88:
44:
222:
63:
467:
characterized as monsoonal, with April to
October having wetter south-easterly monsoons and November to March having north-easterly monsoons that are drier. Furthermore, there are two distinct rainy seasons: 'masika' season from March to May with long rains and 'vuli' season from October to December with short rains.
758:, and, as a result, the epidermis is double the thickness of non-brooding females. Brooding females are shown to have lower amounts of body fat and negatively impacted body conditions, with the condition of body fat and overall bodily health decreasing significantly throughout the time of caring for their young.
556:
eat more termites and earthworms compared to the other macrofauna they typically consume. Rather than large jaw muscles and bite forces, they utilize long-axis rotations to reduce prey. Feeding events in the wild are difficult to observe due to their underground dwelling habits. Therefore, most diet
378:
are the three or four most anterior teeth and the vomer palatine teeth. There is then the combination of noticeable labial cusps with a lingual cusp made up of two to three supplemental cusps that make up the rest of the teeth and are multicusped. These teeth are either more pointed and elongated or
661:
to be a perfect environment for ovulation and fertilization. At the end of ovulation in
February, the para recta contain very few ciliated cells and a large number of glandular cells. The pars convolute contains secretory, goblet, and ciliated cells, and the par utera only has one type of glandular
641:
varies from 120-170 μm. The epithelium, which is somewhat developed, borders a narrow lumen. At the same time, the lamina propria is narrow and contains very little blood vessels. At this point, the para recta (the anterior segment) has a limited amount of shallow crypts, and the surface epithelium
645:
From
September to October, the environment of the oviduct becomes more complex and more extended. At this time, the diameter of the lumen increases, the thickness of the lamina propria increases, and the epithelium are at its thickest. The pars recta secretory cells increase in size, and there are
737:
substantially increase in total length, averaging growth of about 1 mm per day. This is because the ingested skin provides a copious amount of nutrients to the offspring. At the same time, weight loss is exhibited by the mother, which is consistent with continuous feeding by their offspring, and
466:
Initially, the Taita Hills were mainly forest grounds, but now the area is primarily low-intensity, small-scale agricultural units, with the majority of the area uncultivated. The climate of the area is described as having varying seasonal precipitation. Throughout the year, the rainfall is
306:
interactions between mothers and newly hatched young are unique in that the mother uses her own skin as a food resource for offspring. This species also has physiological adaptations in place to increase oxygen uptake and affinity to fit their underground lifestyle. The
565:, the prey must be contacted and jaw openings modified via sensory feedback before feeding is initiated. Despite their slow feeding, their predation movements are rapid - with an average peak lunge velocity of 7.4 cm sec and the similar jaw closure speed.
674:
range from two to nine young. They have the smallest clutch sizes compared to all other caecilians. For pregnant females, smaller clutches allow them to continuously burrow within rigid substrates and feed on prey due to minimal changes of the thin body.
719:
offsprings are born in an undeveloped state, thus requiring feeding and care by the parents. The dentition of offspring includes 'fetal-like' teeth, which they use to peel and eat the modified skin of their mothers after birth. The peculiar dentition of
741:
The skin color of nurturing mothers is considerably lighter than other females and males due to the differences in composition at the cellular and tissue level. This difference is most likely due to the role of skin in nutrition for the young. The
728:
caecilians eating the oviduct lining of their mothers. After their birth, the young position themselves on different parts of their mother's body and repeatedly use their lower jaws to lift and peel the outer lays of the skin, which are rich in
483:. It tolerates low-intensity agricultural practices, but is threatened by intensification of agriculture and deforestation. The overall population is believed to be declining. The forest fragments on the Taita Hills are protected by the
422:
exhibit horizontal movements, which is demonstrated by them moving closer to parts of the soil that are closest to permanent water sources after the area dries out; then they move away after rainfall when the soil has become too moist.
