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situation. This is because of faster growth rates, decreased maintenance rates, increased energy and protein retention, and better feed efficiency. Applying genetic improvement programs to aquaculture species will increase their productivity. Thus allowing them to meet the increasing demands of growing populations. Conversely, selective breeding within aquaculture can create problems within the biodiversity of both stock and wild fish, which can hurt the industry down the road. Although there is great potential to improve aquaculture due to the current lack of domestication, it is essential that the genetic diversity of the fish are preserved through proper genetic management, as we domesticate these species. It is not uncommon for fish to escape the nets or pens that they are kept in, especially in mass. If these fish are farmed in areas they are not native to they may be able to establish themselves and outcompete native populations of fish, and cause ecological harm as an invasive species. Furthermore, if they are in areas where the fish being farmed are native too their genetics are selectively bred rather than being wild. These farmed fish could breed with the natives which could be problematic In the sense that they would have been bred for consumption rather than by chance. Resulting in an overall decrease in genetic diversity and rendering local fish populations less fit for survival. If proper management is not taking place then the economic benefits and the diversity of the fish species will falter.
1332:) led to an increase in body weight by 30% per generation. A comparative study on the performance of select Atlantic salmon with wild fish was conducted by AKVAFORSK Genetics Centre in Norway. The traits, for which the selection was done included growth rate, feed consumption, protein retention, energy retention, and feed conversion efficiency. Selected fish had a twice better growth rate, a 40% higher feed intake, and an increased protein and energy retention. This led to an overall 20% better Fed Conversion Efficiency as compared to the wild stock. Atlantic salmon have also been selected for resistance to bacterial and viral diseases. Selection was done to check resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV). The results showed 66.6% mortality for low-resistant species whereas the high-resistant species showed 29.3% mortality compared to wild species.
1206:
meant that they did not completely stop their hunting and gathering immediately but instead over time transition and ultimately favored agriculture. Originally this was due to humans not wanting to risk using all their time and resources for their crops just to fail. Which was promptly called play farming due to the idea of "farmers" experimenting with agriculture. In addition, the ability for humans to stay within one place for food and create permanent settlements made the process move along faster. During this transitional period, crops began to acclimate and evolve with humans encouraging humans to invest further into crops. Over time this reliance on plant breeding has created problems, as highlighted by the book
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of 70% or more in shrimps. C.I. Oceanos S.A. in
Colombia selected the survivors of the disease from infected ponds and used them as parents for the next generation. They achieved satisfying results in two or three generations wherein survival rates approached levels before the outbreak of the disease. The resulting heavy losses (up to 90%) caused by Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) caused a number of shrimp farming industries started to selectively breed shrimps resistant to this disease. Successful outcomes led to development of Super Shrimp, a selected line of
1366:(1974) and Babouchkine (1987) selected carp for fast growth and tolerance to cold, the Ropsha carp. The results showed a 30–40% to 77.4% improvement of cold tolerance but did not provide any data for growth rate. An increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in Vietnam. Moav and Wohlfarth (1976) showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth. Schaperclaus (1962) showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality (11.5%) compared to unselected (57%).
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1362:) include improvement in growth, shape and resistance to disease. Experiments carried out in the USSR used crossings of broodstocks to increase genetic diversity and then selected the species for traits like growth rate, exterior traits and viability, and/or adaptation to environmental conditions like variations in temperature. Kirpichnikov
1290:– growth rate is normally measured as either body weight or body length. This trait is of great economic importance for all aquaculture species as faster growth rate speeds up the turnover of production. Improved growth rates show that farmed animals utilize their feed more efficiently through a positive correlated response.
1339:) was reported to show large improvements in growth rate after 7–10 generations of selection. Kincaid et al. (1977) showed that growth gains by 30% could be achieved by selectively breeding rainbow trout for three generations. A 7% increase in growth was recorded per generation for rainbow trout by Kause et al. (2005).
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which are usually present only in small amounts in potatoes fit for human consumption. When genetic diversity is lost it can also allow for populations to lack genetic alternatives to adapt to events. This becomes an issue of biodiversity, because attributes are so wide-spread they can result in mass
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Selective breeding is a direct way to determine if a specific trait can evolve in response to selection. A single-generation method of breeding is not as accurate or direct. The process is also more practical and easier to understand than sibling analysis. Selective breeding is better for traits such
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at The
Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, USA from 1995 to 1998. They reported significant responses to selection compared to the unselected control shrimps. After one generation, a 21% increase was observed in growth and 18.4% increase in survival to TSV. The Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) causes mortalities
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Selective breeding in aquaculture holds high potential for the genetic improvement of fish and shellfish for the process of production. Unlike terrestrial livestock, the potential benefits of selective breeding in aquaculture were not realized until recently. This is because high mortality led to the
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style living to a mix of hunter-gatherer and agriculture practices. Although these higher yielding plants were derived from an extremely primitive version of plant breeding, this form of agriculture was an investment that the people who grew them were planting then could have a more varied diet. This
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Selective breeding can be unintentional, for example, resulting from the process of human cultivation; and it may also produce unintended – desirable or undesirable – results. For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the
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However, there are disadvantages to this process. This is because a single experiment done in selective breeding cannot be used to assess an entire group of genetic variances, individual experiments must be done for every individual trait. Also, due to the necessity of selective breeding experiments
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Another was the failure of documentation of the genetic gains in successive generations. This in turn led to failure in quantifying economic benefits that successful selective breeding programs produce. Documentation of the genetic changes was considered important as they help in fine tuning further
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are a mix of several breeds, often unknown. Animal breeding begins with breeding stock, a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred stock for a certain purpose, or may intend to use some
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bred for fast growth or heavy muscles did not know how to perform typical rooster courtship dances, which alienated the roosters from hens and led the roosters to kill the hens after mating with them. A Soviet attempt to breed lab rats with higher intelligence led to cases of neurosis severe enough
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We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals in different countries,—more especially in the less civilized countries where there has been
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Additionally, selective breeding can lead to a variety of issues including reduction of genetic diversity or physical problems. The process of selective breeding can create physical issues for plants or animals such as dogs selectively bred for extremely small sizes dislocating their kneecaps at a
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Control of the reproduction cycle was one of the main reasons as it is a requisite for selective breeding programs. Artificial reproduction was not achieved because of the difficulties in hatching or feeding some farmed species such as eel and yellowtail farming. A suspected reason associated with
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to produce a new type of stock with different, and, it is presumed, superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. For example, to breed chickens, a breeder typically intends to receive eggs, meat, and new, young birds for further reproduction. Thus, the breeder has to study different breeds and
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Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by his powers of artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the co-adaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of
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Selective breeding in aquaculture provide remarkable economic benefits to the industry, the primary one being that it reduces production costs due to faster turnover rates. When selective breeding is carried out, some characteristics are lost for others that may suit a specific environment or
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susceptibility to the infection differs across oyster strains in Europe. A study carried out by
Culloty et al. showed that 'Rossmore' oysters in Cork harbour, Ireland had better resistance compared to other Irish strains. A selective breeding program at Cork harbour uses broodstock from 3– to
1350:) increase in weight was found to be more than 60% after four generations of selective breeding. In Chile, Neira et al. (2006) conducted experiments on early spawning dates in coho salmon. After selectively breeding the fish for four generations, spawning dates were 13–15 days earlier.
