205:
below 90% had an increased respiratory rate. An evaluation of respiratory rate for the differentiation of the severity of illness in babies under 6 months found it not to be very useful. Approximately half of the babies had a respiratory rate above 50 breaths per minute, thereby questioning the value
86:
Inaccuracies in respiratory measurement have been reported in the literature. One study compared respiratory rate counted using a 90-second count period, to a full minute, and found significant differences in the rates.. Another study found that rapid respiratory rates in babies, counted using a
91:, were 60–80% higher than those counted from beside the cot without the aid of the stethoscope. Similar results are seen with animals when they are being handled and not being handled—the invasiveness of touch apparently is enough to make significant changes in breathing.
327:- can provide related information about the heart and lungs and the great vessels, since these systems work with one another, are relatively close together in gross (macroscopic) anatomy, and are physiologically very related.
102:
which are commonly implemented in patient monitoring. In addition, novel techniques for automatically monitoring respiratory rate using wearable sensors are in development, such as estimation of respiratory rate from the
118:
Breathing rate is often interchanged with the term breathing frequency. However, this should not be considered the frequency of breathing because realistic breathing signal is composed of many frequencies.
220:
Nonetheless, respiratory rate is widely used to monitor the physiology of acutely-ill hospital patients. It is measured regularly to facilitate identification of changes in physiology along with other
432:
Grenvik A, Ballou S, McGinley E, Millen JE, Cooley WL, Safar P (October 1972). "Impedance pneumography. Comparison between chest impedance changes and respiratory volumines in 11 healthy volunteers".
365:
1401:
217:, agitation and age have a significant influence on the respiratory rate. As a result of these and similar studies the value of respiratory rate as an indicator of serious illness is limited.
857:"The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death"
914:
771:
RodrĂguez-Molinero A, Narvaiza L, Ruiz J, Gálvez-BarrĂłn C (December 2013). "Normal respiratory rate and peripheral blood oxygen saturation in the elderly population".
1394:
592:
Lapi S, Lavorini F, Borgioli G, Calzolai M, Masotti L, Pistolesi M, Fontana GA (January 2014). "Respiratory rate assessments using a dual-accelerometer device".
1387:
198:
The value of respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory dysfunction has been investigated but findings suggest it is of limited value.
1280:
752:
725:
1847:
907:
135:
at around two seconds for an inhalation and three seconds exhalation. This gives the lower of the average rate at 12 breaths per minute.
1865:
1788:
1351:
1206:
698:
1776:
1687:
549:
Karlen W, Raman S, Ansermino JM, Dumont GA (July 2013). "Multiparameter respiratory rate estimation from the photoplethysmogram".
1860:
1913:
1809:
1669:
900:
1270:
1435:
997:
1918:
1119:
30:
This article is about the measurement of breathing. For the parameter used in ecological and agronomical modeling, see
1289:
1238:
1089:
1656:
1243:
76:
344:
1783:
1771:
1472:
1467:
1151:
1082:
1063:
249:
175:
71:
is measured by counting the number of breaths for one minute through counting how many times the chest rises. A
1094:
1763:
1227:
1058:
952:
526:"Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Data Analysis - ECG Derived Respiratory Frequency Estimation - Chapter 8"
1923:
1855:
1638:
1260:
1129:
297:
1892:
1827:
1077:
1024:
1014:
923:
58:
1699:
1548:
1265:
1201:
239:
127:
For humans, the typical respiratory rate for a healthy adult at rest is 12–15 breaths per minute. The
1743:
1682:
1533:
1515:
1462:
1410:
1320:
1175:
1139:
974:
969:
1879:
1664:
1609:
1477:
1002:
385:"Respiratory rate: measurement of variability over time and accuracy at different counting periods"
104:
1837:
1819:
1712:
1646:
1445:
1330:
1325:
1305:
1163:
1039:
796:
617:
574:
506:
467:
Charlton PH, Birrenkott DA, Bonnici T, Pimentel MA, Johnson AE, Alastruey J, et al. (2018).
303:
269:
132:
128:
108:
46:
206:
of having a "cut-off" at 50 breaths per minute as the indicator of serious respiratory illness.