636:
The sexual cycle is annual and is divided into three periods: preparation from
September to October, ovulation from November to February, and a resting period from March to August. Between March and August, the oviduct diameter of the
301:
are unique caecilians in appearance, fertilization type, and parental care. From their similar shape and presentation to worms, and their internalized fertilization, they set themselves apart from many other amphibians.
771:
Observations of the species show that it is typical for two fathers to sire a single litter. There is also a high probability of offspring not being cared for by their biological mothers, which showcases an example of
704:
mothers typically occupy areas close to other nesting females. By doing so, females increase their own and their offspring, chances of social interactions, and the prospect of communal breeding.
343:, which negatively affects their mobility – essentially restricting it. When offspring are at the stage in their life where they become independent, they total about 86 mm in length.
323:
are caecilians, which are amphibians who are limbless and long in length; this amphibians' skin is divided into ring shapes, which gives the animal a similar appearance to that of an
582:, fertilization takes place internally, making it a direct-developing oviparous caecilian, and the females of the species take responsibility for guarding their eggs. Cell
1549:
427:
is dependent on minimal moisture in the soil; this limits them, during drier periods, to soils near water bodies or deeper soils. In order to feed on their prey,
1190:"Termitivore or detritivore? A quantitative investigation into the diet of the East African caecilian Boulengerula taitanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae)"
738:
imposes a high cost onto the mother. Researchers suggest a similarity between skin feeding and adult feeding in terms of bite forces over different gape angles.
700:
are laid in terrestrial chambers constructed by females, negating development through an aquatic larval stage. Prior to or following the hatching of their eggs,
1588:
884:
642:
contains a multitude of clusters of ciliated and secretory cells. The par utera (the posterior segment) section of the oviduct is the most folded at this time.
1268:"Cyclic variation of the oviduct structure of Boulengerula taitana , an oviparous species of Gymnophiona: morphological changes, proliferation and apoptosis"
808:
conditions, which showcases that blood respiratory properties may be a result of adaptive features to its environment and behavior. Oxygen uptake levels of
1652:
1523:
1672:
1562:
1677:
1016:
Kupfer, Alexander; Müller, Hendrik; Antoniazzi, Marta M.; Jared, Carlos; Greven, Hartmut; Nussbaum, Ronald A.; Wilkinson, Mark (April 2006).
415:
are typically found only a couple centimeters under the soil beneath rotting logs and in soil that gradually builds up around static rocks.
1489:
683:
Once the tadpoles metamorphosize to become juvenile adults, they mature into adults after one year, reaching a size of 240mm or more.
509:
403:
has also been found to be longer in length when found in forest settings compared to agricultural settings – with forest-inhabiting
812:
are significantly higher than those of other caecilians, but they fall within the ranges of other amphibians. The O2 capacity of
67:
1662:
755:
1484:
1567:
921:"Boulengerula taitana: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T59498A16944134"
617:. The oviduct is split and differentiated into three segments: anterior, middle, and posterior. Each segment comprises a
1667:
1325:"Ontogenetic differences in the feeding biomechanics of oviparous and viviparous caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona)"
606:
87:
1497:
1593:
590:
that occur during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy to be where fertilization and early embryonic development occur.
1449:
646:
significant developments in the ciliature and secretory cells of the pars convolute (the middle segment). In the
820:
are smaller in size, their red cell count is significantly higher, and their oxygen affinity overall is higher.
1090:"Life history of an African caecilian: Boulengerula taitanus Loveridge 1935 (Amphibia Gymnophiona Caeciilidae)"
662:
cell. The epithelial mucosa is more secretory at this time, and there is a greater abundance of cilia cells.
557:
studies are done on individuals above-ground laboratory conditions. The feeding process is notably slower in
986:
969:
1411:
1502:
532:
As with other caecillians, Boulengerula taitana are generalist predators. Adults primarily eat termites,
1657:
938:
195:
1324:
1510:
1458:
1267:
484:
1146:
Kupfer, Alexander; Wilkinson, Mark; Gower, David J.; Müller, Hendrik; Jehle, Robert (October 2008).