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The agriculturist selects his corn, letting grow as much as he requires, and tearing out the remainder. The forester leaves those branches which he perceives to be excellent, whilst he cuts away all others. The bees kill those of their kind who only eat, but do not work in their
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epidemic of 1970 that wiped out 15% of the United States corn crop due to the wide use of a type of Texan corn strain that was artificially selected due to having sterile pollen to make farming easier. At the same time it was more vulnerable to
Southern Corn leaf-blight.
1308:– The age of maturity in aquaculture species is another very important attribute for farmers as during early maturation the species divert all their energy to gonad production affecting growth and meat production and are more susceptible to health problems (Gjerde 1986).
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the late realization of success in selective breeding programs in aquaculture was the education of the concerned people – researchers, advisory personnel and fish farmers. The education of fish biologists paid less attention to quantitative genetics and breeding plans.
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Babouchkine, Y.P., 1987. La sélection d'une carpe résistant à l'hiver. In: Tiews, K. (Ed.), Proceedings ofWorld
Symposium on Selection, Hybridization, and Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture, Bordeaux 27–30 May 1986, vol. 1. HeenemannVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin,
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types of chickens and analyze what can be expected from a certain set of characteristics before he or she starts breeding them. Therefore, when purchasing initial breeding stock, the breeder seeks a group of birds that will most closely fit the purpose intended.
1296:– survival rate may take into account the degrees of resistance to diseases. This may also see the stress response as fish under stress are highly vulnerable to diseases. The stress fish experience could be of biological, chemical or environmental influence.
1427:(Dermo). They achieved dual resistance to the disease in four generations of selective breeding. The oysters showed higher growth and survival rates and low susceptibility to the infections. At the end of the experiment, artificially selected
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In Japan, high resistance to IPNV in rainbow trout has been achieved by selectively breeding the stock. Resistant strains were found to have an average mortality of 4.3% whereas 96.1% mortality was observed in a highly sensitive strain.
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Kause, A.; Ritola, O.; Paananen, T.; Wahlroos, H.; Mäntysaari, E. A. (2005). "Genetic trends in growth, sexual maturity and skeletal deformations, and rate of inbreeding in a breeding programme for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)".
1314:– As the fecundity in fish and shellfish is usually high it is not considered as a major trait for improvement. However, selective breeding practices may consider the size of the egg and correlate it with survival and early growth rate.
1302:– the quality of fish is of great economic importance in the market. Fish quality usually takes into account size, meatiness, and percentage of fat, color of flesh, taste, shape of the body, ideal oil and omega-3 content.
964:, and have contributed to numerous modern breeds, despite the fact that they fell quickly out of favor as market preferences in meat and textiles changed. Bloodlines of these original New Leicesters survive today as the
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Aquaculture species are reared for particular traits such as growth rate, survival rate, meat quality, resistance to diseases, age at sexual maturation, fecundity, shell traits like shell size, shell color, etc.
1399:), selected for improvement in live weight and shell length showed a 10–13% gain in one generation. Bonamia ostrea is a protistan parasite that causes catastrophic losses (nearly 98%) in European flat oyster
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Selective breeding programs for aquatic species provide better outcomes compared to terrestrial livestock. This higher response to selection of aquatic farmed species can be attributed to the following:
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in the 18th century. Arguably, his most important breeding program was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The
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Kirpichnikov, V. S.; Ilyasov, I.; Shart, L. A.; Vikhman, A. A.; Ganchenko, M. V.; Ostashevsky, A. L.; Simonov, V. M.; Tikhonov, G. F.; Tjurin, V. V. (1993). "Selection of
Krasnodar common carp (
1266:, causing inbreeding depression, which then forced the use of wild broodstock. This was evident in selective breeding programs for growth rate, which resulted in slow growth and high mortality.
1498:, it is impractical to use this breeding method on many organisms. Controlled mating instances are difficult to carry out in this case and this is a necessary component of selective breeding.
1107:, considerable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one could develop a bloodline superior in certain respects to the original base stock. Such animals can be recorded with a
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Purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By "breeding the best to the best," employing a certain degree of
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991:(168 kg). By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg). However, after his death, the Dishley Longhorn was replaced with short-horn versions.
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Thodesen, J. R.; Grisdale-Helland, B.; Helland, S. L. J.; Gjerde, B. (1999). "Feed intake, growth and feed utilization of offspring from wild and selected
Atlantic salmon (
787:. Flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals: major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals.
1378:. More recently, the response of the Channel Catfish to selection for improved growth rate was found to be approximately 80%, that is, an average of 13% per generation.
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intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication.
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Storset, A.; Strand, C.; Wetten, M.; Kjøglum, S.; Ramstad, A. (2007). "Response to selection for resistance against infectious pancreatic necrosis in
Atlantic salmon (
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Nell, J. A.; Smith, I. R.; Sheridan, A. K. (1999). "Third generation evaluation of Sydney rock oyster
Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley) breeding lines".
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Langdon, C.; Evans, F.; Jacobson, D.; Blouin, M. (2003). "Yields of cultured
Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas Thunberg improved after one generation of selection".
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that is resistant to IHHNV infection. Tang et al. (2000) confirmed this by showing no mortalities in IHHNV- challenged Super Shrimp post larvae and juveniles.
895:. Treatises as much as 2,000 years old give advice on selecting animals for different purposes, and these ancient works cite still older authorities, such as
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Hetzel, D. J. S.; Crocos, P. J.; Davis, G. P.; Moore, S. S.; Preston, N. C. (2000). "Response to selection and heritability for growth in the Kuruma prawn,
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Okamoto, N.; Tayama, T.; Kawanobe, M.; Fujiki, N.; Yasuda, Y.; Sano, T. (1993). "Resistance of a rainbow trout strain to infectious pancreatic necrosis".
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Nell, J. A.; Sheridan, A. K.; Smith, I. R. (1996). "Progress in a Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley), breeding program".
