Boundaries between the continents

4050:. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures. 6493:

representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.

3328:. To the south, we have opted to include the Falkland Islands (or Islas Malvinas — in referring to them as the Falklands we are not making any political statement but merely recognizing that this book is being written in the English language), as their avifauna is really very similar to that of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. However, various other islands farther out in the South Atlantic (e.g., South Georgia) are not included except incidentally (e.g., endemic South Georgia Pipit have been incorporated). Likewise, the Juan Fernández Islands far off the Chilean coast have not been included (except for incidental comments), nor have the Galápagos Islands, situated even further off the Ecuadorian coast. 1155:

continental land masses and adjacent islands. This prolonged period of isolation allowed for the emergence of distinctive oceanic cultures with the only non-oceanic influences being the original cultures that the earliest settlers brought with them when they entered the vast, uninhabited region. Scholars of antiquity may raise the issue of continental cultural influences on the western and northwestern border islands of Oceania, but these are exceptions, and the Asian mainland influences were largely absent until the modern era. On the eastern extremity of the region there were some influences from the Americas, but these were minimal. It is for these reasons that Pacific Ocean islands from

1338:(being 180 km away), and Taiwan lies on the continental shelf of Asia. Taiwan was formerly a member of the Oceania Football Confederation; this was for political reasons: It was forced to compete against teams from Oceania because China, its political administrator, did not recognize its sovereignty and would not compete against them. It was a member from 1975 to 1989, but now competes as part of the Asian Football Confederation. Taiwan, Japan and most of the nations in the Malay Archipelago are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, but none have full membership, only Australia, New Zealand and the island states in Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia do. 1790:“The watershed of the Greater Caucasus, the backbone of the system, traditionally has been part of the line dividing Europe and Asia, but Europe's eastern boundary has been the subject of much debate. One widely accepted scheme draws the dividing line along the crest of the Greater Caucasus range, putting the portion of the region north of the line in Europe and the portion south of it in Asia. Another puts the western portion of the Caucasus region in Europe and the eastern part (the bulk of Azerbaijan and small portions of Armenia, Georgia, and Russia's Caspian Sea coast) in Asia. Still another scheme identifies the 6897: 2595:, which are 650 km removed. Both are located on the Nazca Plate and to the east of Salas y Gómez and Easter Island. Akin to Clipperton and Galápagos, the Desventuradas Islands and the Juan Fernández Islands were uninhabited prior to European discovery. They too are associated with both the American continent and Oceania. The marine fauna of the Desventuradas Islands and Juan Fernández Islands shares great similarity with the south central Pacific, more so than with the nearing South America. Some consider the islands to be the easternmost areas of the Oceanian biogeographical realm. Scientific journal 6814: 6859: 6829: 6784: 6912: 6942: 6927: 6769: 1659: 6799: 1134:. The Malay Archipelago was more frequently associated with Oceania during the 19th century, when the term was first coined. Many inhabitants in the Malay Archipelago are Austronesians, sharing genetic and linguistic affinities to the Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian inhabitants of Oceania, who also fall under the Austronesian umbrella. However, the Austronesians of the Malay Archipelago had significant contact with mainland Asia during prehistoric times, unlike with the Austronesians and 7424: 2631: 1632: 2578:, who lost significant amounts of their populations through the Peruvian kidnappings. Easter Island under Chilean rule has still made attempts to become politically involved with the rest of the South Pacific, and has considered gaining representation in the Pacific Islands Forum, which includes Australia, New Zealand and most of the Pacific Island nations/territories. Similar to Easter Island, and just to the northeast of it, is the nearby uninhabited 1029: 30: 6844: 7446: 651: 1390: 168: 1310:(OFC). Guam was never an official OFC member, although they exclusively played against teams from Oceania prior to joining the AFC. The presence of these teams in the AFC is not necessarily related to geography or politics, but rather because the Asian Football Confederation have far more resources than the Oceania Football Confederation. All three are members of the 1015:. None are discrete political entities like Heard Island and McDonald Islands. As such, they are likely considered by the United Nations also to be part of Oceania. The Auckland Islands could be considered part of Oceania on cultural grounds rather than mere political grounds, as they are believed to be the southernmost island group to have been settled by 659: 486: 1262:, on the periphery of the main Japanese archipelago, are sometimes associated with Austronesians. The islands are geologically and historically linked with Asia, and are excluded from most definitions of Oceania, along with the similarly non-oceanic Japanese archipelago, which is not associated with Austronesians. To the north of Japan is the disputed 2445: 1398: 1623:; and Kuma–Manych Depression, thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe. However, most geographers in the Soviet Union favoured the boundary along the Caucasus crest and this became the standard convention in the latter 20th century, although the Kuma–Manych boundary remained in use in some 20th-century maps. 2617: 2299:, although it has extensive home rule and EU law no longer applies there. The United Nations consider Greenland to be part of North America; this is unusual, as the United Nations categorize many nations and territories purely on political convention rather than geographical or cultural convention. The 5602:

The regional name of the Pacific Islands is appropriate: Oceania, a sea of islands, including those of Alaska and Hawaii. The Pacific Basin is not insignificant or remote. It covers one third of the globe's surface. Its northern boundary is the Aleutian Islands chain. Oceania virtually touches all of

3951:

The Bonin Islands, now known as the Ogasawara Islands, are a group of subtropical islands located roughly equidistant between the Tokyo, Japan and the Northern Mariana Islands. This group of islands is nowhere near Tokyo, but it is still considered to be a part of Tokyo! The Ogasawara Islands consist

2520:

as well as with Oceania. Oceanic southeastern Pacific islands such as Clipperton and Galápagos were never inhabited by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, unlike with the Atlantic Ocean's Caribbean Islands. Clipperton remains uninhabited, and its marine fauna maintains interconnectivity to the marine

6492:

Britain's high commissioner in New Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's

6167:

The British added the Ellice, Pitcairn and portions of the Phoenix Islands; the Australians consolidated their claims to Papua; and the French consolidated their claims to Clipperton islands; Easter and adjacent islands were claimed by Chile, Cocos Island was claimed by Costa Rica, and the Galapagos

1019:

during prehistoric times. The islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, but archaeological traces have since been found to indicate Polynesian settlement, dating to the 13th century, on Enderby Island. Macquarie Island is theorized to have possibly had contact with Polynesians, although

705:

are much closer to, and usually grouped with, Africa; the Canary Islands are only 100 km (62 mi) from the African mainland at their closest point but 945 km (587 mi) from the European mainland, while Madeira is 520 km (320 mi) from the African mainland and 1,000 km

5980:

In the present taxonomic study of the Hippoboscidae, Oceania covers, rather arbitrarily, the many archipelagos and isolated islands scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean, from the Marianas and Caroline Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia to the Hawaiian islands

5564:

Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon This boundless watery domain, which extends northwards of Behring Straits and southward to the Antarctic barrier of ice, is studded with many island groups, which are, however,

1281:

Australia has a more developed economy than neighboring Pacific Island nations, and is occasionally associated with mainland Asia as a result of this, despite being geologically distinct and having no cultural links to it prior to European discovery. It has historically been included in definitions

1333:

that "a strong case could be made for extending Oceania to at least Taiwan, the homeland of the Austronesian language family whose speakers colonized significant parts of the region about 6,000 years ago." Definitions of Oceania which include Taiwan are extremely rare because Taiwan has historical

975:

during prehistoric times. These theories are usually considered dubious, as there is no archaeological evidence indicating prehistoric human inhabitation on the Falklands. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands do not have any permanent residents. The Falkland Islands have historically had a

2735:

And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of

2472:

and Colombia, respectively. Malpelo Island, located 500 km from Colombia, is nominally associated with South America, while the Galápagos Islands, 1,000 km from Ecuador, are also sometimes associated with Oceania. The Galápagos Islands lie on the Nazca Plate and are thought of as part of Oceania

1840:

This Ural River delineation is the only segment not to follow a major mountain range or wide water body, both of which often truly separate populations. However, the Ural River is the most common division used by authorities, is the most prominent natural feature in the region, and is the "most

2435:

can be considered to be a part of the Caribbean instead of part of South America. The circumstance of these islands is akin to that of the ABC islands, as both the ABC islands and the Venezuelan islands are at an equivalent range from the Venezuelan mainland. Thus, these Venezuelan lands could

1154:

descent, considered the Malay Archipelago separate from Oceania for this very reason. He wrote, "Before the advent of Europeans into the Pacific, our cultures were truly oceanic, in the sense that the sea barrier shielded us for millennia from the great cultural influences that raged through

1918:(UNSD): According to UNSD, "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories". Furthermore, the UNSD classification often differs from those of other 2146:

to be considered a transcontinental state. The Aleutian Islands are sometimes associated with Oceania, owing to their status as remote Pacific islands, and their proximity to the Pacific Plate. This is extremely rare, however, because of their non-tropical biogeography and because their

1778:

and thus geographically in Europe, whereas the rest arguably falls under Asia. Georgia actively identified as European throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 21st century, Georgia is regarded as a European country for historical, cultural, religious, and political reasons.