929:
861:
796:
species, meaning their habitat consists of burrowing into moist and hard packed soil. Due to this,
52:
1305:
1119:
1063:
583:
234:
82:
1371:
311:
differentiates itself from its close relatives in ways rarely documented and researched before.
1554:
221:
1614:
1391:
1352:
1344:
1297:
1248:
1209:
1167:
1111:
1055:
1047:
991:
805:
715:
is an oviparous caecilian, and there is a parent-offspring transfer of nutrients after birth.
487:, but habitat disturbance still takes place. There are some plans for habitat rehabilitation.
1629:
1463:
1383:
1336:
1287:
1279:
1240:
1201:
1189:
1159:
1101:
1037:
1029:
981:
924:
856:
211:
1619:
1580:
1601:
951:
743:
395:
are found to occupy forest environments more often than agricultural environments in east
1229:"Feeding Underground: Kinematics of Feeding in Caecilians: CAECILIAN FEEDING KINEMATICS"
625:, and a thin muscular layer. The folded section of the mucosal layer is sheathed in the
43:
1372:"Oxygen uptake and blood respiratory properties of the caecilian Boulengerula taitanus"
1228:
630:
371:
1147:
1646:
1575:
1387:
847:
838:
773:
721:
501:
480:
72:
17:
1309:
1123:
1106:
1089:
1067:
817:
651:
335:
axial and skull skeleton in contrast to other direct-developing species. Hatchling
332:
172:
1283:
1536:
1471:
1443:
801:
751:
448:
440:
290:
1340:
1205:
613:, is located near the heart. The posterior part of the oviduct is stops at the
725:
626:
513:
351:
340:
162:
1434:
1348:
1301:
1213:
1115:
1051:
1017:
995:
920:
350:
are typically seen as predators, exhibiting two rows of pointed teeth in the
793:
747:
647:
549:
324:
282:
152:
139:
129:
99:
1356:
1252:
1171:
1059:
1606:
1292:
1233:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology
1152:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology
447:
is currently the only caecilian amphibian that inhabits this area. In the
1428:
1395:
1042:
533:
456:
367:
363:
119:
1370:
Wood, S.C.; Weber, R.E.; Maloiy, G.M.O.; Johansen, K. (September 1975).
1033:
1528:
1476:
587:
537:
517:
355:
286:
1541:
1244:
816:
is 14% volume, which is very high. Compared to other amphibians, the
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
545:
459:
heavily affects the false understanding of caecilians as earthworms.
396:
109:
1405:
1163:
1266:
Brun, C.; Raquet, M.A.; Measey, G.J.; Exbrayat, J.M. (2017-07-03).
730:
598:
455:
are called "ming' ori", a term commonly used for earthworms. This
359:
294:
586:
and degeneration are functional and morphological changes of the
1515:
893:
Amphibian
Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
541:
463:
is commonly found in agricultural social ecosystems or forests.
1409:
1018:"Parental investment by skin feeding in a caecilian amphibian"
724:(skin feeding) may be the result of a pre-adaptation to fetal
521:
754:
cells. The cells of brooding females are lengthy and full of
1148:"Care and parentage in a skin-feeding caecilian amphibian"
339:
also have weakly-developed body musculature and external
987:
10.2982/0012-8317(2004)93[1:ACRAEA]2.0.CO;2
552:, and earthworms. Still, it has been documented that
1227:
Herrel, Anthony; Measey, G. John (August 27, 2012).
561:
compared to other terrestrial amphibian species. In
1418:
970:"Are Caecilians Rare? An East African Perspective"
512:predator. Their diet typically consists of social
331:are about 28mm in length and have an inadequately
370:parts of the jaw, which have one to two distinct
1183:
1181:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
930:10.2305/iucn.uk.2013-2.rlts.t59498a16944134.en
862:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T59498A16944134.en
407:averaging 285.9 mm and agriculture-inhabiting
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
963:
961:
479:is classified as endangered according to the
8:
1188:Measey, G. John; Gaborieau, Olivier (2004).
837:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2013).
597:are more elongated and lie laterally to the
1088:Malonza, P. K.; Measey, G. J. (July 2005).
914:
912:
910:
1406:
220:
61:
42:
31:
1291:
1105:
1041:
985:
928:
860:
974:Journal of East African Natural History
829:
657:These changes allow the oviduct of the
947:
936:
767:Beneficial interspecific relationships
241:
7:
895:. American Museum of Natural History
733:. Within one week of care, juvenile
629:and reinforced by the tissue of the
848:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
25:
1323:Kleinteich, Thomas (2010-10-01).
1653:IUCN Red List endangered species
968:Measey, G. John (January 2004).
86:
1673:Taxa named by Arthur Loveridge
1272:African Journal of Herpetology
1107:10.1080/03946975.2005.10531214
374:. The monocuspid teeth of the
346:Compared to hatchlings, adult
1:
1284:10.1080/21564574.2017.1365098
746:, the outermost layer of the
692:Site selection for egg laying
1678:Amphibians described in 1935
1388:10.1016/0034-5687(75)90024-9
627:pseudo-stratified epithelium
609:part, which consists of the
569:Reproduction and life cycle
1694:
1341:10.1016/j.zool.2010.05.002
1206:10.1163/157075604323010042
500:Following the dentitional
229:Range highlighted in blue
883:Frost, Darrel R. (2018).
750:, consists of flattened,
431:migrate to surface soil.
379:are shorter and blunter.
279:Taita Mountains caecilian
240:
233:
228:
219:
201:
194:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
383:Habitat and distribution
435:Geographic distribution
271:Taita African caecilian
1663:Endemic fauna of Kenya
1376:Respiration Physiology
946:Cite journal requires
504:stage of development,
1450:Boulengerula taitanus
855:: e.T59498A16944134.
418:In this environment,
358:parts of the jaw and
275:Taita Hills caecilian
244:Boulengerula taitanus
18:Boulengerula taitanus
1490:Boulengerula-taitana
1464:Boulengerula_taitana
1420:Boulengerula taitana
887:Boulengerula taitana
841:Boulengerula taitana
652:acidic carbohydrates
485:Kenya Forest Service
411:averaging 219.3 mm.
309:Boulengerula taitana
299:Boulengerula taitana
293:region of southeast
266:Boulengerula taitana
252:Afrocaecilia taitana
205:Boulengerula taitana
36:Boulengerula taitana
27:Species of amphibian
1668:Amphibians of Kenya
1034:10.1038/nature04403
919:IUCN (2013-07-02).
654:are also detected.
650:of ciliated cells,
508:transitions into a
255:(Loveridge, 1935)
247:(Loveridge, 1935)
53:Conservation status
524:, and earthworms.
281:) is a species of
1640:
1639:
1615:Open Tree of Life
1412:Taxon identifiers
1028:(7086): 926–929.
800:often encounters
319:As stated above,
262:
261:
256:
248:
76:
16:(Redirected from
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1094:Tropical Zoology
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905:
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889:Loveridge, 1935"
880:
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869:
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834:
593:The oviducts of
362:palatine in the
254:
246:
224:
207:
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32:
21:
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1164:10.1002/jez.475
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867:
865:
836:
835:
831:
826:
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782:
769:
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744:stratum corneum
710:
694:
689:
681:
668:
576:
571:
534:dipteran larvae
530:
498:
493:
473:
439:Endemic to the
437:
390:
385:
317:
269:(common names:
215:
209:
203:
190:
187:B. taitana
85:
77:
66:
62:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1691:
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1611:
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1481:
1468:
1455:
1440:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1382:(3): 355–363.
1362:
1335:(5): 283–294.
1315:
1293:10019.1/117327
1258:
1239:(9): 533–539.
1219:
1194:Animal Biology
1177:
1158:(8): 460–467.