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showed a 10.7% increase in growth after the first generation. Argue et al. (2002) conducted a selective breeding program on the Pacific White Shrimp,
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Tang, K. F. J.; Durand, S. V.; White, B. L.; Redman, R. M.; Pantoja, C. R.; Lightner, D. V. (2000). "Postlarvae and juveniles of a selected line of
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Health, National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human (2004),
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Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known as particular breeds or pure breeds, and they are bred through
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1119:. However, single-trait breeding, breeding for only one trait over all others, can be problematic. In one case mentioned by animal behaviorist
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Selection for live weight of Pacific oysters showed improvements ranging from 0.4% to 25.6% compared to the wild stock. Sydney-rock oysters (
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The deliberate exploitation of selective breeding to produce desired results has become very common in agriculture and experimental biology.
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2047:"Selection experiments as a tool in evolutionary and comparative physiology: insights into complex traits—an introduction to the symposium"
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from individuals that showed desirable characteristics, and discouraging the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics.
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Kincaid, H. L.; Bridges, W. R.; von Limbach, B. (1977). "Three Generations of Selection for Growth Rate in Fall-Spawning Rainbow Trout".
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was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was
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983:. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. In 1700, the average weight of a
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Hershberger, W. K.; Myers, J. M.; Iwamoto, R. N.; McAuley, W. C.; Saxton, A. M. (1990). "Genetic changes in the growth of coho salmon (
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Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef. Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling
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Culloty, S. C.; Cronin, M. A.; Mulcahy, M. I. F. (2001). "An investigation into the relative resistance of Irish flat oysters
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coined the term 'selective breeding'; he was interested in the process as an illustration of his proposed wider process of
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Ragone Calvo, L. M.; Calvo, G. W.; Burreson, E. M. (2003). "Dual disease resistance in a selectively bred eastern oyster,
2378:"Maternal, dominance and additive genetic effects in Nile tilapia; influence on growth, fillet yield and body size traits"
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potatoes were selectively bred for their disease or pest resistance which was attributed to their high levels of toxic
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stands in contrast to the notion of breed purity. However, on the other hand, indiscriminate breeding of crossbred or
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Culloty, S. C.; Cronin, M. A.; Mulcahy, M. F. (2004). "Potential resistance of a number of populations of the oyster
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On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
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and behavior that are hard to measure because it requires fewer individuals to test than single-generation testing.
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humans have influenced these plants as much as the plants have influenced the people that consume them, is known as
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1008:. Darwin noted that many domesticated animals and plants had special properties that were developed by intentional
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FAO. 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome.
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Goyard, E.; Patrois, J.; Reignon, J.-M.; Vanaa, V.; Dufour, R; Be (1999). "IFREMER's shrimp genetics program".
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L. This protistan parasite is endemic to three oyster-regions in Europe. Selective breeding programs show that
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2099:, T. Jr. (2003). Selection experiments: an under-utilized tool in biomechanics and organismal biology. Ch. 3,
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Gjedrem, T. (1983). "Genetic variation in quantitative traits and selective breeding in fish and shellfish".
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varieties have been particularly important in agriculture. As crops improved, humans were able to move from
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Cock, J.; Gitterle, T.; Salazar, M.; Rye, M. (2009). "Breeding for disease resistance of Penaeid shrimps".
1151:, and other areas of organismal biology have also made use of deliberate selective breeding, though longer
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Argue, B. J.; Arce, S. M.; Lotz, J. M.; Moss, S. M. (2002). "Selective breeding of Pacific white shrimp (
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Donaldson, L. R.; Olson, P. R. (1957). "Development of Rainbow Trout Brood Stock by Selective Breeding".
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Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication".
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The process of plant breeding has been used for thousands of years, and began with the domestication of
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FAO. 2007. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Rome.
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1395:) showed a 4% increase after one generation and a 15% increase after two generations. Chilean oysters (
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Wilczynski, J. Z. (1959). "On the Presumed Darwinism of Alberuni Eight Hundred Years before Darwin".
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saw an 18% increase in growth after the fourth generation and 21% growth after the fifth generation.
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Selection for growth in Penaeid shrimps yielded successful results. A selective breeding program for
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discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his 1859 book,
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infection and percentage mortality. Ragone Calvo et al. (2003) selectively bred the eastern oyster,
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Purugganan, M. D.; Fuller, D. Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication".
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Bondari, K. (1983). "Response to bidirectional selection for body weight in channel catfish".
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4-year-old survivors and is further controlled until a viable percentage reaches market size.
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is maintained through linebreeding and is responsible for its accelerated lean muscle growth.
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Neira, R.; Díaz, N. F.; Gall, G. A. E.; Gallardo, J. A.; Lhorente, J. P.; Alert, A. (2006).
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animals with particular traits and selecting for further breeding those with other traits.
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animals have a single, recognizable breed, and purebreds with recorded lineage are called
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Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects
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but distinguished the latter from the former as a separate process that is non-directed.
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Darwin used the term "artificial selection" twice in the 1859 first edition of his work
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2402:
2377:
1979:
1638:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1536:
1211:
1177:
1172:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1083:
1052:
1034:
1012:
1001:
900:
811:
807:
728:
328:
231:
4463:
3286:
3247:
3212:
3173:
3115:
3076:
3033:
2998:
2928:
2704:
2587:
2489:
2450:
2015:
1029:
life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection.
979:, but he crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the
5343:
5228:
5218:
5174:
4750:
4705:
4614:
4429:
4387:
4086:
3993:
3988:
3711:
3640:
Gjedrem, T (1979). "Selection for growth rate and domestication in Atlantic salmon".
3632:
3383:
3345:
2963:
2893:
2805:
2661:
2622:
2362:
2322:
1891:
1802:
1705:
The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design
1541:
1503:
1250:
1096:
961:
821:
756:
479:
151:
3591:
3265:
are resistant to infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus infection".
2121:
Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments
1469:
High fecundity in both sexes fish and shellfish enabling higher selection intensity.
681:
5244:
5096:
4902:
4887:
4799:
4740:
4639:
4609:
4518:
4174:
3895:
3807:
2083:
1675:
1657:
1136:
988:
892:
799:
667:
499:
484:
268:
263:
181:
3330:"Selective Breeding in Fish and Conservation of Genetic Resources for Aquaculture"
2221:. Random House trade paperbacks (Paperback ed.). New York, NY: Random House.
4892:
4882:
4877:
4331:
4296:
3932:
3832:
3459:
1741:
1235:
1214:
shows the connection between basic human desires through four different plants:
1156:
1091:
995:
888:
803:
509:
226:
176:
2840:
2119:
1155:
and greater difficulty in breeding can make these projects challenging in such
1024:, in Chapter IV: Natural Selection, and in Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory:
879:
have been significantly different from their wild ancestors for millennia, and
4819:
4772:
4695:
4604:
4382:
3817:
3812:
3596:
3405:
Conner, J. K. (2003). "Artificial Selection: A Powerful Tool for Ecologists".