590:

a transcontinental country. Less than 2% of the Egyptian population live on the Sinai Peninsula, and hence Egypt, even though technically transcontinental, is usually considered an African country entirely and not partly Asian. But when discussing the geopolitical region of the

2582:

of Chile, which is also considered to be geographically in Oceania while associated with South America politically. The island was never inhabited, yet it was known about by the natives of Easter Island during prehistoric times. The name for the island in their language was

6454:

It is clear that since World War II, Britain, in contrast to France and the United States (and one might say Chile and Ecuador, which hold, respectively, Easter Island and the Galapagos Islands), conceived of Oceania as a region of sovereign nations living in a spirit of

788:. The existence of these territories further blurs the line between the borders of Africa and Europe, in particular with regard to the Spanish territories which lie immediately adjacent to and/or connected to the African mainland. The French territories lie within the 3323:

included (e.g., Trinidad and Tobago; various small islands off the northern coast of Venezuela, the Netherlands Antilles ; and Fernando de Noronha, off the northeastern coast of Brazil), but islands more properly considered part of the West Indies (e.g. Grenada) are

561:"an accurate Description of the Regions of Egypt, Barbary, Libya, and Billedulgerid, the Land of Negroes, Guinea, Æthiopia, and the Abyssines, with all the adjacent Islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, Southern, or Oriental Seas, belonging thereunto" 1899:) remains cited less commonly as one possible natural boundary in contemporary sources. This definition peaked in prominence in the 19th century; however, it has declined in usage over time. This is because it included in Asia certain areas of Russia (such as 1354:

is unusual among continental boundaries because of its largely mountain-and-river-based characteristics north and east of the Black Sea. Asia and Europe are considered separate continents for historical reasons; the division between the two goes back to the

1010:

are all uninhabited, and are located between Australia and New Zealand and Antarctica. The Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands and Campbell Islands are politically part of New Zealand, while Macquarie Island has been integrated into the Australian state of

3318:

Finally, a few comments on the area we consider to be part of "South America" are in order. Essentially we have followed the limits established by Meyer de Schauensee (1970: xii) with a few minor modifications. Thus, all the continental inshore islands

5914:

Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, but for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense as including New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and

5565:

very irregularly distributed over its surface. The more northerly section, lying between Japan and California and between the Aleutian and Hawaiian Archipelagos is relived by nothing but a few solitary reefs and rocks at enormously distant intervals.

5882:

Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in

4293: 5040:"Europe" (plate 59); "Asia" (plate 74): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." 4517:

Despite varied usage, Ocean, from Madagascar off the coast of Africa to Taiwan, Oceania primarily refers to most of the thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean, but not to the shore nations of its surrounding continents, or to the Japanese

971:, and which are located on the South American continental shelf. The Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, with some theorizing that the Falklands were visited by 928:

are also located on the Antarctic continental plate, and are not often associated with other continents. The United Nations categorize Bouvet Island as part of South America, while the World Factbook categorizes it as part of Antarctica.

1245:

around 2,000 years ago. Their official discovery came much later in the 16th century, through Europeans. The most remote island within this group, Minami-Tori-shima (also known as Marcus Island) is nearly 2,000 km removed from

893:. Both are still within the bounds of the Indian Ocean. The United Nations categorizes Heard Island and McDonald Islands, which are politically affiliated with Australia, as being part of Oceania. The islands are 4,000 km from 1603:, the boundary along the Kuma–Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906. In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between Asia and Europe be drawn in textbooks from 2050:. While Novaya Zemlya was variously grouped with Europe or with Asia in 19th-century maps it is now usually grouped with Europe, the continental boundary considered to join the Arctic Ocean along the southern shore of the 984:

between Argentina and the United Kingdom regarding ownership of the islands in 1982, and the residents of the Falklands do not currently wish to be associated with South America, despite their geographical proximity.

5445:, 17 July 2014: "...pursuant to Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – like any other European state – have a European perspective and may apply to become members of the Union..." 2031:. Akin to Cyprus, these small islets would nominally be considered Asian if only the continental shelf were used to define the boundary, but for history and cultural influences they are considered a part of Europe. 4120: 6055:

French Polynesia operates as a CEPT country under French authority, but still requires local permission and a local call sign (as do the other French colonies in Oceania: Clipperton, New Caledonia, and Wallis and

4406: 2678: 535:

This was not considered to be a continent. As wider knowledge of geography developed, the shape of the African landmass (and Egypt's "natural" inclusion in that landmass) became apparent. In 1806,

5008::"The land boundary between Asia and Europe is a historical and cultural construct that has been defined variously; only as a matter of agreement is it tied to a specific borderline...", June 2021 1163:

and Indonesia, which are adjacent to the Asian mainland, do not have oceanic cultures, and are therefore not part of Oceania. This definition of our region delineates us clearly from Asia and the

846:. Réunion is an island territory located near the island country of Mauritius and to the east of Madagascar (both nominally considered part of the African continent). The final territory is the 6130:

In India, French settlements included Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, Mahé and Chandernagore; and in Oceania, Clipperton, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Vanuatu (shared with the British Empire)

1322:

made an unsuccessful attempt to join the Asian Football Confederation in 2009. They too share much of the same history as the rest of Micronesia, and are a member of the Pacific Islands Forum.

780:

There are six definitive occurrences of territories unequivocally being a part of the African continent, but legally being administered by a European state. Three of these are administered by

741:

is 100 km (62 mi) from Sicily and just 71 km (44 mi) from the African mainland. All of these Mediterranean islands, including Malta and Sicily, are actually located on the

4084:

In a number of cases, human exploitation of certain high-value tree species, including sandalwoods and other highly prized timbers, has led to their extinction—such as the sandalwood species

2007:

lie on the coast of the Asian part of Turkey (on the Asian continental shelf). Thus, generally, these island groups could be considered part of Asia. More specifically, the small islands of

5471:"JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on closer ties between the EU and Armenia and the need for a peace agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia | RC-B9-0163/2024 | European Parliament" 3340:

Hamley, Kit M.; Gill, Jacquelyn L.; Krasinski, Kathryn E.; Groff, Dulcinea V.; Hall, Brenda L.; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Southon, John R.; Brickle, Paul; Lowell, Thomas V. (29 October 2021).

1782:

The international geographic community has never reached a universal agreement on continental borders, especially with regard to the Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian seas. As

3761: 714:

and Azores — which are usually assigned to Africa, although the Canaries and Cape Verde alone belong geographically to that continent, the Azores are lost, so to say, in mid-Atlantic."

3952:

of 30 subtropical islands made The Bonin Islands were said to be discovered first by Bernardo de la Torre, a Spanish explorer, who originally called the islands "Islas del Arzobispo"

6629:

Friedlander, Alan M.; Ballesteros, Enric; Caselle, Jennifer E.; Gaymer, Carlos F.; Palma, Alvaro T.; Petit, Ignacio; Varas, Eduardo; Muñoz Wilson, Alex; Sala, Enric (6 January 2016).

4632: 5708: 3849: 2533:, with the island being labelled as a stepping stone between the south central Pacific and the southeastern Pacific. The Galápagos Islands similarly share interconnectivity with 1961:

noted that Armenia and Georgia are eligible to apply for EU membership "like any other European state". On 14 December 2023, Georgia was officially granted EU Candidate status.

2185:

stands in opposition to islands and archipelagos. Nevertheless, there are some islands that are considered part of Europe in a political sense. This most notably includes the

1314:, the major governing body for the Oceania region, with Australia being a founding member in 1971. Guam and Northern Mariana Islands have had similar histories to the rest of 5776:

This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.

2773:

For instance, in one of the only two instances when China was ruled by a foreign dynasty, Yuan Dynasty ambassadors, this time Mongols, traveled to Madagascar in East Africa.

4127: 1923: 1670:

The modern border between Asia and Europe is a historical and cultural construct, and for that reason, its definition has varied. One commonly accepted border follows the

3233: 745:, and could be considered part of the African continent geologically. However, for political and cultural reasons, maps generally display them as part of Europe instead. 384:, these artificial channels are not generally accepted as continent-defining boundaries in themselves. The Suez Canal happens to traverse the Isthmus of Suez between the 2644: 3607: 3251: 1992:

was nevertheless admitted to the Council of Europe in 1961 and joined the EU in 2004. The northern part of the island functions as the unrecognized (except by Turkey)

1282:

of Oceania, ever since the term was first coined in the early 1810s. In the 19th century, many geographers divided up Oceania into mostly racially-based subdivisions;

1091:

region of Western New Guinea and nearby islands, makes it a transcontinental country; Western New Guinea is often considered part of Oceania because of its Indigenous

188: 3117:"Seismicity and active tectonics in the Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean: Constraints from an offshore-onshore seismological network and swath bathymetry data" 2537:. Until 2007, Clipperton was administratively part of French Polynesia (formerly French Oceania). It has historically had very little contact with the Americas. 1588:

and the Volga, the other following the Kuma–Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the

678:

mainlands are non-contiguous, and the delineation between these continents is thus merely a question of which islands are to be associated with which continent.

6732: 1511:(known in antiquity as the Tanais). But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at 5661: 932: 260: 2161:

in the northern Bering Sea belongs to Alaska and may be associated with either continent but is almost always considered part of North America, as with the

2023:

coastline, of which they are directly adjacent. Additionally, they lie at some distance to the east of the rest of the Dodecanese group in the direction of

1914:

One formal means by which states are grouped into one specified continental area or another is by using the definition used for statistical purposes by the

1805:

are transcontinental states with territory in both Asia and Europe. Russia is historically, culturally, and politically a European state, with a history of

3088: 2490: 1581:, as a valley that, once upon a time, connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents. 6217:

Its distribution encompasses much of Oceania from the Hawaiian archipelago, Clipperton Island, and Easter Island westward through Polynesia and Melanesia

5455: 1554: 831: 6031: 6468: 2265:. Iceland and the Azores are protrusions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and are associated with and peopled from Europe, even though they have areas on the 1237:. Owing to the location and oceanic nature of these islands, they are sometimes considered to be a part of Oceania as well. The islands are within the 4321: 4066: 3710: 2654: 5223:

Most of these countries are located on the east and southeast half-circle of the European continent, but two, Russia and Turkey, are transcontinental

5488: 3294: 2981: 5828: 5199: 2912: 2894: 2660: 685:

is 1,368 km (850 mi) from Europe and 1,507 km (936 mi) from Africa, and is sometimes grouped with Europe. By contrast, the

4937: 6701: 6266: 5938: 5033: 4989: 4824: 4786: 4725: 3690: 2721: 1825:

is a transcontinental city because it lies on both sides of the Bosporus (one of the Turkish Straits). The Russian and Kazakhstani cities of

847: 4883: 3893: 3819: 866:

Antarctica along with its outlying islands have no permanent population. All land claims south of 60°S latitude are held in abeyance by the

392:, dividing Africa and Asia. The continental boundaries are considered to be within the very narrow land connections joining the continents. 5928: 5705: 5515: 4963: 4852:Καὶ τῇ Εὐρώπῃ δὲ συνάπτει διὰ τοῦ μεταξὺ αὐχένος τῆς τε Μαιώτιδος λίμνης καὶ τοῦ Σαρματικοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διαβάσεως τοῦ Τανάϊδος ποταμοῦ. 268: 808: 175:: these states are not located on any continent-sized landmass, but they are usually grouped geographically with a neighbouring continent 7481: 5864: 5578: 4992:, p. 34: "most Soviet geographers took the watershed of the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus as the boundary between Europe and Asia." 3649: 1325:

Taiwan has at times been associated with Oceania, not only because of their loose status as a Pacific Island, but also because of their

878: 851: 248: 6106: 5442: 2649: 2152: 1915: 972: 6093:

On the other side of Oceania, about 1,800 miles (2,897 km) west of the Panama Canal, is another French possession, Clipperton Island.

