161:
472:
43:
562:, and in each state or territory. The various electoral acts require the population of each seat to be equal, within certain strictly limited variations. The longest period between two redistributions can be no greater than seven years. Many other triggers can force redistribution before the chronological limit is reached. The redistribution is drafted by civil servants.
789:
after every quinquennial census is published. However, Congress has never passed a general redistricting act, and instead redistricts provinces or cities piecemeal, or creates new provinces or cities with legislative districts. The last general redistricting law was via the ordinance in the 1987
580:
occur "on the completion of each decennial census." The number of seats amongst the ten provinces is set by several related constitutional provisions. District boundaries within provinces are based on electoral quotients for that province. Independent boundary commissions issue reports with new
1317:""Қазақстан Республикасы Парламенті Мәжілісінің және мәслихаттарының депутаттарын сайлау бойынша сайлау округтерін құру тәртібі туралы" Қазақстан Республикасы Орталық сайлау комиссиясының 2022 жылғы 22 қарашадағы № 110/604 Қаулысы (2022.27.12. берілген өзгерістермен)"
751:(CEC) as accordance with Articles 12 and 22 of the Constitutional Law "On Elections". Under the guidelines of the CEC, the redistribution cycle for legislative elections takes place at least six months prior to the expiration of the term of elected deputies.
634:), that boundaries must be revised at least every twelve years, and that the ratio of TDs to inhabitants (not voters or citizens) be between 20,000 and 30,000 on average and "so far as it is practicable" equal between constituencies.
738:
Japan does not have an established process to redistribute its legislative districts. The frequency of redistributions is irregular and not triggered a particular event. Redistributions are approved by the national legislature.
897:
had less than 50% support, four-seat constituencies were used, so that Fianna Fáil would win two of four seats; where it had more than 50% support, three- or five-seat constituencies would give it two of three, or three of
808:
In the United
Kingdom, there are four Boundary Commissions (one each for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) responsible for reviewing the boundaries of Parliamentary constituencies. These are established by
769:, redraws congressional districts according to an objective scoring function and optimization algorithm. Although political parties can propose maps, the process is largely influenced by redistricting algorithms.
584:
Once the reports are produced, they are then submitted to
Parliament, MPs may offer objections to the boundaries, but the boundary commissions are not compelled to make any changes as a result of the objections.
693:
The
Supreme Court allowed the 1961 Act, ruling that the Oireachtas had wide latitude to decide what degree of divergence was "practicable" and what factors could be considered, but reserved the right to
1220:
880:
Large counties may be split into multiple constituencies, and small counties paired in a single constituency, but combining part of one county with part or all of another causes controversy.
727:
723:
1409:
658:) recommends boundaries, which the Oireachtas usually accepts. The terms of reference of the Commission have set five seats as the maximum and discourage constituencies crossing
825:
judge, therefore leads the commission with support from two other independent commissioners whose appointments are made following an open public appointments selection process.
726:
was in force but its 158 seats breached the 30,000 population average; jurists wondered whether the courts would have permitted a general election in the interim before the
1246:
777:
New
Zealand has a fixed process to determine how its legislative districts are redistributed. Redistribution in New Zealand happens every five years following the census.
818:
839:
In the United States, redistribution occurs after each decennial census. Most states' legislative district redistributions are approved by the state legislature.
703:
699:
690:
520:
in the United States and in the
Philippines) is the process by which electoral districts are added, removed, or otherwise changed. Redistribution is a form of
1342:
393:
677:
Before 1977, boundary drawing was often partisan in favour of the government of the day. The
Electoral (Amendment) Act 1959 was struck out in 1961 by the
1026:
60:
966:
748:
647:
663:
651:
1073:
803:
528:
boundaries, usually in response to periodic census results. Redistribution is required by law or constitution at least every decade in most
944:
596:
India has an established process to redistribute its legislative districts. Redistributions are approved by political appointees to the
500:
1453:
840:
834:
107:
1204:
1036:
635:
126:
79:
1060:
790:
constitution, which was based from the 1980 census. The creation of a new province or city needs the approval of the public via a
810:
702:
rejected by referendum would have specified one-sixth as the maximum constituency divergence from the average population per TD.