2393:
1581:
1502:
much more frequent rate then other dogs. An example in the plant world is the
1495:
1487:
1263:
1246:
1242:
1198:
1160:
1129:
1104:
1087:
864:
795:
780:
693:
662:
283:
206:
161:
141:
55:
17:
3543:
3353:
863:
Selective breeding of both plants and animals has been practiced since early
5249:
4336:
4311:
4301:
4286:
3661:
Gjedrem, T. (1477). "Selective breeding to improve aquaculture production".
3534:
3509:
2301:
Gjedrem, T. (1985). "Improvement of productivity through breeding schemes".
1566:
1411:
Over the years 'Rossmore' oysters have shown to develop lower prevalence of
1190:
1116:
957:
752:
671:
542:
156:
76:
3703:
3361:
2411:
2075:
2066:
1794:
700:
5328:
3434:"Dogs That Changed The World ~ Selective Breeding Problems | Nature | PBS"
2858:
588:
4922:
4824:
4377:
4367:
4362:
4306:
4281:
3857:
3775:
1556:
1507:
1223:
1194:
1079:
906:
884:
776:
772:
705:
696:
shows the wide range of dog breed sizes created using selective breeding.
652:
532:
131:
3695:
1786:
4862:
4755:
4533:
4528:
4357:
4229:
3740:
2314:
1551:
1128:
to make the animals incapable of any problem solving unless drugs like
1124:
1075:
841:
764:
4991:
968:(or Leicester Longwool), which is primarily kept for wool production.
4907:
4499:
2780:
Mai Thien Tran; Cong Thang Nguyen (1993). "Selection of common carp (
1227:
972:
903:
833:
825:
740:
3609:
Gjerdem, B (1986). "Growth and reproduction in fish and shellfish".
2376:
Joshi, Rajesh; Woolliams, John; Meuwissen, Theo MJ (January 2018).
1883:
994:
He also bred the Improved Black Cart horse, which later became the
4809:
3786:
3771:
1219:
1215:
1176:
880:
868:
760:
744:
709:
699:
680:
661:
647:
1819:
Arid Agriculture; A Hand-Book for the Western Farmer and Stockman
1627:
Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction
4523:
4398:
2737:
L.) for resistance to dropsy: Principal results and prospects".
1182:
984:
976:
872:
779:, or breeds. Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a
674:
4995:
4402:
3744:
3301:"What Is the Main Idea of Overproduction in Natural Selection?"
937:
Selective breeding was established as a scientific practice by
794:
artificial selection is often combined with techniques such as
4513:
4509:
1472:
Large phenotypic and genetic variation in the selected traits.
1143:
animals may also result in degradation of quality. Studies in
899:. The notion of selective breeding was later expressed by the
876:
837:
829:
4949:
List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization
1241:
Selective plant breeding is also used in research to produce
3419:
10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1650:asaptf]2.0.co;2
3328:
Lind, Ce; Ponzoni, Rw; Nguyen, Nh; Khaw, Hl (August 2012).
2640:) in marine net-pens, produced by ten years of selection".
1738:
Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame
2552:
10.1577/1548-8659(1977)106<621:tgosfg>2.0.co;2
1374:
Growth was seen to increase by 12–20% in selectively bred
912:
in the 11th century. He noted the idea in his book titled
1328:
Gjedrem (1979) showed that selection of Atlantic salmon (
2517:
10.1577/1548-8659(1955)85[93:dortbs]2.0.co;2
2246:. Boston, London, Dordecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1494:
to require maintaining the organisms tested in a lab or
2821:"Two-way selection for growth rate in the common carp (
1185:
have selectively bred carrots with a variety of colors.
3736:
The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
3191:) for growth and resistance to Taura Syndrome Virus".
953:
and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.
5317:
2219:
The botany of desire: a plant's-eye view of the world
820:. Its first chapter discusses selective breeding and
3510:"Southern Corn Leaf Blight: A Story Worth Retelling"
5237:
5211:
5173:
5148:
5115:
5029:
4931:
4838:
4718:
4648:
4597:
4588:
4547:
4492:
4471:
4436:
4345:
4220:
4017:
3866:
3800:
3642:Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie
2681:). II: Selection response for early spawning date"
2273:Selective breeding in Aquaculture: An Introduction
2244:Plant breeding – Mendelian to molecular approaches
1983:
1358:Selective breeding programs for the Common carp (
1193:plants into uniform and predictable agricultural
1658:https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breed
1419:, for resistance against co-occurring parasites
1044:
1026:
956:These sheep were exported widely, including to
918:
883:, which required especially large changes from
2532:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
2505:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1633:Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy
739:(characteristics) by choosing which typically
5007:
4414:
3756:
627:
8:
1974:
1972:
1460:Aquatic species versus terrestrial livestock
5014:
5000:
4992:
4594:
4421:
4407:
4399:
3848:Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)
3763:
3749:
3741:
891:. Selective breeding was practiced by the
634:
620:
29:
3533:
2848:
2401:
2065:
1990:. New York, New York: Scribner. pp.
887:, its wild form, was selectively bred in
840:. Darwin used artificial selection as an
767:, while domesticated plants are known as
4454:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology
2166:Deresiewicz, William (18 October 2021).
5324:
1650:
37:
5307:Index of evolutionary biology articles
2336:
2334:
2332:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2271:Gjedrem, T & Baranski, M. (2009).
1431:showed a 34–48% higher survival rate.
3373:
3371:
3323:
3321:
2677:"Genetic improvement in coho salmon (
2267:
2265:
2263:
2242:Jain, H. K.; Kharkwal, M. C. (2004).
2161:
2159:
2101:Vertebrate Biomechanics and Evolution
1931:. Troubador Publishing. p. 114.
1245:animals that breed "true" (i.e., are
844:to propose and explain the theory of
723:) is the process by which humans use
708:'s few fruitcases (left) into modern
7:
4974:
3094:, strain tested in Chesapeake Bay".
1090:are a mix of two purebreds, whereas
27:Breeding for desired characteristics
4277:Selection methods in plant breeding
916:, which included various examples.
712:'s rows of exposed kernels (right).
3654:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1979.tb00199.x
3569:. London: CRW Publishing Limited.
3460:"Unintended Effects from Breeding"
2747:10.1016/b978-0-444-81527-9.50006-3
2022:from the original on 9 August 2014
1111:, the organization that maintains
783:, and crossbred plants are called
763:, normally bred by a professional
25:
3248:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.09.011
3077:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.04.007
2705:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.001
2588:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.023
2490:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.08.011
2103:ed. Bels VL, Gasc JP, Casinos A.