4855:"And is connected to Europe by the land-strait between Lake Maiotis and the Sarmatian Ocean where the river Tanais crosses through." 4531: 4239: 807:("Localities of Sovereignty"), are small islands that lie immediately adjacent to the North African coastline, with the exception of 6725: 6478: 6440: 6153: 6143: 6116: 6079: 6041: 6004: 5838: 5801: 5588: 5525: 5324: 5209: 4914: 4664: 4503: 4441: 4249: 4214: 4028: 3937: 3859: 3851:

Understanding Oceania: Celebrating the University of the South Pacific and its collaboration with The Australian National University

3720: 3590: 3304: 3057: 3016: 2940: 2759: 2749: 2432: 1985: 1104: 874: 6069: 5789: 5549: 5374: 4018: 4287: 2303:, while not officially part of any confederation, has historically competed against teams from Europe, rather than North America. 4376: 2300: 1414: 1356: 1059:

region of the Malay Archipelago. The boundary is frequently divided along the anthropologic Melanesian Line or the biogeographic

4654: 4431: 3476: 3214: 2819:"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings" 187:

convention. Several slightly different conventions are in use. The number of continents is most commonly considered seven (in

6430: 3927: 1307: 5087: 2456:, and contains several oceanic islands of the South Pacific, which have been associated with both Oceania and South America. 1794:

and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe”

5312: 4465: 3006: 7434: 5994: 3794: 2424: 2408: 1522: 1384: 898: 5426: 4351: 3875: 7340: 6718: 5413: 4790: 1326: 1303: 902: 3516: 7300: 5665: 5285: 5244: 5056: 5025: 3894:"Conservation values in Commonwealth waters of the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Island remote Australian territories" 3743: 3265: 2601:

describe Easter Island, the Desventurudas Islands, the Juan Fernández Islands and Salas y Gómez (collectively titled

2295:

is geographically part of North America. Politically, however, it is more associated with Europe as it is part of the

1806: 1719: 1558: 890: 796: 710:, author Augustus Henry Keane remarked, "In the North Atlantic there are four insular groups — Madeira, the Canaries, 4272: 2368: 1884: 1574: 1553:. The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. The 737:) is 207 km (129 mi) from Sicily while just 127 km (79 mi) from the African mainland; similarly, 361: 330: 5669: 5128: 3544: 5001: 1783: 1775: 1759: 1747: 1589: 1120: 811:, which was originally an island like the other 'localities' but has subsequently become directly connected to the 2562:

in 1888, but their first major contact with South America came during the 1860s, when islanders were kidnapped by

7245: 7235: 6988: 4715: 3115:

Grevemeyer, Ingo; Gràcia, Eulàlia; Villaseñor, Antonio; Leuchters, Wiebke; Watts, Anthony B. (17 December 2015).

2592: 2353: 956: 4352:"The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie" 2364: 729:— much closer than the 288 km (179 mi) distance to the African mainland. The nearby Italian island of 395:

The remaining boundaries concern the association of islands and archipelagos with specific continents, notably:

357: 7454: 7220: 6539: 6168:

claimed by Ecuador. By 1900, there were virtually no remaining islands in Oceania unclaimed by foreign powers.

2111: 1814: 1255: 1206: 2489:). It is among the easternmost and least remote of the oceanic island groups in the southeastern Pacific. The 1868:, the option according to which the border of Europe runs from the Caspian Sea along the state border between 1592:

to the Caspian. The question was still treated as a controversy in geographical literature of the 1860s, with

951:. The United Nations consider them to be part of South America. Definitions of South America that exclude the 1666:, Ural Mountains, Russia. It reads "Europe", above a crossed-out "Asia", as one enters Europe and leaves Asia 1596:

advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the best possible, citing support from various modern geographers.

1468:, this archaic convention was revised, and the boundary between Asia and Europe was now considered to be the 7277: 7272: 5181: 5112: 4493: 2189:(part of the European continental shelf and during the Ice Age of the continent itself); the islands of the 1222: 1179: 867: 224: 5146: 4828: 2833: 1750:, whereas the country's south is arguably in Asia. Similarly, according to this one particular definition, 1130:

is included in Oceania, although this is extremely rare, especially as most of the archipelago lies on the

7215: 6244: 5379: 3453: 1857:

are even labeled with permanent monuments carved with the word "Europe" on one side, "Asia" on the other.

1274:. This is primarily as a result of their non-tropical biogeography, and their inhabitants, who are mostly 1060: 1037: 804: 471: 6350:

Robertson, D. R.; Allen, G. R. (1 June 1996). "Zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of Clipperton Atoll".

5355: 5116: 1892: 1115:, having been involved as an ASEAN Regional Forum member since independence, and has participated in the 901:

or any other humans. Heard Island has only been visited 240 times throughout its entire history, and the

7100: 7008: 6818: 6813: 6608: 6295:"The Eastern Tropical Pacific coral population connectivity and the role of the Eastern Pacific Barrier" 6018:

Malpelo Island, the easternmost and least remote of the five oceanic islands or archipelagos in the ETP.

4741: 2688: 2588: 2509: 2307: 2285:.) Some definitions of the Europe – America continental boundary place it on (the northern half of) the 2139: 1311: 1135: 1116: 1076: 1052: 989: 935:

are closer to Antarctica than to any other continent. However, they are politically associated with the

536: 517: 447: 428: 272: 151: 5470: 4887: 3570: 2579: 1658: 1329:, who are related to the natives of Oceania. In 2010, Australian historian Bronwen Douglas claimed in 992:

are located between Africa and Antarctica, and are the territory of South Africa, an African country.

7439: 7194: 7085: 6642: 6359: 6306: 6233: 4408:

Modern World History, 1776-1926: A Survey of the Origins and Development of Contemporary Civilization

3416: 3353: 3128: 2668: 2461: 2453: 2266: 2000: 1972:

is an island of the Mediterranean located on the Asian continental shelf, geologically a part of the

1731: 1422: 1234: 952: 6249: 1585: 1516: 638:

may be considered African as it lies on its continental shelf; however, it is politically a part of

7476: 7449: 7396: 7186: 7145: 5438: 4841: 4768: 4322:"The curious case of Northern Mariana Islands and what OFC can learn from it - Football in Oceania" 3988: 3762:"Australia's history with East Timor isn't pretty but it must be told truthfully | Paul Daley" 3612: 2673: 2412: 2262: 2158: 2127: 2123: 1958: 1896: 1562: 1167:

and is based on our own historical developments, rather than on other people's perceptions of us."

800: 635: 6631:"Marine Biodiversity in Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands, Chile: Global Endemism Hotspots" 6182:"Nomenclatural status of Emoia cyanura (Lacertilia, Scincidae) populations in the Central Pacific" 5727: 3279: 1487:

Throughout the Middle Ages and into the 18th century, the traditional division of the landmass of

7304: 7150: 7130: 6375: 6272: 6201: 4596: 4580: 4220: 3432: 3154: 2683: 2544: 2296: 2286: 2270: 2206: 2103: 2012: 1723: 1593: 1578: 1508: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1441: 1072: 906: 843: 792:, and, consequently, are more dislocated from the principal boundary between the two continents. 530: 7423: 4967: 4614: 3876:"BMR Cruise 107: Seabed Morphology and Offshore Resources around Christmas Island, Indian Ocean" 2630: 1631: 17: 6293:

Romero-Torres, Mauricio; Treml, Eric A.; Acosta, Alberto; Paz-García, David A. (19 June 2018).

5697: 5238: 5070: 5050: 3116: 2865: 2851: 2558:, though politically it came to be associated with South America. Easter Island was annexed by 2019:(all these islands are still in the Dodecanese group) are directly to the south of the Turkish 1366:

is more readily identifiable as a "continent", and Europe has occasionally been described as a

439:, and South Atlantic oceans, respectively (referred to collectively by some geographers as the 7371: 7225: 7190: 6697: 6670: 6520: 6474: 6436: 6332: 6262: 6149: 6112: 6075: 6037: 6000: 5934: 5834: 5797: 5584: 5521: 5320: 5205: 5029: 4985: 4820: 4782: 4721: 4660: 4588: 4499: 4437: 4245: 4210: 4024: 3933: 3855: 3779: 3716: 3686: 3625: 3617: 3586: 3387: 3369: 3300: 3245: 3199: 3012: 2879: 2755: 2717: 2709: 2494: 2416: 2392: 2142:

and on rare occasions could be associated with Asia, which could then allow the U.S. state of

2119: 2091: 1934: 1755: 1727: 1604: 1525:

in 1725 was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary by drawing the line along the

1437: 1210: 1164: 1127: 1088: 999: 921: 886: 882: 571: 400: 385: 353: 208: 3673:

Ernst, Manfred; Anisi, Anna (2016). "The Historical Development of Christianity in Oceania".

