding date, etc. necessary scientific information. As in many
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has provided data showing possible connections between geography and the rate of poaching in the
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1027:. Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency Biodiversity Sciences unit, Brisbane.
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or the private gardens of wealthy collectors. Prolific plant hunters in this period included
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Illegal collection of plants is known as plant poaching. A report on the risk of rare plant
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hobbies, rarer specimens have been valued. However, when collecting living organisms, the
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itself holds plant samples that date back to the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806.
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Usually, a plant can be identified in nature, since they are stationary. The advent of
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1630:"Truth or Myth: Is it illegal to pick or mow bluebonnets in Texas? Here's your answer"
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plant collecting and identification more accessible to casual hobbyist and students.
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1007:. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service. pp. 1–2.
488:, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens introduced a sign to deter plant theft in their
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1605:"No, it's not illegal to pick a California poppy. Why does everyone think it is?"
1354:"From Kew's lost waterlily to the Lady's Slipper: the global illegal plant trade"
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If a collector wishes to preserve a flower in its natural shape they will use a
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have narrowed the possible species down to a few that have minute differences.
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The collection of live plant specimens from the wild, sometimes referred to as
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1480:"Experts warn of houseplant black market after thief targets botanic garden"
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A book with a weighted object on top of it can be used to press plants
1530:"Why would someone steal the world's rarest water lily? | Sam Knight"
1431:"Plantwatch: from snowdrops to rare orchids – plant theft is a crime"
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An early example includes the
Victorian Fern Craze, also known as
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1555:"South Africa's ancient cycad plants under threat from poachers"
1403:"Country diary: how the lady's-slipper came back from the brink"
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mixed with water be used for optimal deterioration resistance.
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Campbell, Neil; Peacock, Julie; Bacon, Karen L. (2023-04-05).
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have initially been found within a collection of a collector.
141:: the oldest surviving tomato fruit and leaves. Page from the
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in London, where it would be examined, classified and named.
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Huntington
Library Desert Garden Plant Theft Prevention Sign
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specimen) being sent to a botanical establishment such as
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In 2014 in two separate incidents, a total of twenty four
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Toby
Musgrave; Chris Gardner & Will Musgrave (1999).
1379:"This British Orchid Is Under Guard in a Secret Location"
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1505:"World's smallest water lily 'stolen' from Kew Gardens"
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1678:"Collecting and preserving plant specimens, a manual"
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Collecting and preserving plant specimens, A Manual
384:has led many plant collectors to switch totally to
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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392:". Some have specialized in a specific group, the
700:Often, the two happened simultaneously: thus Sir
988:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1456:"Spiranthes aestivalis - Summer Lady's Tresses"
542:In 1956, the UK's last remaining plants of the
333:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1731:Collecting plant genetic diversity guidelines
587:Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden (2014)
579:saw the theft of one of twenty-four of their
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1074:"Why vouchers matter in botanical research1"
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830:"Preparing And Storing Herbarium Specimens"
795:"Plant Collection and Herbarium Techniques"
971:. Archived from the original on 2023-10-26
969:Penn State College of Agricultural Science
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119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1654:"Is picking bluebonnets legal in Texas?"
1003:Dana, Michael; Lerner, B. Rosie (2002).
850:"How to Collect, Press and Mount Plants"
704:discovered and introduced his Himalayan
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1156:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1072:Culley, Theresa M. (29 October 2013).
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597:Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
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57:adding citations to reliable sources
899:"How to Preserve Flowers in a Book"
336:streamlined and can be mechanized.
920:"How to Press and Preserve Plants"
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529:Another Victorian craze known as
323:Collection of herbarium specimens
762:"A history of British gardening"
750:. London: Heinemann. p. 16.
571:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (2014)
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558:San Diego Botanic Garden (2021)
373:". In fact, historically, many
44:needs additional citations for
1078:Applications in Plant Sciences
723:List of Irish plant collectors
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404:are among the most collected.
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1377:Gattuso, Reina (2019-04-11).
295:Preservation without pressing
180:to collect incense trees for
149:Naturalis Biodiversity Center
1190:10.1371/journal.pone.0283386
538:Summer Lady's Tresses Orchid
1352:Saner, Emine (2014-01-14).
1049:"Plant DNA Barcode Project"
965:"Tips on Preserving Tissue"
937:"Making a Plant Collection"
353:Plant collecting as a hobby
159:roses over 5000 years ago.
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1584:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
1005:Preserving Plant Materials
1634:Austin American-Statesman
1252:10.1007/s00267-011-9687-3
577:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens
411:, others include Seek by
235:New York Botanical Garden
1771:Landscape design history
1232:Environmental Management
1018:Bean, A.R., ed. (2006).
564:San Diego Botanic Garden
465:Shenandoah National Park
1609:San Francisco Chronicle
708:between 1849 and 1851.
1603:Vainshtein, By Annie.
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627:Safety and precautions
486:The Huntington Library
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793:Maden, Kamal (2004).
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544:Spiranthes aestivalis
517:genus as well as the
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471:Ethics and prevention
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718:Botanical expedition
689:) was discovered by
604:Local plant poaching
595:were taken from the
505:Victorian Fern Craze
367:conservation aspects
137:Solanum lycopersicum
53:improve this article
1628:Addison, Brandi D.
1244:2011EnMan..48..577Y
897:Tieperman, Janice.
884:"Collecting Plants"
811:10.3126/on.v2i1.327
746:Whittle, T (1970).
686:Davidia involucrata
562:In March 2021, the
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18:Botanical collector
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1289:Norton, David A.;
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581:Nymphaea thermarum
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439:. You can help by
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68:"Plant collecting"
1781:Ornamental plants
1714:978-1-84188-001-3
1701:The Plant Hunters
1658:www.sll.texas.gov
1034:978-1-920928-06-3
748:The Plant Hunters
681:Handkerchief tree
652:should be taken.
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144:En Tibi Herbarium
139:var. lycopersicum
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1766:Horticulture
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1435:The Guardian
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51:Please help
46:verification
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1705:Seven Dials
728:Proplifting
674:Kew Gardens
656:Terminology
413:INaturalist
409:Google Lens
386:photography
371:collectible
241:Compression
198:Thomas Lobb
1756:Collecting
1745:Categories
1663:2024-05-28
1639:2024-05-28
1614:2024-05-28
1589:2022-05-04
1565:2022-05-04
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1143:2017-03-28
1058:2017-04-11
975:2023-10-26
904:January 7,
866:2016-04-12
799:Our Nature
776:2008-03-07
734:References
691:Père David
448:March 2016
400:and their
363:collecting
317:silica gel
288:pesticides
79:newspapers
1333:cites.org
1260:0364-152X
1199:1932-6203
805:: 53–57.
697:in 1901.
670:herbarium
575:In 2014,
521:species.
519:Killarney
402:cultivars
359:herbarium
328:Herbarium
313:desiccant
1786:Poaching
1509:BBC News
1276:32185536
1268:21598035
1217:37018219
1208:10075466
1177:PLOS ONE
1152:cite web
1108:25202501
984:cite web
712:See also
461:poaching
420:Poaching
396:and the
281:humidity
262:Mounting
163:Herbaria
147:, 1558.
1329:"CITES"
1315:1222876
1240:Bibcode
1099:4103463
640:of the
515:Woodsia
394:orchids
375:species
302:ethanol
275:Storage
256:blotter
178:Somalia
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1295:Taxon
1272:S2CID
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833:(PDF)
398:roses
100:JSTOR
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