1257:Selective breeding in aquaculture
5327:
4973:
4962:
4961:
4462:
3346:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02084.x
3334:Reproduction in Domestic Animals
2197:education.nationalgeographic.org
2143:education.nationalgeographic.org
2139:"The Development of Agriculture"
2118:, T. Jr., Rose MR, eds. (2009).
1047:but little artificial selection.
601:
600:
587:
45:
4939:Index of biotechnology articles
3721:Traité de pisciculture en étang
3484:Clarke, Robert Connell (1981).
3466:, National Academies Press (US)
1382:Shellfish response to selection
1249:) for artificially inserted or
943:British Agricultural Revolution
704:Selective breeding transformed
670:cow. The defect in the breed's
594:Evolutionary biology portal
5107:Constructive neutral evolution
4944:List of biotechnology articles
3488:. Berkeley, Calif: And/Or Pr.
2819:Moav, R; Wohlfarth, G (1976).
2168:"Human History Gets a Rewrite"
2126:University of California Press
1674:(Reissue ed.). New York:
553:Creation–evolution controversy
307:History of evolutionary theory
1:
4788:Genetically modified organism
4555:Biotechnology industrial park
3379:"Prevent farmed fish escapes"
3287:10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00407-5
3213:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00830-4
3174:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00237-9
3116:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00399-x
3034:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00569-5
2999:10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00408-6
2929:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00621-x
2451:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00204-5
1982:; Johnson, Catherine (2005).
1906:"Robert Bakewell (1725–1795)"
1849:. Orchard Press. p. 21.
1319:Finfish response to selection
1278:Quality traits in aquaculture
1135:The observable phenomenon of
5057:Fisher's fundamental theorem
3633:10.1016/0044-8486(86)90179-1
2964:10.1016/0044-8486(96)01328-2
2894:10.1016/0044-8486(83)90387-3
2806:10.1016/0044-8486(93)90064-6
2662:10.1016/0044-8486(90)90018-i
2623:10.1016/0044-8486(93)90124-h
2363:10.1016/0044-8486(83)90386-1
1481:Advantages and disadvantages
810:, similar methods are used.
538:Evolution as fact and theory
5082:Coefficient of relationship
4778:Environmental biotechnology
3432:admin (16 September 2010).
3131:Global Aquaculture Advocate
1822:. Read Books. p. 232.
987:sold for slaughter was 370
5381:
1929:Trail of the Viking Finger
1710:W. W. Norton & Company
1511:epidemics. As seen in the
1230:for control. In a form of
1170:
1067:
573:Nature-nurture controversy
5302:
5077:Coefficient of inbreeding
4957:
4460:
4449:Timeline of biotechnology
4235:Marker-assisted selection
3823:Marker-assisted selection
3782:
3719:Schäperclaus, W. (1962).
3602:18 September 2018 at the
2394:10.1038/s41437-017-0046-x
2275:. 1st Edition. Springer.
2193:"Hunter-Gatherer Culture"
1670:Darwin, Charles (2008) .
1587:Marker-assisted selection
1577:Genomics of domestication
1513:Southern Corn leaf-blight
460:Evolutionary neuroscience
435:Evolutionary epistemology
415:Evolutionary anthropology
395:Applications of evolution
5255:Evolutionary game theory
5037:Hardy–Weinberg principle
4805:Microbial biodegradation
4484:Industrial biotechnology
4444:History of biotechnology
2841:10.1093/genetics/82.1.83
2217:Pollan, Michael (2002).
1816:Buffum, Burt C. (2008).
1441:Litopenaeus stylirostris
1306:Age at sexual maturation
1262:selection of only a few
1057:On the Origin of Species
1039:On the Origin of Species
1021:On the Origin of Species
817:On the Origin of Species
450:Evolutionary linguistics
445:Evolutionary game theory
420:Evolutionary computation
5067:Shifting balance theory
4479:Colors of biotechnology
3535:10.2134/csa2017.62.0806
2739:Genetics in Aquaculture
2128:, Berkeley, California.
1393:Saccostrea commercialis
1145:evolutionary physiology
747:males and females will
563:Objections to evolution
470:Evolutionary psychology
465:Evolutionary physiology
410:Evolutionary aesthetics
389:Fields and applications
371:History of paleontology
5052:Linkage disequilibrium
4873:Biomedical engineering
4580:Pharmaceutical company
4560:Biotechnology products
4317:Outbreeding depression
3723:. Paris: Vigot Frères.
3520:(8): 13. August 2017.
1986:Animals in Translation
1562:Experimental evolution
1508:glycoalkaloid solanine
1445:Marsupenaeus japonicas
1226:for intoxication, and
1186:
1061:
1043:
935:
867:; key species such as
713:
697:
678:
659:
495:Speciation experiments
475:Experimental evolution
430:Evolutionary economics
252:Recent human evolution
110:Processes and outcomes
5294:Quantitative genetics
5203:Balding–Nichols model
5188:Population bottleneck
5183:Small population size
5087:Selection coefficient
4322:Inbreeding depression
3838:Preservation breeding
3566:The Origin of Species
3092:Crassostrea virginica
1846:Animal Breeding Plans
1843:Lush, Jay L. (2008).
1612:Quantitative genetics
1421:Haplosporidium nelson
1417:Crassostrea virginica
1180:
897:Mago the Carthaginian
759:animals are known as
703:
684:
665:
651:
455:Evolutionary medicine
400:Biosocial criminology
366:History of speciation
279:Evolutionary taxonomy
242:Timeline of evolution
5334:Evolutionary biology
5165:Background selection
5152:on genomic variation
5150:Effects of selection
5102:Population structure
4898:Chemical engineering
4761:Reproductive cloning
4625:Hybridoma technology
4575:Human Genome Project
3263:Penaeus stylirostris
3189:Litopenaeus vannamei
2679:Oncorhynchus kisutch
2638:Oncorhynchus kisutch
2067:10.1093/icb/45.3.387
1449:Litopenaeus vannamei
1376:Iictalurus punctatus
1348:Oncorhynchus kisutch
1232:reciprocal evolution
721:artificial selection
425:Evolutionary ecology
39:Evolutionary biology
5360:Population genetics
5284:Population genomics
5160:Genetic hitchhiking
5047:Identity by descent
5023:Population genetics
4783:Genetic engineering
4766:Therapeutic cloning
4746:Bionic architecture
4726:Animal cell culture
4493:Biological concepts
4009:Designer crossbreed
3696:10.1038/nature07895
3688:2009Natur.457..843P
3625:1986Aquac..57...37G
3526:2017CSAN...62S..13.