2277:; thus, defining a "continent" falls into the realm of physical and cultural geography (i.e. 1083:

which is considered to be a part of Oceania. Indonesia is commonly referred to as one of the

842:. Mayotte is an island territory located west of the island country of Madagascar within the 7386: 7050: 6660: 6650: 6598: 6510: 6367: 6322: 6314: 6254: 6193: 5752: 4926: 4750: 4570: 4562: 4289:

Cornell's Primary Geography: Forming Part First of a Systematic Series of School Geographies

4074:. Canberra, Australia: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. p. 16 3678: 3578: 3424: 3377: 3361: 3144: 3136: 2785: 2622: 2534: 2115: 2059: 1767: 1699: 1218: 1187: 1175: 1143: 1080: 1041: 1007: 1003: 995: 968: 936: 917: 694: 663: 256: 3494: 2554:

coast. Because of its original inhabitants, It is culturally part of the Oceania subregion

2090:, as well as forming the international boundary between Russia and the United States. This 7376: 7346: 7287: 7110: 5996:

Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Persistence and Loss in a Dynamic Environment

5962: 5896: 5712: 5260: 3996: 2474: 2380: 2349: 2274: 2244: 2107: 2099: 2095: 1993: 1973: 1818: 1771: 1695: 1687: 1616: 1538: 1492: 1202: 1191: 1068: 734: 583: 567: 314: 299: 29: 6694:

The Boundaries of Europe: From the Fall of the Ancient World to the Age of Decolonisation

3065: 2944: 2473:

because of their geographical distance from South America in the Pacific Ocean and their

2306:

Three islands in the Caribbean are legally a direct part of the Netherlands, that is the

1922:

organizations. For instance, while UNSD includes Georgia and Cyprus in Western Asia, the

963:

in nature) still generally include the Falklands, which share biographical affinities to

6646: 6363: 6310: 5517:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

4687: 3420: 3357: 3132: 2452:(depicted in pink). It is considered to be a separate tectonic plate to the neighboring 1491:

into two continents, Asia and Europe, followed Ptolemy, with the boundary following the

7308: 7028: 6982: 6665: 6630: 6327: 6294: 5636: 4199: 3382: 3341: 2319: 2240: 2043: 2035: 1954: 1919: 1763: 1743: 1711: 1679: 1584:

By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the

1550: 1512: 1259: 1238: 1214: 1186:) as being part of Oceania, rather than Asia. The islands lie within the bounds of the 1100: 1084: 1028: 977: 948: 913: 757: 749: 718: 698: 686: 440: 414: 172: 6393: 5201:

Economic History of a Divided Europe: Four Diverse Regions in an Integrating Continent

4380: 2818: 1306:(AFC), with Australia and Northern Mariana Islands having originally been part of the 827:

coastal cities located directly on the African mainland, both bordering only Morocco.

7470: 7325: 6863: 6858: 6848: 6843: 6411: 4600: 4200:"The Ryukyu Islands and the Northern Frontier of Prehistoric Austronesian Settlement" 3436: 2602: 2540: 2515: 2498: 2465: 2428: 2376: 2372: 2315: 2198: 2186: 2087: 2071: 2039: 1908: 1271: 1263: 1230: 1198: 1139: 981: 925: 753: 742: 608: 521: 463: 436: 421: 365: 345: 341: 216: 69: 58: 6603: 6586: 6379: 4241:

The Making of Anthropology: The Semiotics of Self and Other in the Western Tradition

4092:

in Ogasawara Islands, Japan; or is an ongoing threatening factor in the examples of

3571:"13. The Early Inscriptions of Indonesia and the Problem of the Sanskrit Cosmopolis" 3158: 2130:. Most of them are always associated with North America, except for the westernmost 650: 7428: 7381: 7115: 7090: 6901: 6896: 6557: 3967: 3407: 2636: 2567: 2530: 2486: 2233: 2210: 2201:

that are part of the territory of a country situated on the European mainland; the

2131: 2047: 2008: 1981: 1888: 1846: 1826: 1791: 1707: 1663: 1636: 1612: 1600: 1534: 1500: 1429: 1242: 1171: 1108: 1099:, an independent state that was formerly a part of Indonesia, is classified by the 1033: 980:

population, with a culture distinct from that of mainland South America. There was

789: 631: 575: 432: 407: 381: 326: 192: 91: 2605:) as having "cultural and ecological connections to the broader insular Pacific." 2427:

lie on the North American shelf. Additionally, the adjacent Venezuelan islands of

2281:), while continental plate definitions fall under plate tectonics in the realm of 1464:

in the 5th century BC. As geographic knowledge of the Greeks increased during the

1190:, and were uninhabited prior to European discovery in the 17th century. They have 6655: 5392: 5164: 4948: 4846: 4566: 4551:""Terra Australis" to Oceania: Racial Geography in the 'Fifth Part of the World'" 1472:(the modern Don River). This is the convention used by Roman era authors such as 1233:. These mostly uninhabited islands are located at some distance southeast of the 1095:

inhabitants and geological association with the Australian continental landmass.

7282: 7250: 7240: 6612: 4763: 2895:"10 African countries with the highest GDP per capita, according to latest data" 2478: 2449: 2278: 2162: 2055: 1703: 1675: 1566: 1530: 1526: 1504: 1453: 1418: 1393:

A map illustrating various definitions of the boundaries between Asia and Europe

1160: 1131: 1092: 1064: 1016: 944: 761: 738: 596: 552: 544: 455: 334: 252: 6318: 4224: 3682: 1389: 7320: 7230: 7210: 7060: 6788: 6783: 6524: 6288: 6286: 6276: 5619: 4377:"Regarding the agenda/ decisions of the 29th EAFF Executive Committee Meeting" 3629: 3582: 3428: 2612: 2482: 2404: 2327: 2323: 2282: 2194: 2075: 2016: 2004: 1877: 1873: 1842: 1810: 1751: 1735: 1671: 1620: 1542: 1473: 1315: 1096: 839: 824: 711: 627: 619: 579: 377: 356:, with the most common demarcation in atlases and other sources following the 232: 228: 161: 5457:

European Parliament on the European Union's relations with the South Caucasus

5393:"Standard country or area codes and geographical regions for statistical use" 4921:, Volumes 13-14, 1869. Cited as de facto convention by Baron von Haxthausen, 4173: 3715:. University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 13. 3621: 3373: 2566:

for slavery. This was also the case with other Polynesian islands, including

2550:, is a territory located on the Nazca Plate, and is roughly 3,500 km off the 7391: 7360: 7255: 7205: 7125: 7120: 7065: 6998: 6741: 5872:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986 5615: 5185: 4433:

Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Sciences: Nuclear physics-Plate tectonics

4068:

Trees for life in Oceania: Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity

3405:

G. Hattersley-Smith (June 1983). "Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands".

2563: 2555: 2420: 2345: 2292: 2248: 2225: 2190: 2182: 1904: 1900: 1691: 1570: 1496: 1461: 1449: 1410: 1367: 964: 940: 730: 623: 525: 459: 451: 276: 212: 184: 180: 167: 6674: 6336: 4774:ὡμολόγητο ἐκ πάντων ὅτι διείργει τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης ὁ Τάναϊς ποταμός 4771:, "it was agreed by all that the Tanais river separated Asia from Europe" ( 4592: 3391: 3365: 2363:

The border between North America and South America is at some point on the

595:, Egypt is usually grouped with the Western Asian countries as part of the 3545:"Macquarie Island station: a brief history – Australian Antarctic Program" 2913:"The Economic and Social Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis on Eastern Africa" 1730:

is a transcontinental country with some of its northern portions (such as

1519:), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. 1413:

into Africa, Asia, and Europe has been in use since the 6th century BC by

1318:, and are biogeographically and geologically distinct from mainland Asia. 939:, which are less geographically isolated from South America. Furthermore, 815:(African) mainland. The two other Spanish territories are the exclaves of 7315: 7200: 7105: 7080: 7070: 7033: 7018: 7003: 6993: 6916: 6911: 5382:: "It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia." 4088:, in Juan Fernández Islands; and others to the brink of extinction, such 3232:

Australia, c\=AU\;o\=Australia Government\;ou\=Geoscience (15 May 2014).

3140: 3032: 2597: 2526: 2339: 2229: 2079: 2051: 2020: 1977: 1854: 1830: 1822: 1715: 1683: 1640: 1608: 1402: 1275: 1056: 1045: 1012: 467: 349: 318: 196: 47: 6587:"Shore Fishes of Easter Island, John E. Randall & Alfredo Cea Egaña" 4584: 3149: 2375:). Virtually all atlases list Panama as a state falling entirely within 1302:. Australia, Guam and Northern Mariana Islands currently compete in the 658: 485: 7335: 7330: 7095: 7075: 7055: 7023: 7013: 6946: 6941: 6931: 6926: 6515: 6371: 6205: 6192:(4). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 1132–1136. 6181: 5005: 4550: 2575: 2469: 2444: 2400: 2311: 2252: 2214: 2028: 1938: 1861: 1821:

provinces extending on either side of the Ural River. The Turkish city

1739: 1488: 1481: 1397: 1363: 1194:, making them distinct from both mainland Asia and mainland Australia. 1151: 835: 820: 812: 765: 702: 690: 615: 604: 389: 373: 310: 295: 264: 244: 240: 119: 6710: 6258: 4615:"Oceania | Definition, Population, & Facts | Britannica" 4575: 3968:"Pacific Islands | Countries, Map, & Facts | Britannica" 2217:(part of Norway and/or Denmark from 13th to early 20th centuries) and 476:

the delineation of Asia from North America in the North Pacific Ocean.

7366: 7135: 6833: 6828: 6773: 6768: 6507:

Slavers in paradise: the Peruvian slave trade in Polynesia, 1862-1864

2522: 2502: 2322:). Two islands in the Caribbean are legally a direct part of France, 2202: 2170: 2166: 2143: 2024: 1989: 1969: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1927: 1869: 1850: 1837:

fall on the Ural River, making them transcontinental cities as well.

1834: 1802: 1798: 1652: 1644: 1477: 1351: 1267: 960: 909:

categorizes these islands as part of Antarctica rather than Oceania.

858:

in the Indian Ocean, located in the deep sea surrounding Madagascar.