1129:
1073:
1001:
957:
948:|journal=
906:
875:
828:
827:
825:
822:
786:
783:
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722:dermatophagous
709:
706:
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664:
631:lamina propria
575:
572:
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469:
436:
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389:
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60:
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26:
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14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
1690:
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1573:
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1326:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:(2): 93–105.
1277:
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1246:
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1234:
1230:
1223:
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1043:2027.42/62957
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819:
815:
811:
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779:
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774:alloparenting
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749:
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477:, B. taitana
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471:Conservation
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174:Boulengerula
173:
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1537:iNaturalist
1472:AmphibiaWeb
1444:Wikispecies
980:(1): 1–21.
868:20 November
802:hypercarbic
785:Respiration
752:keratinized
449:Taita Hills
441:Taita Hills
315:Description
291:Taita Hills
140:Gymnophiona
1647:Categories
824:References
814:B. taitana
810:B. taitana
798:B. taitana
790:B. taitana
780:Physiology
735:B. taitana
726:viviparous
717:B. taitana
713:B. taitana
702:B. taitana
698:B. taitana
679:Life cycle
672:B. taitana
670:Broods of
666:Brood size
659:B. taitana
639:B. taitana
595:B. taitana
580:B. taitana
563:B. taitana
559:B. taitana
554:B. taitana
550:centipedes
514:macrofauna
510:generalist
506:B. taitana
475:As of 2020
461:B. taitana
453:B. taitana
445:B. taitana
443:of Kenya,
429:B. taitana
425:B. taitana
420:B. taitana
413:B. taitana
409:B. taitana
405:B. taitana
401:B. taitana
393:B. taitana
376:B. taitana
348:B. taitana
341:annulation
337:B. taitana
329:B. taitana
321:B. taitana
304:D. taitana
163:Herpelidae
68:Endangered
1349:0944-2006
1302:2156-4574
1214:1570-7555
1116:0394-6975
1052:0028-0836
996:0012-8317
794:fossorial
762:Mutualism
748:epidermis
648:cytoplasm
356:maxillary
325:earthworm
283:caecilian
212:Loveridge
181:Species:
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
1555:10236694
1429:Wikidata
1357:20952171
1310:90577065
1253:22927194
1172:18618577
1124:84191348
1060:16612382
756:vesicles
607:anterior
588:oviducts
538:antlions
536:, ants,
518:termites
496:Juvenile
457:misnomer
368:splenial
333:ossified
285:. It is
235:Synonyms
159:Family:
130:Amphibia
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
1630:4810347
1529:2430961
1516:1019807
1435:Q677689
1329:Zoology
1068:4327433
806:hypoxic
603:kidneys
599:ovaries
388:Habitat
364:dentary
289:to the
287:endemic
169:Genus:
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
1627:uBio:
1607:202062
1594:102246
1568:668421
1503:304485
1396:242053
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1022:Nature
994:
899:22 May
731:lipids
623:mucosa
619:serosa
615:cloaca
611:ostium
605:. The
546:thrips
451:, the
397:Africa
214:, 1935
1620:42297
1581:59498
1550:IRMNG
1542:27904
1306:S2CID
1120:S2CID
1064:S2CID
542:slugs
528:Adult
372:cusps
360:vomer
295:Kenya
153:Apoda
147:Clade
1589:NCBI
1576:IUCN
1563:ITIS
1524:GBIF
1498:BOLD
1477:1837
1392:PMID
1353:PMID
1345:ISSN
1298:ISSN
1249:PMID
1210:ISSN
1168:PMID
1156:309A
1112:ISSN
1056:PMID
1048:ISSN
992:ISSN
952:help
901:2018
870:2021
853:2013
804:and
792:are
601:and
522:ants
491:Diet
366:and
1511:EoL
1485:ASW
1459:ADW
1384:doi
1337:doi
1333:113
1288:hdl
1280:doi
1241:doi
1237:317
1202:doi
1160:doi
1102:doi
1038:hdl
1030:doi
1026:440
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925:doi
857:doi
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