3279:2000Aquac.190..203T
3240:2009Aquac.286....1C
3205:2002Aquac.204..447A
3166:2000Aquac.181..215H
3108:2003Aquac.220...69R
3069:2004Aquac.237...41C
3016:L. to the parasite
2991:1999Aquac.170..195N
2956:1996Aquac.144..295N
2921:2003Aquac.220..227L
2886:1983Aquac..33...73B
2798:1993Aquac.111..301M
2697:2006Aquac.257....1N
2654:1990Aquac..85..187H
2615:1993Aquac.117...71O
2580:2005Aquac.247..177K
2544:1977TrAFS.106..621K
2482:2007Aquac.272..S62S
2443:1999Aquac.180..237T
2355:1983Aquac..33...51G
1927:Bean, John (2016).
1787:10.1038/nature07895
1779:2009Natur.457..843P
1660:(Noun definition 1)
1572:Genetic engineering
1274:selection schemes.
1181:Researchers at the
1149:behavioral genetics
824:of such animals as
735:develop particular
527:Social implications
515:Universal Darwinism
505:Island biogeography
440:Evolutionary ethics
405:Ecological genetics
351:Molecular evolution
289:Transitional fossil
117:Population genetics
33:Part of a series on
5270:Landscape genetics
4839:Interdisciplinary
4793:Molecular genetics
4539:Selective breeding
3843:Selective breeding
3792:Lists of cultivars
2714:on 5 February 2020
2315:10.1007/BF00462124
1734:Boehm, Christopher
1678:. pp. 9–132.
1187:
749:sexually reproduce
717:Selective breeding
714:
698:
679:
660:
558:Theistic evolution
490:Selective breeding
202:Parallel evolution
167:Adaptive radiation
5315:
5314:
5265:Genetic genealogy
5260:Fitness landscape
4989:
4988:
4918:Nanobiotechnology
4913:Molecular biology
4714:
4713:
4565:Biotechnology law
4396:
4395:
4240:Natural selection
4221:Selection methods
3828:Mutation breeding
3682:(7231): 843–848.
3663:World Aquaculture
3576:978-1-904633-78-5
3495:978-0-915904-45-7
3150:Penaeus japonicus
2784:L.) in Vietnam".
2770:pp. 447–454.
2281:978-90-481-2772-6
2253:978-1-4020-1981-4
2228:978-0-375-76039-6
2016:"Жили-были крысы"
2001:978-0-7432-4769-6
1856:978-1-4437-8451-1
1829:978-1-4086-6710-1
1712:. pp. 7–11.
1597:Natural selection
1592:Mutation breeding
1425:Perkinsus marinus
1006:natural selection
966:English Leicester
927:Abu Rayhan Biruni
910:Abu Rayhan Biruni
846:natural selection
737:phenotypic traits
644:
643:
335:Origin of Species
137:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
5372:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5224:J. B. S. Haldane
5016:
5009:
5002:
4993:
4977:
4976:
4965:
4964:
4815:Pharmacogenomics
4595:
4589:Basic techniques
4570:Green Revolution
4548:General concepts
4466:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4400:
4004:Captive breeding
3999:Breeding program
3979:Backyard breeder
3765:
3758:
3751:
3742:
3724:
3715:
3670:
3657:
3636:
3580:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3486:Marijuana Botany
3481:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3413:(7): 1650–1660.
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3273:(3–4): 203–210.
3258:
3252:
3251:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3199:(3–4): 447–460.
3184:
3178:
3177:
3160:(3–4): 215–223.
3145:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3051:to the parasite
3044:
3038:
3037:
3028:(3–4): 229–244.
3009:
3003:
3002:
2985:(3–4): 195–203.
2974:
2968:
2967:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2915:(1–4): 227–244.
2904:
2898:
2897:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2792:(1–4): 301–302.
2777:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2707:. Archived from
2672:
2666:
2665:
2648:(1–4): 187–197.
2633:
2627:
2626:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2574:(1–4): 177–187.
2562:
2556:
2555:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2437:(3–4): 237–246.
2422:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2338:
2327:
2326:
2298:
2283:
2269:
2258:
2257:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2107:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2054:Integr Comp Biol
2051:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1989:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1744:. pp. 2–3.
1730:
1724:
1723:
1700:Dawkins, Richard
1696:
1690:
1689:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1622:Selection limits
1547:Captive breeding
1532:Animal husbandry
1397:Ostrea chilensis
1208:Botany of Desire
1153:generation times
1059:
1041:
981:Dishley Longhorn
947:Lincoln Longwool
933:
636:
629:
622:
609:
604:
603:
596:
592:
591:
568:Level of support
361:Current research
346:Modern synthesis
341:Before synthesis
294:Extinction event
52:Darwin's finches
49:
30:
21:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5298:
5233:
5207:
5169:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5111:
5042:Genetic linkage
5025:
5020:
4990:
4985:
4953:
4927:
4868:Biopharmacology
4840:
4834:
4710:
4681:Electrophoresis
4676:Kidney dialysis
4666:Crystallization
4644:
4590:
4584:
4543:
4488:
4467:
4458:
4432:
4427:
4397:
4392:
4341:
4327:Recessive trait
4265:selective sweep
4222:
4216:
4019:Plant cultivars
4013:
3862:
3796:
3787:Lists of breeds
3778:
3769:
3732:
3727:
3718:
3673:
3660:
3639:
3608:
3604:Wayback Machine
3587:
3585:Further reading
3577:
3561:Darwin, Charles
3559:
3556:
3551:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3340:(s4): 255–263.
3327:
3326:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3053:Bonamia ostreae
3046:
3045:
3041:
3018:Bonamia ostreae
3011:
3010:
3006:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2823:Cyprinus carpio
2818:
2817:
2813:
2782:Cyprinus carpio
2779:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2735:Cyprinus carpio
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2300:
2299:
2286:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2114:
2110:
2095:
2091:
2049:
2043:Garland, T. Jr.
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1980:Grandin, Temple
1978:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1773:(7231): 843–8.