781: 726: 682: 675: 671: 306: 287: 236: 220: 204: 200: 130: 102: 6197: 4155: 2959: 1170:

The United Nations and The World Factbook categorize the Australian

6234:"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific" 2273:

dating back centuries, long before the advent or even knowledge of

2239:

South of the Arctic, Europe and North America are separated by the

1611:, along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, then following the 7140: 6745: 6412:"Clipperton Island | island, Pacific Ocean | Britannica" 4633:"Indian National Football Team: Know Your Rivals - Chinese Taipei" 2559: 2551: 2505: 2443: 2396: 2218: 2148: 1657: 1630: 1546: 1433: 1428:

Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the

1401:

A physical map of Europe from 1880, depicting the entirety of the

1396: 1388: 1335: 1319: 1247: 1226: 1156: 1147: 1112: 1027: 894: 855: 816: 785: 769: 722: 657: 649: 639: 600: 587: 484: 322: 1662:

Road sign on the continental border between Asia and Europe near

1250:, and is geographically closer to the Micronesian territories of 854:. This French territory consists of a range of minor uninhabited 6803: 6798: 5311:

Klement Tockner; Urs Uehlinger; Christopher T. Robinson (2009).

4121:"A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World" 3342:"Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands" 3268:. Central Intelligence Agency. 21 June 2022 – via CIA.gov. 3202:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2 March 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2882:. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 July 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2854:. Central Intelligence Agency. 12 July 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2788:. Central Intelligence Agency. 11 July 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2571: 2135: 2083: 1988:. Despite differences regarding its geographic affiliation, the 1865: 1754:

is a transcontinental country with some northern portions (e.g.

1648: 1445: 1347: 1251: 1183: 592: 566:

The usual line taken to divide Africa from Asia today is at the

291: 141: 6714: 3282:. Central Intelligence Agency. 6 June 2022 – via CIA.gov. 3178:«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario 2868:. Central Intelligence Agency. 1 July 2022 – via CIA.gov. 2679:

List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

1138:

of Oceania, who were isolated from the culture of Asia and the

5075:. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. 6 October 2021. 4717:

A Culture of Freedom: Ancient Greece and the Origins of Europe

1813:

is also a transcontinental state by this definition, with its

947:

claims on all of these islands, which are administered by the

413:

the delineation between Europe and North America in the North

4850: 4772: 2247:

with either continent, the boundary is usually drawn between

1718:, as mapped and listed in most atlases including that of the 1515:(where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the 603:

is grouped with the remaining North African countries as the

6033:

Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands

5993:

Manzello, Derek P.; Enochs, Ian C.; Glynn, Peter W. (2016).

3096:. Stony Brook, New York: Stony Brook University. p. 257 1841:

satisfactory of those (options) proposed" which include the

1385:

Philip Johan von Strahlenberg § Von Strahlenberg's line

1075:, which contain six provinces of Indonesia, are part of the 706:(620 mi) from the European mainland. In his 1895 book 4747:

The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained

3296:

The Birds of South America: Volume 1: The Oscine Passerines

3173: 1241:, unlike the rest of Japan, and may have been inhabited by 662:

The Atlantic Ocean around the plate boundaries (text is in

282:

There are three overland boundaries subject to definition:

4207:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

2371:

where the isthmus meets the South American continent (see

364:

where the isthmus meets the South American continent (see

6239:. In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). 4495:

International Military and Defense Encyclopedia: Volume 4

1270:. Usually, these islands are associated with the Russian 3011:. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Limited. p. 265. 1573:

followed Strahlenberg's prescription. To the south, the

1561:

has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as

549:

Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia

399:

the delineation between Africa, Asia, and Europe in the

4902:

Journey through various provinces of the Russian Empire

4174:"Spatial Data Infrastructure Work in Japan 2000 − 2003" 2289:, which would make Iceland a transcontinental country. 1044:

Lines, the three principal biogeographic boundaries in

420:

the delineation between North and South America in the

2508:, and roughly 300 km to the south of Mexico's oceanic 1937:

includes transcontinental or Eurasian states, such as

1569:, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as 5701:

Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)

4688:"How was the border between Europe and Asia defined?" 3780:"Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond: Oceania" 3497:. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 24 January 2013 2261:(Western Group)—all other North Atlantic islands are 1020:

there is no archaeological evidence to support this.

905:

have only ever been visited twice, in 1971 and 1980.

6432:

Oceania and Beyond: Essays on the Pacific Since 1945

5692:

Webster's New Geographical Dictionary (list and map)

2419:

of South America. On the other hand, the Venezuelan

329:(historically also north of the Caucasus, along the 5111:Encyclopedic World Atlas, George Philip & Son, 4982:

Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology

4065:Thomson, Lex; Doran, John; Clarke, Bronwyn (2018). 3675:

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity

3575:

Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia

1460:to the Caspian Sea, a convention still followed by 725:is about 81 km (50 mi) from the coast of 380:, and that between North and South America via the 5859: 5857: 3495:"4. Early human settlement – Subantarctic islands" 2269:. (Definitions of "continents" are a physical and 1924:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 1577:was identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist, 3215:"Advance Australia far: Our most remote outposts" 2754:. Springer International Publishing. p. 10. 2748:Abegunrin, Olayiwola; Manyeruke, Charity (2019). 2645:List of countries bordering on two or more oceans 2436:consequently be placed in North America instead. 1980:, by which it is sometimes associated with Asia ( 681:The Portuguese Atlantic island possession of the 239:while still being associated with a continent by 5930:Naturalized Reptiles and Amphibians of the World 5760:Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Research 5580:Amchitka and the Bomb: Nuclear Testing in Alaska 5233: 5231: 4464:Bowen, James Dean (1971). "Japanese in Taiwan". 3843: 3841: 2716:. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215. 2256: 2173:are separated by only 4 kilometres (2.5 miles). 2165:in the Aleutian chain. At their nearest points, 2118:are an island chain extending westward from the 830:Two of the French territories are the inhabited 654:The Mediterranean Sea, between Africa and Europe 634:which are nominally associated with Africa. The 524:, and its eastern extent was taken to be around 6145:Climate and Environmental Change in the Pacific 5904:. Department of Biology, University of Missouri 5866:Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania 5694:. Merriam-Webster Inc. 1984. pp. 856, 859. 5687:. National Geographic Society. 2010. p. 4. 5016: 5014: 4867:Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia 4806:, vol. 1. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1982, fragm. 47a. 3712:Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West 3704: 3702: 3454:"UK 'regrets' Falklands war deaths | News" 1864:are an Asian people, after the collapse of the 897:in Australia, and have never been inhabited by 406:the delineation between Asia and Europe in the 4878: 4876: 4436:. Pennsylvania State University. p. 876. 3174:"plaza #5 | Diccionario de la lengua española" 2062:farther north is also associated with Europe. 2046:and are a continuation of that chain into the 2042:extend northward from the northern end of the 1079:. The eastern half of New Guinea is a part of 693:islands (the latter of which also include the 6726: 5583:. University of Washington Press. p. 6. 5443:European Parliament Resolution 2014/2717(RSP) 5286:"Which Cities Are Located On Two Continents?" 4919:Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 4209:. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 189–200. 4181:Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute 3922: 3920: 3918: 3606:JACK ANDERSON; DALE VAN ATTA (16 July 1990). 1845:, a much smaller stream cutting further into 1362:In the modern sense of the term "continent", 376:between Asia and Africa is navigable via the 199:are both considered as single continents. An 8: 6394:"French Polynesia summary | Britannica" 5790:"Volcanic Islands of Oceania.—The Galapagos" 5165:"10 things you might not know about Georgia" 5077:Azerbaijan: Geography and Georgia: Geography 4498:. The University of Michigan. p. 2009. 3654:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 5 3250:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3121:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 2477:. Malpelo is one of only two islands on the 933:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 207:by either lying on the continent's adjacent 6473:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 347. 5796:. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. 4532:"New Zealand's long-lost Taiwanese cuzzies" 3643: 3641: 3639: 3415:(135). Cambridge University Press: 605–06. 2986:. The University of California. p. 636 2751:China's Power in Africa: A New Global Order 2591:, 850 km removed from the country, and the 1726:. According to this particular definition, 1201:(also known as the Ogasawara Islands), the 768:coast and 90 km (56 mi) south of 427:the delineation of Antarctica from Africa, 7174: 7169: 6969: 6964: 6886: 6881: 6758: 6753: 6733: 6719: 6711: 6624: 6622: 5788:Zurcher, Frédéric; Margollé, Elie (2012). 4150: 4148: 2395:are considered part of North America, but 1334:ties to mainland Asia, Taiwan is close to 1051:The continental boundary between Asia and 943:, a South American country, maintains its 752:, is also debatably located on either the 6664: 6654: 6602: 6514: 6326: 6248: 6227: 6225: 6148:. The University of Michigan. p. 5. 5489:"Georgians celebrate EU candidate status" 4884:"Boundary of Europe and Asia along Urals" 4648: 4646: 4574: 4487: 4485: 4060: 4058: 3983: 3981: 3381: 3299:. University of Texas Press. p. 14. 3148: 2655:List of former transcontinental countries 2209:, part of Portugal; and usually also the 803:overseas minor territories, known as the 6580: 6578: 6108:Jean Cras, Polymath of Music and Letters 5933:. Oxford University Press. p. 183. 5898:A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania 5319:(Illustrated ed.). Academic Press. 5088:"Schuman Papers and Interviews: Georgia" 4865:Philipp Johann von Strahlenberg (1730). 4400: 4398: 4114: 4112: 3448: 3446: 263:). Another example is the grouping into 166: 28: 6470:France and the South Pacific Since 1940 5554:. The University of Michigan. p. 2 5356:"The White Rose - Orenburg Journey - 3" 5342:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe 4430:Marshall Cavendish Corporation (1998). 3293:S. Ridgely, Robert; Guy, Tudor (1989). 2893:Benson, Emmanuel Abara (9 March 2022). 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2700: 2587:. Additionally, Chile has the oceanic 2512:, which are also on the Pacific Plate. 2464:and Malpelo Island in the southeastern 2094:and continental boundary separates the 776:European-governed territories in Africa 764:, 50 km (31 mi) north of the 294:(dividing Afro-Eurasia into Africa and 179:Determining the boundaries between the 6696:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 6074:. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. 5414:United Nations Industrial Organisation 5022:National Geographic Atlas of the World 4714:Meier, Christian (22 September 2011). 4346: 4344: 4342: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4238:Pandian, Jacob; Parman, Susan (2004). 4023:. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. 3962: 3960: 3932:. St. John's School, Guam, USA. 2010. 3608:"INDONESIA'S NEW ECONOMICS WHO GAINS?" 3517:"Island locations and classifications" 3243: 2661:The empire on which the sun never sets 1849:Kazakhstan. The Ural River bridges in 1529:, following the Volga north until the 1290:(encompassing the Malay Archipelago), 1113:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 551:. On the other hand, as early as 1670 5999:. Springer Netherlands. p. 140. 5520:. Taylor & Francis. p. 185. 5344:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. p. xii. 3848:Firth, Stewart; Naidu, Vijay (2019). 2821:. United Nations Statistics Division. 848:Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean 7: 6540:"Pacific forum looks to widen entry" 6232:Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). 5703:, United Nations Statistics Division 5626:'continuous mass of land, mainland'" 5259:Borneman, Elizabeth (2 March 2016). 5198:Berend, Ivan T. (28 February 2020). 4819:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 4781:, Princeton University Press, 2010, 3090:Chapter 13 : Maltese Morphology 2255:and between Bermuda and the Azores' 2236:are usually associated with Europe. 1911:) seen as too European to be Asian. 191:) but may range as low as four when 134: 123: 6435:. Greenwood Press. pp. 20–21. 6030:Hinz, Earl R.; Howard, Jim (2006). 3929:Oceania in the 21st Century - Color 3477:"Falklands' rights and sovereignty" 3266:"Heard Island and McDonald Islands" 1994:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 852:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 541:Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria 249:Australian Indian Ocean Territories 6180:Ineich, Ivan; Zug, George (1991). 4949:"Do we live in Europe or in Asia?" 4405:Flick, Alexander Clarence (1926). 3820:"Oceania: General Characteristics" 3796:Cornell's First Steps in Geography 3213:Whitley, David (14 January 2015). 2650:List of transcontinental countries 2151:have historically been related to 1916:United Nations Statistics Division 1702:, the northwestern portion of the 1405:as part of the European continent. 973:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 578:, the route today followed by the 235:). An island can also be entirely 25: 5833:. Moon Publications. p. 43. 4296:from the original on 30 July 2022 3577:. ISEAS. 2011. pp. 277–298. 3033:"African/Arabian Tectonic Plates" 2832:Stengel, Richard (2 April 2009). 2367:watershed that divides along the 1549:rivers) and then north along the 1182:(both geographically adjacent to 875:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 850:, administratively a part of the 748:A single Spanish islet, known as 599:, while Egypt's western neighbor 205:associated with a given continent 7445: 7444: 7422: 6940: 6925: 6910: 6895: 6857: 6842: 6827: 6812: 6797: 6782: 6767: 6071:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama 5685:National Geographic Atlas (list) 5024:(9th ed.). Washington, DC: 4980:E. M. Moores, R. W. Fairbridge, 4100:. in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and 4020:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama 3648:Henderson, John William (1971). 2629: 2615: 2301:Greenland national football team 2138:'s continental shelf beyond the 1217:), all governed collectively as 832:overseas departments and regions 760:. This island is located in the 570:, the narrowest gap between the 18:Boundary between Asia and Europe 7268:Possible future supercontinents 6604:10.4067/S0717-65382011000200011 6538:Dorney, Sean (27 August 2012). 6243:. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. 5662:"National Geographic Education" 5548:Wallace, Alfred Russel (1879). 4704:. Edité par Armand Colin: 1880 4702:La deuxième année de géographie 4530:Dudding, Adam (15 March 2015). 4104:throughout the Pacific Islands. 3037:African/Arabian Tectonic Plates 2714:Encyclopedia of World Geography 2433:Venezuelan Federal Dependencies 2334:North America and South America 1930:include both states in Europe. 1225:consisting of scattered island 6105:Bempéchat, Paul-André (2017). 6036:. University of Hawaii Press. 5375:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4555:The Journal of Pacific History 4492:Dupuy, Trevor N., ed. (1992). 2980:Keane, Augustus Henry (1895). 2243:. In terms of associating its 1409:The threefold division of the 1331:The Journal of Pacific History 1308:Oceania Football Confederation 1239:Oceanian biogeographical realm 33:Color-coded map of continents: 1: 6509:. Stanford University Press. 4356:Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc 2840:– via content.time.com. 2181:The geographical notion of a 1565:before cutting north towards 1523:Philip Johan von Strahlenberg 899:indigenous peoples of Oceania 446:the delineation of Asia from 7046:Other prehistoric continents 6656:10.1371/journal.pone.0145059 5964:The Hippoboscidae of Oceania 5961:Bequaert, Joseph C. (1941). 4966:(in Russian). Archived from 4886:(in Russian). Archived from 4767:11.7.4) even at the time of 4749:, Volume 1, Rivington 1830, 4567:10.1080/00223344.2010.501696 4470:. The University of Michigan 4042:can further define the word 3799:. The University of Michigan 3524:Horizon.documentation.ird.fr 3234:"Heard and McDonald Islands" 1880:has also gained popularity. 