405:
1423:
86:
711:
686:
671:
398:
388:
64:
409:
1127:
93:
980:
766:
760:
597:
821:, however by convention they do not participate in the work of the commission. The deputy chair, who must be a serving
940:
786:
719:
643:
571:
224:
75:
707:
577:
553:
53:
894:
856:
623:
529:
267:
706:, rejected simultaneously, would have established a constituency commission (ancillary to replacing STV with
1448:
678:
655:
615:
609:
493:
350:
1443:
442:
822:
521:
282:
277:
31:
1059:
Constituency
Commission (2017). "Appendix 2: Statistics relating to recommended Dáil constituencies".
994:
667:
627:
383:
100:
1364:
1082:
659:
558:
In
Australia, redistributions are carried out by independent and non-partisan commissioners in the
533:
194:
1101:
525:
486:
312:
180:
1428:
674:
would replace both the
Constituency Commission and the Local Electoral Area Boundary Committee.
160:
1196:
1200:
1169:
1069:
1032:
974:
844:
428:
292:
262:
189:
145:
1418:
International
Electoral Standards: Guidelines for reviewing the legal framework of elections
1161:
715:
714:
attempted a manipulation similar to the 1961 act, but backfired when a larger than expected
682:
537:
453:
448:
365:
332:
302:
287:
244:
219:
214:
209:
199:
695:
540:. The act of manipulation of electoral districts to favour a candidate or party is called
476:
458:
433:
355:
229:
185:
631:
1133:. Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG). 27 January 2015
1400:
1189:
890:
861:
541:
307:
272:
204:
918:
471:
1437:
969:. House of Commons Procedure and Practice Second Edition, 2009: Parliament of Canada.
322:
234:
1316:
722:. There was a lacuna after the publication of the 2016 census results in which the
642:
to revise boundaries in light of the most recent census. In constituencies for the
559:
297:
1062:
Constituency Commission Report 2017: Dáil and European Parliament Constituencies
175:
42:
1128:"Consultation Paper on the Establishment of an Electoral Commission in Ireland"
747:
In Kazakhstan, the redistribution of legislative districts is conducted by the
17:
1343:"Calculating future Māori and General Electorates | Electoral Commission"
1165:
847:
principle) require that legislative districts have roughly equal populations.
791:
639:
438:
317:
1391:
1291:
1173:
1221:"In re Art. 26 of the Constitution and the Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1961"
941:"The Constitution Act, 1867 (UK), 30 & 31 Victoria, c 3, Section 51 (1)"
817:
that operate outside of direct ministerial control. They are chaired by the
239:
327:
152:
1417:
576:
In Canada, the Constitution mandates that redistribution in the federal
1265:
619:
588:
Similar processes are followed in each province, under provincial law.
1083:"Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Bill 2017: Second Stage"
814:
646:, the 2016 population per TD averages 29,762, varying from 28,199 in
360:
1429:
U.S. House of Representatives — District apportionment 1790 to 2000
1152:
Parker, A. J. (1986). "Geography and the Irish Electoral System".
1395:
1266:"Not Just a Christmas Election – An Unconstitutional Election?"
36:
1247:"Next Dáil 'unconstitutional' if number of TDs not increased"
1404:
794:, while piecemeal redistricting does not need a plebiscite.
681:
as being repugnant to the Constitution because of excessive
765:
In Mexico, an independent administrative body, called the
654:. Since 1977, an independent body (since 1997 a permanent
1410:
Boundary Delimitation in the Legal Framework of Elections
1413:
1102:"Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017"
572:
Electoral district (Canada) § Boundary adjustment
1264:
O'Mahony, Conor; Ó Conaill, Seán (27 November 2017).
785:
In the Philippines, redistricting is carried out by
728:
Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017
724:
Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2013
536:or similar electoral systems to prevent geographic
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1188:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
718:created a tipping point favouring the opposition
1191:Elections and voters: a comparative introduction
1187:Harrop, Martin; Miller, William Lockley (1987).
1369:boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk
1031:(3rd ed.). A&C Black. §§21.05–21.08.
1401:Reapportionment and Redistricting in the U.S.
494:
8:
1365:"About us | Boundary Commission for England"
1292:"On Elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan"
501:
487:
140:
1068:. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 66.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1025:Forde, Michael; Leonard, David (2013).