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1527:Animal breeding
1522:
1483:
1462:
1454:L. stylirostris
1437:
1435:Penaeid shrimps
1389:
1384:
1372:
1370:Channel Catfish
1360:Cyprinus carpio
1335:Rainbow trout (
1326:
1321:
1280:
1259:
1218:for sweetness,
1203:hunter-gatherer
1175:
1169:
1072:
1070:Animal breeding
1066:
1064:Animal breeding
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
939:Robert Bakewell
934:
925:
861:
792:animal breeding
725:animal breeding
640:
599:
586:
585:
578:
577:
528:
520:
519:
390:
382:
381:
380:
308:
300:
299:
298:
247:Human evolution
237:History of life
221:
220:Natural history
213:
212:
211:
111:
103:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5378:
5376:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5289:Phylogeography
5286:
5281:
5279:Microevolution
5276:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5238:Related topics
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5193:Founder effect
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5072:Price equation
5069:
5064:
5062:Neutral theory
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4971:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:Bioengineering
4855:
4853:Bioelectronics
4850:
4844:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4830:Tissue culture
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4736:Bioinformatics
4733:
4731:Biofabrication
4728:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4671:Chromatography
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Centrifugation
4652:
4650:
4649:Chemical field
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:Flow cytometry
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Heirloom plant
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Breed registry
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Breed standard
3981:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:External links
3728:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3671:
3658:
3648:(1–4): 56–59.
3637:
3619:(1–4): 37–55.
3606:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3501:
3494:
3476:
3450:
3424:
3397:
3367:
3317:
3292:
3253:
3218:
3179:
3140:
3121:
3102:(1–4): 69–87.
3082:
3063:(1–4): 41–58.
3039:
3004:
2969:
2950:(4): 295–302.
2934:
2899:
2880:(1–4): 73–81.
2864:
2811:
2772:
2762:
2755:
2725:
2667:
2628:
2609:(1–2): 71–76.
2593:
2557:
2538:(6): 621–628.
2522:
2495:
2456:
2417:
2388:(5): 452–462.
2368:
2349:(1–4): 51–72.
2328:
2309:(3): 233–241.
2284:
2259:
2252:
2234:
2227:
2209:
2184:
2155:
2130:
2108:
2089:
2060:(3): 387–390.
2033:
2007:
2000:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1938:978-1785893056
1937:
1919:
1897:
1884:10.1086/348801
1878:(4): 459–466.
1862:
1855:
1835:
1828:
1808:
1757:
1751:978-0465020485
1750:
1725:
1719:978-0393351491
1718:
1691:
1685:978-0553214635
1684:
1662:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1639:Smart breeding
1636:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Serial passage
1614:
1609:
1607:Potsdam Giants
1604:
1602:Plant breeding
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Breed registry
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1436:
1433:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1279:
1276:
1258:
1255:
1212:Michael Pollan
1173:Plant breeding
1171:Main article:
1168:
1167:Plant breeding
1165:
1121:Temple Grandin
1109:breed registry
1068:Main article:
1065:
1062:
1053:Charles Darwin
1049:
1035:Charles Darwin
1031:
1013:plant breeding
1002:Charles Darwin
923:
860:
857:
812:Charles Darwin
808:plant breeding
729:plant breeding
642:
641:
639:
638:
631:
624:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
597:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
548:Social effects
545:
540:
535:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
379:
378:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
331:
326:
321:
316:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Classification
271:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
244:
239:
234:
232:Common descent
229:
227:Origin of life
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
18:Breeding stock
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5377:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:Biotechnology
5348:
5347:
5345:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5229:Sewall Wright
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5175:Genetic drift
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4982:
4981:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:Cell immunity
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4706:Sedimentation
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Cultured meat
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:Biology field
4596:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:Biotechnology
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4389:
4388:Tree breeding
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4212:Venus flytrap
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:Breeding pair
3992:
3990:
3989:Breeding back
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:Water buffalo
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3868:Animal breeds
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3384:Seafood Watch
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:(1–2): 1–11.
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:Ostrea edulis
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:Ostrea edulis
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:(1): 83–101.
2834:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2756:9780444815279
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:. p. 7.
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2041:Swallow, JG;
2037:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1908:. BBC History
1907:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Breeding back
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:Ostrea edulis
1398:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1346:Coho salmon (
1344:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:Survival rate
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1199:high-yielding
1196:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:crossbreeding
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
962:North America
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
928:
922:
917:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
856:
852:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:domestication
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:(also called
718:
711:
707:
702:
695:
691:
688:
683:
676:
673:
669:
664:
658:
654:
650:
646:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
617:
615:
614:
608:
598:
595:
590:
584:
583:
582:
581:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
524:
523:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Phylogenetics
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
386:
385:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:Before Darwin
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
304:
303:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
217:
216:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Genetic drift
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
107:
106:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
62:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5245:Biogeography
5219:R. A. Fisher
5129:
5097:Heritability
5030:Key concepts
4978:
4966:
4903:Microbiology
4888:Biochemicals
4800:Gene therapy
4741:Biosynthesis
4719:Applications
4640:Spectroscopy
4610:Cell culture
4538:
4519:Fermentation
4223:and genetics
4197:Sweet potato
4148:
4141:
4133:
4116:
4104:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
3842:
3808:Backcrossing
3720:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3662:
3645:
3641:
3616:
3610:
3565:
3554:Bibliography
3517:
3513:
3504:
3485:
3479:
3468:, retrieved
3463:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:
3427:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3382:
3337:
3333:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2765:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2709:the original
2691:(1–4): 1–8.
2688:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2346:
2342:
2306:
2302:
2272:
2243:
2237:
2218:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2172:The Atlantic
2171:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2133:
2120:
2111:
2100:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2010:
1985:
1963:Darwin, pp.
1959:
1947:
1928:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1900:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1845:
1838:
1818:
1811:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1740:. New York:
1737:
1728:
1708:. New York:
1704:
1694:
1676:Bantam Books
1671:
1665:
1653:
1631:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1429:C. virginica
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:S. gairdneri
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1311:
1305:
1300:Meat quality
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1240:
1222:for beauty,
1188:
1137:hybrid vigor
1134:
1102:
1092:mixed breeds
1073:
1056:
1045:
1038:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1000:
993:
970:
955:
936:
930:
919:
913:
862:
853:
850:
815:
800:linebreeding
789:
757:Domesticated
720:
716:
715:
668:Belgian Blue
645:
500:Sociobiology
489:
485:Paleontology
333:
269:Biogeography
264:Biodiversity
182:Coextinction
172:Co-operation
147:Polymorphism
72:Introduction
5198:Coalescence
4893:Biorobotics
4883:Biomimetics
4878:Biomedicine
4332:Sex linkage
4297:Codominance
4270:stabilizing
4250:directional
4136:(daffodils)
4050:Callistemon
3833:Outcrossing
3612:Aquaculture
3390:27 February
3267:Aquaculture
3228:Aquaculture
3193:Aquaculture
3154:Aquaculture
3137:(6): 26–28.
3096:Aquaculture
3057:Aquaculture
3022:Aquaculture
2979:Aquaculture
2944:Aquaculture
2909:Aquaculture
2874:Aquaculture
2786:Aquaculture
2718:4 September
2685:Aquaculture
2642:Aquaculture
2603:Aquaculture
2568:Aquaculture
2476:: S62–S68.