1887:
1591:
1440:
1368:
1284:
1250:
1052:
1007:
989:
879:
856:
837:
788:
748:
742:
721:
694:
668:
609:
566:
498:
449:
414:
320:
202:
715:
1733:
1566:
1185:
1134:
1044:
871:
827:
780:
658:
648:
601:
558:
488:
480:
441:
404:
396:
31:
27:
Breathing frequency; rate at which breathing occurs, usually measured in breaths per minute
1738:
1599:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1363:
1211:
1180:
637:"Characterizing and Modeling Breathing Dynamics: Flow Rate, Rhythm, Period, and Frequency"
1379:
94:
Various other methods to measure respiratory rate are commonly used, including impedance
875:
1717:
1604:
1576:
1490:
1309:
1299:
1156:
1114:
979:
663:
636:
493:
469:"Breathing Rate Estimation From the Electrocardiogram and Photoplethysmogram: A Review"
468:
409:
384:
316:
832:
815:
201:
One study found that only 33% of people presenting to an emergency department with an
1907:
1482:
1315:
1071:
984:
112:
72:
49:
of the brain. A person's respiratory rate is usually measured in breaths per minute.
800:
621:
510:
1674:
1616:
1538:
1255:
1124:
1106:
964:
578:
95:
62:
17:
744:
Delmar's
Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Competencies
525:
1804:
1753:
1558:
1294:
324:
221:
99:
88:
605:
1707:
1626:
1621:
1571:
1455:
1356:
1275:
1170:
947:
942:
855:
Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (April 2013).
653:
562:
484:
308:
183:
179:
1543:
1500:
1232:
284:
279:
274:
259:
244:
42:
883:
792:
672:
613:
570:
502:
445:
400:
841:
816:"A comparison of pulse oximetry and respiratory rate in patient screening"
453:
418:
224:. This practice has been widely adopted as part of early warning systems.
1832:
892:
264:
1450:
254:
784:
1495:
937:
210:
1748:
814:
Mower WR, Sachs C, Nicklin EL, Safa P, Baraff LJ (November 1996).
312:
234:
214:
80:
68:
383:
Simoes EA, Roark R, Berman S, Esler LL, Murphy J (October 1991).
1525:
1334:
1033:
187:
75:
breath rate sensor can be used for monitoring patients during a
1383:
896:
689:
Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H (2012-04-05).
300:- nucleus in the brain stem that regulates breathing rate
741:
Lindh WQ, Pooler M, Tamparo C, Dahl BM (9 March 2009).
1878:
1846:
1818:
1797:
1762:
1726:
1698:
1655:
1637:
1590:
1557:
1523:
1514:
1421:
1344:
1220:
1194:
1105:
1023:
930:
166:Elderly ≥ 80 years old: 10-30 breaths per minute.
163:Elderly ≥ 65 years old: 12–28 breaths per minute.
209:It has also been reported that factors such as
635:Napoli NJ, Rodrigues VR, Davenport PW (2022).
138:Average resting respiratory rates by age are:
1395:
908:
8:
766:
764:
551:IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
1520:
1402:
1388:
1380:
915:
901:
893:
773:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
142:birth to 6 weeks: 30–40 breaths per minute
79:scan. Respiration rates may increase with
831:
684:
682:
662:
652:
594:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
492:
408:
83:, illness, or other medical conditions.
45:occurs; it is set and controlled by the
336:
473:IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
691:Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology
7:
1281:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
1789:Upper limb neurological examination
876:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.016
720:. Trafford Publishing. p. 30.
1207:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
160:50 years: 18-25 breaths per minute
154:10 years: 17–23 breaths per minute
145:6 months: 25–40 breaths per minute
25:
747:. Cengage Learning. p. 573.
186:(exhaled minute volume) from the
151:6 years: 18–25 breaths per minute
148:3 years: 20–30 breaths per minute
389:Archives of Disease in Childhood
157:Adults: 15–18 breaths per minute
1810:Ballard Maturational Assessment
1670:Peripheral vascular examination
1436:History of the present illness
524:Bailón R, Sõrnmo L, Laguna P.
319:measurements and the level of
178:is the volume of air which is
1:
1777:Mini–mental state examination
1688:Ankle–brachial pressure index
833:10.1016/S0954-6111(96)90017-7
714:DeBoer SL (4 November 2004).