910:
873:
664:Local Electoral Area Boundary Committee
581:district boundaries for each province.
151:
972:
921:. ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network
27:Reallocation of seats in a legislature
804:Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)
618:states that general elections to the
7:
945:Canadian Legal Information Institute
630:must return at least three members (
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1245:Carolan, Mary (28 November 2017).
835:Redistricting in the United States
25:
1422:Redistribution Overview from the
1392:A guide to Boundary Delimitation
919:"Boundary Delimitation Glossary"
470:
159:
41:
1424:Australian Electoral Commission
1321:Информационная система ПАРАГРАФ
1195:. Macmillan Education. p.
819:Speaker of the House of Commons
666:fulfils a similar function for
52:needs additional citations for
1394:a series of articles from the
1089:. Oireachtas. 15 December 2017
712:Electoral (Amendment) Act 1974
687:Electoral (Amendment) Act 1961
76:"Redistribution" election
1:
1106:electronic Irish Statute Book
1028:Constitutional Law of Ireland
767:Instituto Nacional Electoral
761:Instituto Nacional Electoral
598:Boundary Commission of India
749:Central Election Commission
622:(lower house) must use the
333:Right to stand for election
1470:
832:
801:
758:
708:first-past-the-post voting
691:manipulating district size
607:
569:
554:Redistribution (Australia)
551:
29:
1454:Electoral redistributions
1166:10.1080/00750778609478835
995:"Constitution Of Ireland"
698:of proposed boundaries.
979:: CS1 maint: location (
662:boundaries. A separate
624:single transferable vote
530:representative democracy
30:Not to be confused with
670:boundaries. A proposed
656:Constituency Commission
616:Constitution of Ireland
610:Constituency Commission
967:"Electoral boundaries"
399:Next general elections
1087:Seanad Éireann debate
843:rulings (such as the
644:next general election
608:Further information:
522:boundary delimitation
283:Boundary delimitation
32:Boundary delimitation
1270:Constitution Project
730:resolved the issue.
672:Electoral Commission
668:local electoral area
384:Elections by country
61:improve this article
895:the then government
685:. The replacement
534:first-past-the-post
477:Politics portal
1414:International IDEA
1345:. 18 November 2013
1108:. 23 December 2017
815:arms-length bodies
638:are passed by the
526:electoral district
1075:978-1-4064-2952-7
845:one man, one vote
648:Dublin North-West
628:Dáil constituency
626:(STV), that each
532:systems that use
511:
510:
429:Election security
412:elections in 2024
366:Electoral systems
293:Electoral college
263:Anonymous elector
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1461:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1194:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1079:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1022:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
991:
985:
984:
978:
970:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
915:
899:
887:
881:
878:
704:Another proposal
683:malapportionment
578:House of Commons
538:malapportionment
503:
496:
489:
475:
474:
454:Election science
449:Electoral reform
303:Election silence
288:Crossover voting
245:Two-round system
163:
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1434:
1433:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:The Irish Times
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1154:Irish Geography
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1024:
1023:
1010:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
988:
971:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
939:
938:
934:
924:
922:
917:
916:
912:
908:
903:
902:
888:
884:
879:
875:
870:
853:
837:
831:
806:
800:
783:
775:
763:
757:
745:
736:
700:A 1968 proposal
696:judicial review
612:
606:
594:
574:
568:
556:
550:
507:
469:
464:
463:
459:Paper candidate
434:Electoral fraud
424:
416:
415:
389:Close elections
379:
371:
370:
356:Political party
346:
338:
337:
258:
250:
249:
171:
146:Politics series
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Boundary review
15:
12:
11:
5:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:Constituencies
1446:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1407:
1398:
1387:
1386:External links
1384:
1382:
1381:
1356:
1334:
1308:
1283:
1237:
1212:
1205:
1179:
1144:
1119:
1074:
1051:
1037:
1008:
986:
958:
947:. 1 April 1999
932:
909:
907:
904:
901:
900:
882:
872:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
862:Gerrymandering
859:
852:
849:
833:Main article:
830:
827:
802:Main article:
799:
798:United Kingdom
796:
782:
779:
774:
771:
759:Main article:
756:
753:
744:
741:
735:
732:
636:Electoral Acts
605:
602:
593:
590:
570:Main article:
567:
564:
552:Main article:
549:
546:
542:gerrymandering
518:re-districting
514:Redistribution
509:
508:
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
480:
479:
466:
465:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
436:
431:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
351:Administration
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
308:Gerrymandering
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
183:
178:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
156:
155:
149:
148:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1466:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Voting theory
1442:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1296:adilet.zan.kz
1293:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1206:9780333347607
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1040:
1038:9781847667380
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
996:
990:
987:
982:
976:
968:
962:
959:
946:
942:
936:
933:
920:
914:
911:
905:
896:
892:
886:
883:
877:
874:
867:
863:
860:
858:
857:Apportionment
855:
854:
850:
848:
846:
842:
841:Supreme Court
836:
829:United States
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
797:
795:
793:
788:
780:
778:
772:
770:
768:
762:
754:
752:
750:
742:
740:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Supreme Court
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Dún Laoghaire
650:to 31,270 in
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
611:
603:
601:
599:
591:
589:
586:
582:
579:
573:
565:
563:
561:
555:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:that changes
523:
519:
515:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
484:
482:
481:
478:
473:
468:
467:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
420:
419:
411:
407:
404:
403:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
342:
341:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
323:Secret ballot
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:Apportionment
266:
264:
261:
260:
254:
253:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1416:publication
1374:17 September
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1269:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1190:
1182:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1091:. Retrieved
1086:
1061:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1027:
999:. Retrieved
997:. Article 16
989:
961:
949:. Retrieved
935:
923:. Retrieved
913:
885:
876:
838:
807:
784:
776:
764:
746:
737:
676:
613:
595:
587:
583:
575:
560:Commonwealth
557:
517:
513:
512:
298:Election law
225:Proportional
144:Part of the
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1412:— from the
1405:ACE Project
1403:— from the
1396:ACE Project
1323:(in Kazakh)
1230:2 September
1160:(1): 1–14.
1001:2 September
891:Fianna Fáil
781:Philippines
773:New Zealand
394:Most recent
278:Competition
257:Terminology
176:By-election
170:Basic types
1438:Categories
925:4 December
906:References
889:Where the
823:High Court
811:Parliament
792:plebiscite
743:Kazakhstan
689:relied on
640:Oireachtas
443:by country
439:Referendum
318:Psephology
313:Initiative
195:Fixed-term
87:newspapers
1276:1 October
1256:1 October
1174:0075-0778
1112:2 October
1093:2 October
1044:1 October
951:25 August
893:party of
548:Australia
345:Subseries
240:Sortition
215:Plurality
181:Corporate
153:Elections
117:July 2012
1349:10 April
1225:I.R. 169
1137:28 April
975:cite web
851:See also
787:Congress
406:National
328:Suffrage
210:Mid-term
190:Indirect
1327:14 July
1301:14 July
720:in 1977
710:). The
604:Ireland
423:Related
220:Primary
200:General
101:scholar
1203:
1172:
1072:
1035:
755:Mexico
660:county
566:Canada
361:Voting
273:Audits
230:Recall
186:Direct
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1272:. UCC
1131:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
898:five.
868:Notes
734:Japan
716:swing
592:India
410:local
378:Lists
205:Local
108:JSTOR
94:books
1376:2023
1351:2014
1329:2023
1303:2023
1278:2018
1258:2018
1232:2013
1201:ISBN
1170:ISSN
1139:2015
1114:2018
1095:2018
1070:ISBN
1046:2018
1033:ISBN
1003:2013
981:link
953:2013
927:2022
620:Dáil
614:The
408:and
235:Snap
80:news
1162:doi
813:as
632:TDs
63:by
1440::
1367:.
1319:.
1294:.
1268:.
1262:;
1249:.
1223:.
1199:.
1197:65
1168:.
1158:19
1156:.
1104:.
1099:;
1085:.
1080:;
1011:^
977:}}
973:{{
943:.
600:.
544:.
188:/
1378:.
1353:.
1331:.
1305:.
1280:.
1260:.
1234:.
1209:.
1176:.
1164::
1141:.
1116:.
1097:.
1078:.
1048:.
1005:.
983:)
955:.
929:.
516:(
502:e
495:t
488:v
445:)
441:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