2470:Aquaculture
2466:Salmo salar
2431:Aquaculture
2427:Salmo salar
2343:Aquaculture
2202:14 February
2177:14 February
2148:14 February
1951:Darwin, p.
1742:Basic Books
1330:Salmo salar
1288:Growth rate
1236:coevolution
1157:vertebrates
1132:were used.
1088:Crossbreeds
996:Shire horse
941:during the
889:Mesoamerica
804:outcrossing
733:selectively
510:Systematics
319:Renaissance
197:Convergence
187:Contingency
177:Coevolution
5344:Categories
5140:Ecological
5130:Artificial
4848:Bioeconomy
4820:Stem cells
4773:Embryology
4696:Filtration
4686:Extraction
4605:Bioreactor
4383:Rare breed
4255:disruptive
4192:Strawberry
3923:Guinea pig
3818:Inbreeding
3813:Crossbreed
3470:29 January
3443:29 January
3310:28 January
2511:: 93–101.
2303:GeoJournal
1646:References
1582:Inbreeding
1496:greenhouse
1488:physiology
1423:(MSX) and
1413:B. ostreae
1264:broodstock
1247:homozygous
1243:transgenic
1161:house mice
1130:phenazepam
1117:stud books
1105:inbreeding
1010:animal and
865:prehistory
796:inbreeding
781:crossbreed
755:together.
694:Great Dane
284:Cladistics
207:Extinction
192:Divergence
162:Speciation
142:Adaptation
56:John Gould
5365:Selection
5250:Evolution
5117:Selection
4691:Fed Batch
4591:and tools
4337:F1 hybrid
4312:Heterosis
4302:Epistasis
4292:Dominance
4287:Phenotype
4245:balancing
4202:Sweetcorn
4185:cultivars
4149:Nepenthes
4134:Narcissus
4117:Grevillea
4077:Cherimoya
3776:cultivars
3712:205216444
3544:1529-9163
3354:0936-6768
3305:Sciencing
2323:154519652
1892:143086988
1803:205216444
1702:(1996) .
1567:Gene pool
1405:O. edulis
1354:Cyprinids
1324:Salmonids
1312:Fecundity
1197:. These
1195:cultigens
1113:pedigrees
1084:pedigreed
958:Australia
777:cultivars
773:cultigens
769:varieties
753:offspring
751:and have
687:Chihuahua
672:myostatin
657:selection
543:Dysgenics
259:Phylogeny
157:Gene flow
127:Diversity
122:Variation
5355:Breeding
5274:genomics
5212:Founders
4968:Category
4923:Virology
4825:Telomere
4472:Branches
4378:Landrace
4368:Germline
4363:Eugenics
4307:Dwarfing
4282:Genotype
4260:negative
4180:breeders
4099:Cucumber
4071:Capsicum
4064:Cannabis
4032:Japanese
3950:breeding
3933:breeding
3896:breeding
3858:Purebred
3704:19212403
3669:: 33–45.
3600:Archived
3563:(2004).
3514:CSA News
3362:22827379
2829:Genetics
2412:29335620
2382:Heredity
2076:21676784
2045:(2005).
2026:9 August
2020:Archived
1795:19212403
1736:(2012).
1557:Eugenics
1520:See also
1228:potatoes
1224:cannabis
1125:roosters
1095:type of
1080:Purebred
1050:—
1032:—
951:hornless
924:—
921:beehive.
907:polymath
885:teosinte
706:teosinte
653:Mutation
607:Category
533:Eugenics
375:timeline
356:Evo-devo
314:Overview
132:Mutation
94:Evidence
89:Glossary
5125:Natural
5092:Fitness
4980:Commons
4863:Biology
4756:Cloning
4534:Protein
4529:Plasmid
4437:History
4358:Breeder
4230:Culling
4142:Nemesia
4105:Gazania
4087:hybrids
3886:Chicken
3801:Methods
3684:Bibcode
3621:Bibcode
3522:Bibcode
3407:Ecology
3275:Bibcode
3236:Bibcode
3201:Bibcode
3162:Bibcode
3104:Bibcode
3065:Bibcode
2987:Bibcode
2952:Bibcode
2917:Bibcode
2882:Bibcode
2859:1248737
2850:1213447
2794:Bibcode
2693:Bibcode
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2611:Bibcode
2576:Bibcode
2540:Bibcode
2478:Bibcode
2439:Bibcode
2403:5889400
2351:Bibcode
2116:Garland
2097:Garland
2084:2305227
1965:197–198
1912:20 July
1775:Bibcode
1552:Culling
1387:Oysters
1253:genes.
1251:deleted
1115:and/or
1076:culling
973:ploughs
901:Persian
859:History
842:analogy
826:pigeons
785:hybrids
765:breeder
99:History
82:Outline
5320:Portal
5135:Sexual
4908:Mining
4841:fields
4500:Allele
4207:Tomato
4155:Olives
4094:Coffee
4082:Citrus
4039:Banana
3967:Turkey
3957:Rabbit
3945:Pigeon
3903:Donkey
3881:Cattle
3853:Hybrid
3772:Breeds
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1364:et al.
1220:tulips
1216:apples
1210:where
1141:hybrid
989:pounds
904:Muslim
893:Romans
875:, and
836:, and
834:cattle
802:, and
761:breeds
741:animal
605:
329:Darwin
4932:Lists
4810:Omics
4346:Other
4160:Onion
4128:Mango
4111:Grape
4057:Canna
4044:Basil
4027:Apple
3962:Sheep
3928:Horse
3918:Goose
3708:S2CID
2712:(PDF)
2319:S2CID
2080:S2CID
2050:(PDF)
1992:69–71
1888:S2CID
1799:S2CID
931:India
914:India
881:maize
869:wheat
806:. In
745:plant
710:maize
685:This
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5272:and
4661:CSTR
4630:HPLC
4524:Gene
4505:Cell
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4165:Pear
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3700:PMID
3571:ISBN
3540:ISSN
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2072:PMID
2028:2014
1996:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1914:2012
1872:Isis
1851:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1791:PMID
1746:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1191:wild
1183:USDA
985:bull
977:oxen
960:and
877:dogs
873:rice
838:dogs
830:cats
727:and
692:and
675:gene
655:and
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4701:PFR
4635:NMR
4514:RNA
4510:DNA
4123:Hop
3940:Pig
3891:Dog
3876:Cat
3692:doi
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3650:doi
3629:doi
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3271:190
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2607:117
2584:doi
2572:247
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2536:106
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2486:doi
2474:272
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