1742:) geographically located in 1304:Asian Football Confederation 1266:, currently administered by 1105:South-eastern Asia subregion 701:) off the Atlantic coast of 630:are island countries in the 593:Middle East and North Africa 539:still titled his travelogue 5927:Lever, Christopher (2003). 5666:National Geographic Society 5245:Central Intelligence Agency 5147:"EU relations with Georgia" 5057:Central Intelligence Agency 4656:Europe: A Political Profile 4286:Cornell, Sophia S. (1857). 3793:Cornell, Sophia S. (1859). 2098:in the Bering Strait, with 1720:National Geographic Society 1635:Pedestrian bridge over the 1559:Russian Academy of Sciences 1205:, and three remote islets ( 891:Antarctic continental plate 809:Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 493: African part of Egypt 431:, and South America in the 7498: 7482:Transcontinental crossings 6562:Collections.tepapa.govt.nz 6319:10.1038/s41598-018-27644-2 6165:– via Google Books. 6128:– via Google Books. 6091:– via Google Books. 6053:– via Google Books. 5514:Danver, Steven L. (2015). 4927:Dublin University Magazine 4851: 4817:Posidonius: The commentary 4773: 4745:4.38. C.f. James Rennell, 3854:. ANU Press. p. 354. 3824:The countries of the world 3683:10.1002/9781118556115.ch44 3456:. Al Jazeera. 1 April 2007 2425:San Andrés and Providencia 2343: 2337: 1907:, and areas just south of 1776:Greater Caucasus Watershed 1748:Greater Caucasus Watershed 1590:Greater Caucasus watershed 1382: 607:. Both are members of the 586:geographically Asian, and 221:a part of a microcontinent 189:English-speaking countries 7414: 7172: 7168: 6967: 6963: 6884: 6880: 6756: 6752: 5794:Volcanoes and Earthquakes 5637:"Definition of CONTINENT" 5261:"Transcontinental Cities" 4869:(in German). p. 106. 4804:Posidonios. Die Fragmente 4549:DOUGLAS, BRONWEN (2010). 4467:Linguistics in Oceania, 2 4411:. A.A. Knopf. p. 492 4320:Admin (3 February 2021). 3748:The Sydney Morning Herald 3651:Area Handbook for Oceania 3583:10.1355/9789814311175-016 3429:10.1017/S003224740002204X 2708:R.W. McColl, ed. (2005). 2501:, about 1,000 km off the 2224:The Norwegian islands of 1126:Occasionally, all of the 784:, and the other three by 733:(principal island of the 499: Asian part of Egypt 183:is generally a matter of 7455:Chronology of continents 6585:Pequeño, Germán (2011). 6467:Aldrich, Robert (1993). 6142:Terry, James P. (1988). 6111:. Taylor & Francis. 5970:. Harvard Medical School 5429:, Retrieved: 10 May 2016 5427:Europe and North America 5380:"Kuma-Manych Depression" 5340:Glanville Price (2000). 5133:european-union.europa.eu 4913:Douglas W. Freshfield, " 4777:; c.f. Duane W. Roller, 4198:Hudson, Mark J. (2017). 4126:. UNESCO. Archived from 3989:"Oceania Military Guide" 3709:Crocombe, R. G. (2007). 2440:Oceania and the Americas 2177:Europe and North America 2027:and the Turkish city of 1986:United Nations geoscheme 1647:. The bridge is between 1256:Northern Mariana Islands 1174:external territories of 443:or the Antarctic Ocean); 352:): at some point on the 225:principal tectonic plate 203:can be considered to be 157: 147: 137: 126: 115: 109: 98: 87: 81: 75: 65: 54: 43: 37: 6558:"Museum of New Zealand" 6429:King, Frank P. (1976). 5895:Hull, Frank M. (1937). 5827:Stanley, David (1979). 5603:the Western Hemisphere. 5577:Kohlhoff, Dean (2002). 5182:Encyclopedia Britannica 5113:Oxford University Press 5002:Encyclopædia Britannica 4915:Journey in the Caucasus 4845:7.5.6 (ed. Nobbe 1845, 4779:Eratosthenes' Geography 4273:"Asia and the Americas" 4244:. Vedams. p. 206. 4086:Santalum fernandezianum 3475:Westmacott, Sir Peter. 2899:Business Insider Africa 2431:and the islands of the 1784:Encyclopædia Britannica 1774:) located north of the 1686:(together known as the 1444:), from Rioni mouth in 1415:early Greek geographers 1357:early Greek geographers 1223:administrative division 1180:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1132:Asian continental shelf 1087:countries. Indonesia's 868:Antarctic Treaty System 7216:Great Australian Bight 6692:Rossi, Pietro (2015). 5830:South Pacific Handbook 5753:"Oceania Bibliography" 5732:Nationalgeographic.org 5475:www.europarl.europa.eu 4292:. Harvard University. 3818:Brown, Robert (1876). 3744:"East Timor ASEAN bid" 3366:10.1126/sciadv.abh3803 2593:Juan Fernández Islands 2514:It is associated with 2481:(with the other being 2457: 2369:Colombia–Panama border 2257: 2066:Asia and North America 1885:Kuma–Manych Depression 1796: 1667: 1655: 1575:Kuma–Manych Depression 1406: 1394: 1165:pre-Columbian Americas 1136:Indigenous Australians 1048: 957:Juan Fernández Islands 667: 655: 513: 472:Indonesian Archipelago 362:Colombia–Panama border 331:Kuma–Manych Depression 261:South Sandwich Islands 176: 164: 5624:continent-, continens 5249:Kazakhstan: Geography 5092:www.robert-schuman.eu 4761:according to Strabo ( 4119:Udvardy, Miklos D.F. 3901:Parksaustralia.gov.au 3005:Hutt, Graham (2010). 2960:"Countries of Africa" 2689:Borders of the oceans 2589:Desventuradas Islands 2510:Revillagigedo Islands 2447: 2338:Further information: 2308:Caribbean Netherlands 2140:North Aleutians Basin 2054:. The Russian Arctic 1887:(more precisely, the 1788: 1661: 1634: 1400: 1392: 1346:The boundary between 1327:indigenous population 1312:Pacific Islands Forum 1258:. Inhabitants of the 1117:Southeast Asian Games 1031: 990:Prince Edward Islands 661: 653: 537:William George Browne 518:Greco-Roman geography 488: 170: 32: 7440:Continental fragment 7435:Regions of the world 6505:Maude, H. E (1981). 5711:3 March 2008 at the 5243:. Washington, D.C.: 4964:"Physical Geography" 4900:Peter Simon Pallas, 3677:. pp. 588–604. 3141:10.1002/2015JB012073 3087:Robert D. Hoberman. 2941:"The Canary Islands" 2669:Tricontinental Chile 2580:Salas y Gómez Island 2543:, also known by its 2454:South American Plate 2267:North American Plate 2153:Indigenous Americans 2001:North Aegean islands 1732:Kazbegi Municipality 1722:and as described in 1235:Japanese archipelago 1197:Japan possesses the 1077:Australian continent 1063:. Geologically, the 1055:is somewhere in the 924:, and the Norwegian 642:, an Asian country. 505: Rest of Africa 360:watershed along the 7397:Indian Subcontinent 7187:Submerged continent 6647:2016PLoSO..1145059F 6364:1996CorRe..15..121R 6311:2018NatSR...8.9354R 5641:Merriam-webster.com 5439:European Parliament 5151:Consilium.europa.eu 5026:National Geographic 4970:on 16 October 2011. 4962:Orlenok V. (1998). 4653:Hans Slomp (2011). 4326:Footballoceania.com 4187:: 9–25. March 2004. 4096:in Fiji and Tonga, 3826:. Oxford University 3768:. 13 November 2019. 3616:. Washington, D.C. 3613:The Washington Post 3421:1983PoRec..21..605H 3358:2021SciA....7.3803H 3133:2015JGRB..120.8348G 2947:on 25 December 2012 2674:Pluricontinentalism 2468:are possessions of 2413:Trinidad and Tobago 2159:St. Lawrence Island 2134:group, which is on 2128:Kamchatka Peninsula 2124:Komandorski Islands 1959:European Parliament 1953:is a member of the 1452:coast, through the 885:are located on the 805:plazas de soberanía 636:Socotra Archipelago 7178: 6973: 6890: 6762: 6372:10.1007/BF01771902 6299:Scientific Reports 6241:Islands of Inquiry 6068:Todd, Ian (1974). 5981:and the Galapagos. 5495:. 15 December 2023 5247:. 11 October 2021. 5129:"Country profiles" 5055:. Washington, DC: 4984:, Springer, 1997, 4815:I. G. Kidd (ed.), 4603:– via JSTOR. 4383:on 7 February 2012 4017:Todd, Ian (1974). 3993:GlobalSecurity.org 3172:ASALE, RAE-; RAE. 2684:Continental divide 2458: 2423:and the Colombian 2297:Kingdom of Denmark 2287:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2271:cultural construct 2207:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2013:Strongyli Megistis 1990:Republic of Cyprus 1807:imperial conquests 1724:The World Factbook 1668: 1656: 1599:In Russia and the 1594:Douglas Freshfield 1579:Peter Simon Pallas 1466:Hellenistic period 1442:Caucasus Mountains 1407: 1395: 1276:ethnically Russian 1073:western New Guinea 1049: 1024:Asia and Australia 907:The World Factbook 879:external territory 844:Mozambique Channel 717:The Mediterranean 668: 656: 547:in 1835 published 531:Catabathmus Magnus 514: 511: Rest of Asia 177: 165: 106: 95: 62: 51: 7464: 7463: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7226:Kerguelen Plateau 7164: 7163: 7159: 7158: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6703:978-3-11-042072-2 6268:978-1-921313-89-9 5940:978-0-19-850771-0 5059:. 6 October 2021. 5035:978-1-4262-0634-4 4990:978-0-412-74040-4 4890:on 17 April 2013. 4825:978-0-521-60443-7 4787:978-0-691-14267-8 4727:978-0-19-165240-0 3880:Product catalogue 3692:978-1-4051-5376-8 3549:Antarctica.gov.au 3127:(12): 8348–8365. 3068:on 6 October 2016 2723:978-0-8160-7229-3 2495:Clipperton Island 2491:French possession 2462:Galápagos Islands 2417:continental shelf 2393:Caribbean islands 2120:Alaskan Peninsula 1935:Council of Europe 1893:Kuma–Manych Canal 1627:Modern definition 1605:Baydaratskaya Bay 1557:published by the 1219:Ogasawara Village 1211:Minami-Tori-shima 1128:Malay Archipelago 1103:as a part of the 1000:Antipodes Islands 953:Galápagos Islands 887:Kerguelen Plateau 883:Kerguelen Islands 881:) and the French 646:Africa and Europe 582:. This makes the 572:Mediterranean Sea 520:, "Africa" meant 401:Mediterranean Sea 386:Mediterranean Sea 354:Isthmus of Panama 305:between Asia and 255:convention (e.g. 209:continental shelf 16:(Redirected from 7489: 7448: 7447: 7429:World portal 7427: 7426: 7364: 7313: 7270: 7198: 7175: 7170: 7048: 6986: 6970: 6965: 6944: 6929: 6914: 6899: 6887: 6882: 6861: 6846: 6831: 6816: 6801: 6786: 6771: 6759: 6754: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6712: 6707: 6679: 6678: 6668: 6658: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6582: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6290: 6281: 6280: 6252: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6125: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6013: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5969: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5871: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5810: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5724: 5718: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5668:. Archived from 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5633: 5627: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5452: 5446: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5395:. Unstats.un.org 5389: 5383: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5317:Rivers of Europe 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5235: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5195: 5189: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5125: 5119: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5018: 5009: 4999: 4993: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4838: 4832: 4813: 4807: 4800: 4794: 4776: 4775: 4759: 4753: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4578: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4489: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4379:. Archived from 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4348: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4317: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4178: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4062: 4053: 4052: 4039: 4037: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3924: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3898: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3645: 3634: 3633: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3385: 3352:(44): eabh3803. 