693:(24 ed.). p. 619.
1239:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
1090:pulmonary stretch receptors
315:and systolic and diastolic
182:(inhaled minute volume) or
1940:
1271:alveolar–arterial gradient
606:10.1016/j.resp.2013.11.003
228:Abnormal respiratory rates
77:magnetic resonance imaging
56:
29:
1784:Cranial nerve examination
1152:respiratory minute volume
1064:ventral respiratory group
654:10.3389/fphys.2021.772295
563:10.1109/TBME.2013.2246160
485:10.1109/rbme.2017.2763681
250:Cheyne-Stokes respiration
176:Respiratory minute volume
1059:dorsal respiratory group
953:obligate nasal breathing
67:The respiratory rate in
1856:Athletic heart syndrome
1261:pulmonary gas pressures
641:Frontiers in Physiology
370:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
298:Subparabrachial nucleus
1914:Respiratory physiology
1893:Differential diagnosis
1828:Well-woman examination
1015:mechanical ventilation
924:Respiratory physiology
717:Emergency Newborn Care
446:10.1378/chest.62.4.439
401:10.1136/adc.66.10.1199
59:Mechanical ventilation
1266:alveolar gas equation
1202:pulmonary circulation
57:Further information:
41:is the rate at which
1861:Sudden cardiac death
1744:Shoulder examination
1683:Abdominojugular test
1516:Physical examination
1463:Past medical history
1321:respiratory quotient
1176:body plethysmography
1095:Hering–Breuer reflex
970:pulmonary surfactant
820:Respiratory Medicine
1919:Respiratory therapy
1880:Assessment and plan
1665:Cardiac examination
1610:Swinging light test
1478:Psychiatric history
1411:Medical examination
1164:Lung function tests
998:hyperresponsiveness
530:www.robots.ox.ac.uk
18:Breathing frequency
1838:Breast examination
1713:Rectal examination
1647:Respiratory sounds
1446:Nursing assessment
1331:diffusion capacity
1326:arterial blood gas
1306:carbonic anhydrase
1040:pneumotaxic center
304:Respiratory system
270:Kussmaul breathing
240:Biot's respiration
133:respiratory rhythm
129:respiratory center
109:photoplethysmogram
47:respiratory center
1901:
1900:
1888:Medical diagnosis
1874:
1873:
1749:Elbow examination
1377:
1376:
1285:Oxygen saturation
1251:zones of the lung
990:airway resistance
785:10.1111/jgs.12580
779:(12): 2238–2240.
754:978-1-4354-1914-8
727:978-1-4120-3089-2
395:(10): 1199–1203.
366:"Vital Signs 101"
321:oxygen saturation
203:oxygen saturation
105:electrocardiogram
16:(Redirected from
1931:
1734:Knee examination
1582:Respiratory rate
1521:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1186:nitrogen washout
1045:apneustic center
960:respiratory rate
917:
910:
903:
894:
888:
887:
861:
852:
846:
845:
835:
811:
805:
804:
768:
759:
758:
738:
732:
731:
711:
705:
704:
686:
677:
676:
666:
656:
632:
626:
625:
589:
583:
582:
557:(7): 1946–1953.
546:
540:
539:
537:
536:
521:
515:
514:
496:
464:
458:
457:
429:
423:
422:
412:
380:
374:
373:
362:
356:
355:
353:
351:
341:
194:Diagnostic value
39:respiratory rate
32:respiration rate
21:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1870:
1842:
1814:
1793:
1758:
1739:Hip examination
1727:Musculoskeletal
1722:
1694:
1651:
1633:
1600:Eye examination
1586:
1553:
1510:
1431:Chief complaint
1423:Medical history
1417:
1408:
1378:
1373:
1364:oxygen toxicity
1340:
1228:ventilation (V)
1216:
1212:pulmonary shunt
1190:
1181:peak flow meter
1101:
1019:
926:
921:
891:
859:
854:
853:
849:
826:(10): 593–599.
813:
812:
808:
770:
769:
762:
755:
740:
739:
735:
728:
713:
712:
708:
701:
688:
687:
680:
634:
633:
629:
591:
590:
586:
548:
547:
543:
534:
532:
523:
522:
518:
466:
465:
461:
431:
430:
426:
382:
381:
377:
372:. 14 June 2022.
364:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
342:
338:
334:
294:
289:
230:
196:
190:in one minute.
173:
131:sets the quiet
125:
65:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1924:Temporal rates
1921:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1657:Cardiovascular
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1605:Ophthalmoscopy
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1577:Blood pressure
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1483:Progress notes
1480:
1475:
1473:Social history
1470:
1468:Family history
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1441:Systems review
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:history taking
1409:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1310:chloride shift
1303:
1300:Haldane effect
1297:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:FEV1/FVC ratio
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1072:chemoreceptors
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
992:
987:
982:
980:elastic recoil
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
934:
932:
928:
927:
922:
920:
919:
912:
905:
897:
890:
889:
870:(4): 465–470.
847:
806:
760:
753:
733:
726:
706:
700:978-0071780032
699:
678:
627:
584:
541:
516:
459:
440:(4): 439–443.
424:
375:
357:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
317:blood pressure
306:
301:
293:
290:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
229:
226:
195:
192:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
124:
121:
54:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1936:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1820:Gynecological
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:Mental status
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:high altitude
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:Insufficiency
1343:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:oxyhemoglobin
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
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985:hysteresivity
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19:
1764:Neurological
1718:Bowel sounds
1675:Heart sounds
1581:
1539:Auscultation
1256:gas exchange
1221:Interactions
1146:calculations
1107:Lung volumes
1070:
1051:
1032:
1003:constriction
965:respirometer
959:
867:
863:
850:
823:
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350:30 September
348:. Retrieved
339:
219:
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174:
137:
126:
123:Normal range
117:
96:pneumography
93:
85:
66:
63:Respirometer
38:
36:
1805:Apgar score
1754:GALS screen
1639:Respiratory
1567:Temperature
1559:Vital signs
1456:Medications
1295:Bohr effect
1195:Circulation
931:Respiration
325:vital signs
222:vital signs
100:capnography
89:stethoscope
73:fibre-optic
53:Measurement
1908:Categories
1708:Liver span
1572:Heart rate
1549:Percussion
1534:Inspection
1487:Mnemonics
1357:death zone
1276:hemoglobin
1171:spirometry
1130:dead space
1083:peripheral
1008:dilatation
994:bronchial
975:compliance
948:exhalation
943:inhalation
647:: 772295.
535:2016-02-23
332:References
309:Heart rate
1700:Abdominal
1544:Palpation
1451:Allergies
1233:Perfusion
600:: 60–66.
285:Tachypnea
280:Platypnea
275:Orthopnea
260:Hyperpnea
245:Bradypnea
115:signals.
43:breathing
1833:Pap test
1798:Neonatal
1524:General/
1505:COASTMAP
1244:V/Q scan
884:23295778
801:44700347
793:24329828
673:35264974
622:22222399
614:24263211
571:23399950
511:11186066
503:29990026
479:: 2–20.
292:See also
265:Hypopnea
215:sleeping
1617:Hearing
1369:hypoxia
1290:2,3-BPG
1078:central
1053:medulla
1025:Control
842:8959116
664:8899297
579:8033758
494:7612521
454:5077999
419:1953002
410:1793530
345:"OSA -"
255:Dyspnea
184:exhaled
180:inhaled
1848:Sports
1679:Other
1496:OPQRST
1491:SAMPLE
938:breath
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211:crying
98:, and
69:humans
1866:RED-S
1627:Rinne
1622:Weber
1592:HEENT
860:(PDF)
797:S2CID
618:S2CID
575:S2CID
507:S2CID
434:Chest
313:pulse
235:Apnea
188:lungs
111:, or
81:fever
1526:IPPA
1501:SOAP
1413:and
1335:DLCO
1235:(Q)
1034:pons
880:PMID
838:PMID
789:PMID
749:ISBN
722:ISBN
695:ISBN
669:PMID
610:PMID
567:PMID
499:PMID
450:PMID
415:PMID
352:2016
311:and
61:and
37:The
1140:PEF
1120:FRC
872:doi
828:doi
781:doi
659:PMC
649:doi
602:doi
598:191
559:doi
489:PMC
481:doi
442:doi
405:PMC
397:doi
1910::
1135:CC
1125:Vt
1115:VC
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