3346:Science Advances 3337: 3331: 3330: 3315: 3313: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3249: 3241: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3152: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3095: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3064:. Archived from 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2983:Africa: Volume 2 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2943:. Archived from 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2705: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2623:Geography portal 2620: 2619: 2618: 2585:Motu Motiro Hiva 2535:French Polynesia 2519: 2365:Darién Mountains 2260: 2122:toward Russia's 2116:Aleutian Islands 2060:Franz Josef Land 1976:and adjacent to 1706:, and along the 1700:Greater Caucasus 1188:Australian Plate 1176:Christmas Island 1109:expected to join 1081:Papua New Guinea 1008:Campbell Islands 1004:Auckland Islands 996:Macquarie Island 969:Tierra del Fuego 937:Falkland Islands 903:McDonald Islands 823:, which are two 708:Africa: Volume 2 695:Desertas Islands 555:under the title 516:Historically in 510: 504: 498: 492: 372:While today the 358:Darién Mountains 257:Ascension Island 173:island countries 160: 158: 150: 148: 140: 138: 129: 127: 118: 116: 112: 110: 101: 99: 90: 88: 84: 82: 78: 76: 68: 66: 57: 55: 46: 44: 40: 38: 21: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7421: 7406: 7401: 7387:Eastern Siberia 7377:Central America 7365: 7358: 7352: 7347:Terra Australis 7314: 7298: 7292: 7288:Pangaea Proxima 7271: 7266: 7260: 7199: 7195:microcontinents 7184: 7160: 7155: 7101:East Antarctica 7049: 7044: 7038: 6987: 6983:supercontinents 6979: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6935: 6930: 6920: 6915: 6905: 6900: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6852: 6847: 6837: 6832: 6822: 6817: 6807: 6802: 6792: 6787: 6777: 6772: 6748: 6739: 6704: 6691: 6688: 6686:Further reading 6683: 6682: 6641:(1): e0145059. 6628: 6627: 6620: 6584: 6583: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6292: 6291: 6284: 6269: 6250:10.1.1.593.8988 6236: 6231: 6230: 6223: 6210: 6208: 6198:10.2307/1446114 6179: 6178: 6174: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5769: 5767: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5716:Atlas of Canada 5713:Wayback Machine 5706:"North America" 5704: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5672:on 28 July 2011 5660: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5613: 5609: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5557: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5437: 5433: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5371: 5367: 5360:Katjasdacha.com 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5292:. 6 August 2020 5284: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5265:Geography Realm 5258: 5257: 5253: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5180: 5176: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5000: 4996: 4979: 4975: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4925:(1854); review 4912: 4908: 4904:, vol. 3 (1773) 4899: 4895: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4839: 4835: 4814: 4810: 4801: 4797: 4760: 4756: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4700:Pierre Foncin. 4699: 4695: 4690:. 23 June 2022. 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4349: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4225:j.ctt1pwtd26.17 4217: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3997:Global Security 3987: 3986: 3979: 3974:. 21 July 2024. 3966: 3965: 3958: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3750:. 23 July 2006. 3742: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3637: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3551:. 7 August 2018 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3280:"Bouvet Island" 3278: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3242: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3058:"African Plate" 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2513: 2475:oceanic geology 2442: 2389: 2381:Central America 2361: 2356: 2350:Central America 2342: 2336: 2275:plate tectonics 2258:Grupo Ocidental 2245:oceanic islands 2179: 2096:Diomede Islands 2068: 1974:Anatolian Plate 1967: 1945:, Georgia, and 1815:West Kazakhstan 1746:, north of the 1688:Turkish Straits 1629: 1619:, and then the 1617:Mugodzhar Hills 1586:Volga–Don Canal 1539:drainage divide 1517:Volga–Don Canal 1493:Turkish Straits 1387: 1381: 1376: 1344: 1342:Asia and Europe 1229:located in the 1203:Volcano Islands 1192:oceanic geology 1146:, a scholar of 1085:Southeast Asian 1069:Maluku Province 1026: 864: 778: 735:Pelagie Islands 648: 584:Sinai Peninsula 568:Isthmus of Suez 512: 508: 506: 502: 500: 496: 494: 490: 483: 481:Africa and Asia 315:Turkish straits 300:Isthmus of Suez 269:Pacific Islands 251:) or by common 156: 155: 154: 146: 145: 144: 136: 135: 133: 125: 124: 122: 114: 113: 108: 107: 105: 97: 96: 94: 86: 85: 80: 79: 74: 73: 72: 64: 63: 61: 53: 52: 50: 42: 41: 36: 35: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7495: 7493: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7469: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7382:Eastern Africa 7379: 7374: 7369: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7181: 7179: 7173: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6938: 6936: 6923: 6921: 6908: 6906: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6855: 6853: 6840: 6838: 6825: 6823: 6810: 6808: 6795: 6793: 6780: 6778: 6765: 6763: 6757: 6750: 6749: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6702: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6618: 6597:(2): 201–202. 6574: 6549: 6530: 6497: 6479: 6459: 6441: 6421: 6416:Britannica.com 6403: 6398:Britannica.com 6385: 6358:(2): 121–131. 6342: 6282: 6277:j.ctt24h8gp.20 6267: 6221: 6172: 6154: 6134: 6117: 6097: 6080: 6060: 6042: 6022: 6005: 5985: 5953: 5939: 5919: 5887: 5853: 5839: 5819: 5802: 5780: 5744: 5719: 5653: 5628: 5622:. "from Latin 5607: 5589: 5569: 5540: 5526: 5506: 5480: 5462: 5447: 5431: 5418: 5406: 5384: 5365: 5347: 5332: 5325: 5303: 5277: 5251: 5240:World Factbook 5227: 5210: 5190: 5174: 5171:. 4 July 2013. 5156: 5138: 5120: 5104: 5079: 5072:World Factbook 5062: 5052:World Factbook 5042: 5034: 5010: 4994: 4973: 4954: 4940: 4930: 4906: 4893: 4872: 4857: 4833: 4808: 4795: 4754: 4733: 4726: 4720:. OUP Oxford. 4706: 4693: 4679: 4665: 4642: 4624: 4619:Britannica.com 4606: 4561:(2): 179–210. 4541: 4522: 4504: 4481: 4456: 4442: 4422: 4394: 4368: 4338: 4307: 4278: 4264: 4250: 4230: 4215: 4190: 4165: 4144: 4108: 4054: 4029: 4009: 3977: 3972:Britannica.com 3956: 3938: 3914: 3885: 3867: 3860: 3837: 3810: 3785: 3771: 3753: 3735: 3721: 3698: 3691: 3665: 3635: 3598: 3591: 3562: 3536: 3508: 3486: 3467: 3442: 3397: 3332: 3305: 3285: 3271: 3257: 3224: 3205: 3191: 3164: 3107: 3079: 3049: 3024: 3017: 2997: 2972: 2932: 2904: 2885: 2871: 2857: 2843: 2824: 2791: 2777: 2760: 2740: 2722: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2626: 2610: 2607: 2441: 2438: 2388: 2385: 2360: 2357: 2354:Middle America 2335: 2332: 2320:Sint Eustatius 2241:North Atlantic 2178: 2175: 2108:Little Diomede 2067: 2064: 2044:Ural Mountains 2036:Vaygach Island 1966: 1963: 1957:, whereas the 1955:European Union 1941:, Azerbaijan, 1920:United Nations 1744:Eastern Europe 1712:Ural Mountains 1680:Sea of Marmara 1628: 1625: 1551:Ural Mountains 1513:Kalach-na-Donu 1456:and along the 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1343: 1340: 1260:Ryukyu Islands 1221:, which is an 1215:Okinotorishima 1159:, through the 1101:United Nations 1025: 1022: 949:United Kingdom 922:Île Saint-Paul 914:Crozet Islands 863: 860: 801:unincorporated 777: 774: 758:Eurasian Plate 750:Alboran Island 719:island country 699:Savage Islands 687:Canary Islands 647: 644: 507: 501: 495: 489: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 470:region of the 444: 441:Southern Ocean 425: 418: 415:Atlantic Ocean 411: 404: 370: 369: 348:(dividing the 338: 303: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7494: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7363: 7362: 7361:Subcontinents 7357: 7356: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7326:Kumari Kandam 7324: 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Routledge. 5203: 5202: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5105: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4955: 4951:(in Russian). 4950: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4923:Transcaucasia 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4858: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4668: 4666:9780313391828 4662: 4658: 4657: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4507: 4505:9780028810119 4501: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4457: 4445: 4443:9780761405511 4439: 4435: 4434: 4426: 4423: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4253: 4251:9788179360149 4247: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4216:9781760460945 4212: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4133:on 4 May 2022 4129: 4122: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4102:Intsia bijuga 4099: 4095: 4091: 4090:S. boninensis 4087: 4070: 4069: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4032: 4030:9780207127618 4026: 4022: 4021: 4013: 4010: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3941: 3939:9780557445059 3935: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3903:. 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Similarly, 542: 538: 534: 532: 527: 523: 522:Ancient Libya 519: 487: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 464:Halmahera Sea 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 423: 422:Caribbean Sea 419: 416: 412: 409: 405: 402: 398: 397: 396: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346:South America 343: 342:North America 339: 336: 333:or along the 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 313:): along the 312: 308: 304: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 284: 283: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 217:British Isles 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 174: 169: 163: 153: 143: 132: 121: 104: 93: 71: 70:South America 60: 59:North America 49: 31: 27: 19: 7420: 7359: 7345: 7309:hypothesised 7299: 7267: 7185: 7116:Kazakhstania 7091:Congo Craton 7045: 6981:Prehistoric 6980: 6939: 6924: 6909: 6902:Afro-Eurasia 6894: 6856: 6841: 6826: 6811: 6796: 6781: 6766: 6693: 6638: 6634: 6594: 6590: 6565:. Retrieved 6561: 6552: 6543: 6533: 6506: 6500: 6491: 6484:. 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540: 529: 515: 408:Arctic Ocean 394: 382:Panama Canal 371: 281: 253:geopolitical 223:on the same 193:Afro-Eurasia 185:geographical 178: 92:Afro-Eurasia 26: 7283:Novopangaea 7151:South China 7131:North China 6516:1885/114682 6486:18 February 6352:Coral Reefs 6305:(1): 9354. 6124:18 February 5728:"Education" 5551:Australasia 5493:Le Monde.fr 5296:10 December 5270:10 December 5188:, June 2021 4849:, p. 178)) 4764:Geographica 3555:29 December 3529:29 December 3200:"Mauritius" 2880:"Mauritius" 2479:Cocos Plate 2450:Nazca Plate 2415:lie on the 2409:ABC islands 2279:geopolitics 2263:continental 2163:Rat Islands 2149:inhabitants 2100:Big Diomede 2056:archipelago 1704:Caspian Sea 1676:Dardanelles 1567:Arkhangelsk 1531:Samara Bend 1505:Sea of Azov 1454:Surami Pass 1419:Anaximander 1284:Australasia 1161:Philippines 1065:Aru Islands 1017:Polynesians 945:irredentist 912:The French 797:uninhabited 762:Alboran Sea 739:Pantelleria 597:Middle East 553:John Ogilby 545:James Bruce 456:Arafura Sea 219:) or being 7477:Continents 7471:Categories 7419:See also: 7321:Hyperborea 7311:continents 7246:Seychelles 7231:Madagascar 7211:Doggerland 7106:Euramerica 7061:Asiamerica 6789:Antarctica 6742:Continents 6567:17 January 6525:1088902109 6448:7 February 6259:1885/38139 6087:2 February 6049:4 February 5974:24 January 5946:18 January 5915:Galapagos. 5908:17 January 5876:17 January 5846:1 February 5698:"Americas" 5620:Wiktionary 5499:30 January 5290:WorldAtlas 4842:Geographia 4576:1885/52012 4474:2 February 4160:Iwojima.jp 4156:"小笠原諸島の歴史" 4078:24 January 4036:2 February 3830:1 February 3728:24 January 3630:1330888409 2951:15 October 2695:References 2483:Costa Rica 2391:Often the 2373:Darién Gap 2344:See also: 2328:Martinique 2324:Guadeloupe 2197:, and the 2195:Baltic Sea 2080:landmasses 2076:Bering Sea 2005:Dodecanese 1999:The Greek 1978:Asia Minor 1897:Kuma River 1895:, and the 1878:Ural River 1874:Kazakhstan 1843:Emba River 1811:Kazakhstan 1792:Aras River 1786:explains: 1752:Azerbaijan 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