33:
948:
914:
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117:
Anti-Gas
Department on 10 May 1915, with prototypes being developed soon after. The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the "British Smoke Hood" in June 1915 and manufactured until September 1915. 2.5 million masks were manufactured before being superseded.
91:, which began to be issued to troops on 20 May 1915. The Black Veil was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling. The veiling could be drawn up to cover the eyes, providing some protection against
112:
for a regiment created a mask from chemical absorbing fabric which fitted over the head. MacPherson had seen a German soldier putting a bag over his head after a gas attack and sought to replicate the design. Macpherson presented his idea to the
95:
but the mask still provided little protection against chlorine gas. It was also of fragile construction, required training to use and largely immobilised men during a gas attack as they were concerned about their mask coming loose.
1008:
530:
Spiers, Edward M. (2017), "The Gas War, 1915–1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a
Failure", in Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter; Renn, Jürgen; Schmaltz, Florian; Wolf, Martin (eds.),
222:
32:
765:
145:. The soldier placed it over his head and tucked the bottom into his tunic. The wearer relied upon power of his lung to breath through the bag fabric.
574:
1013:
198:
153:
This primitive type of mask went through several stages of development before being superseded in 1916 by the canister gas mask. More elaborate
1018:
897:
337:
989:
557:
539:
520:
230:
621:
587:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I. London: HMSO.
83:, Belgium on 22 April 1915. The British began issuing cotton wool wrapped in muslin to its troops by 3 May. This was followed by the
548:
Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory
Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick (eds.),
501:
414:
857:
201:
has the prototype of
Macpherson's hood as well as later version gas masks with box respirators worn by soldiers in battle.
892:
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467:
Cook, Tim (1998). "Through
Clouded Eyes: Gas Masks and the Canadian Corps in the First World War".
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The helmet was a 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in)
17:
125:
hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, fitted with a single rectangular
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448:
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One
Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences
513:
British
Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars
166:
158:
138:
72:
52:
417:. The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL). Archived from
154:
134:
104:
Seeking to improve on the Black Veil
Respirator, the Newfoundland Dr.
122:
36:
Indian troops wearing Hypo helmets in a posed photograph, August 1915
223:"The Apparatus Of Gas Warfare On The Western Front In The Great War"
788:
130:
31:
157:
compounds were added later to further iterations of the helmet (
126:
603:
599:
492:
The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical
Strategy in Peace and War
165:), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as
963:
193:
The
Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador at
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World War I military equipment of the United Kingdom
386:"Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966)"
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701:
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637:
489:
372:
550:Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment
288:
983:
615:
8:
511:Mayer-Maguire, Thomas; Baker, Brian (2015).
338:"History of the U.S. Army's protective mask"
575:Macpherson, Major-General Sir William Grant
990:
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641:
622:
608:
600:
415:"Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222"
48:(its official name), was an early British
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324:
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898:Respirator assigned protection factors
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584:Medical Services: Diseases of the War
552:, New York: Wiley, pp. 157–174,
7:
944:
942:
923:
581:; Balfour, Sir Andrew, eds. (1922).
312:
276:
868:Mission Oriented Protective Posture
962:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
25:
577:; Herringham, Sir Wilmot Parker;
946:
922:
913:
912:
1014:Gas masks of the United Kingdom
253:"Second Battle of Ypres Begins"
534:, Springer, pp. 153–178,
515:. Marlborough: Crowood Press.
373:Mayer-Maguire & Baker 2015
1:
1019:United Kingdom military stubs
858:Personal protective equipment
227:The Western Front Association
75:, for the first time against
893:Workplace respirator testing
390:Plarr's Lives of the Fellows
289:Wetherell & Mathers 2007
137:bag soaked in a solution of
496:. The Chemical Foundation.
392:. Royal College of Surgeons
1035:
941:
727:General Service Respirator
683:General Service Respirator
908:
832:(Yugoslavia; 1960s–1980s)
688:Light Anti-Gas Respirator
488:Lefebure, Victor (1923).
475:(Spring ed.): 4–18.
110:Principal Medical Officer
693:Civilian Duty Respirator
956:United Kingdom military
469:Material History Review
826:(Finland; 1960s–1980s)
81:Second Battle of Ypres
37:
853:Plague doctor costume
445:The Gas Mask Database
345:Fort Eustis, Virginia
85:Black Veil Respirator
67:The German army used
35:
667:Small Box Respirator
233:on 29 September 2011
888:Respirator fit test
820:(France; 1916–1918)
776:Soviet Union/Russia
143:sodium thiosulphate
129:eyepiece. It was a
93:lachrymatory agents
89:John Scott Haldane
46:British Smoke Hood
38:
18:British Smoke Hood
971:
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676:Interwar and WWII
559:978-0-470-01359-5
541:978-3-319-51663-9
522:978-1-84797-887-5
71:, in the form of
16:(Redirected from
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978:
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838:(Canada; 1990s–)
811:Other militaries
783:Zelinsky-Kummant
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451:on 15 June 2007.
447:. Archived from
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347:. Archived from
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229:. Archived from
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106:Cluny Macpherson
57:Cluny Macpherson
27:British gas mask
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568:Further reading
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421:on 4 July 2016
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149:Later versions
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87:, invented by
79:troops at the
77:Triple Entente
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55:, designed by
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873:Chemical suit
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964:expanding it
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750:(1959–1990s)
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491:
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468:
460:Bibliography
449:the original
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423:. Retrieved
419:the original
394:. Retrieved
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356:. Retrieved
349:the original
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332:
320:
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296:
284:
279:, p. 8.
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260:. Retrieved
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235:. Retrieved
231:the original
226:
217:
189:
175:chloropicrin
152:
120:
103:
66:
45:
41:
39:
29:
883:Respirators
797:(1962–1990)
711:(1966–1986)
662:Hypo helmet
301:Spiers 2017
257:history.com
50:World War I
42:Hypo helmet
1003:Categories
878:Cartridges
863:Smoke hood
657:Black Veil
358:20 January
237:17 October
209:References
199:St. John's
171:diphosgene
133:-coloured
115:War Office
69:poison gas
63:Background
766:M-50/M-51
760:M40 field
721:FM12 CBRN
702:Post WWII
652:PH helmet
631:Gas masks
593:816503858
481:1927-9264
313:Cook 1998
277:Cook 1998
195:The Rooms
163:PH helmet
918:Category
803:(1980s–)
762:(1990s–)
756:(1980s–)
441:"The UK"
425:5 August
396:22 April
262:22 April
167:phosgene
159:P Helmet
139:glycerin
73:chlorine
53:gas mask
928:Commons
846:Related
768:(2009–)
754:MCU-2/P
729:(2010–)
723:(1997–)
717:(1986–)
715:S10 NBC
155:sorbent
135:flannel
709:S6 NBC
591:
556:
538:
519:
500:
479:
123:canvas
100:Design
954:This
789:GP-4u
352:(PDF)
341:(PDF)
181:Notes
131:khaki
44:, or
960:stub
795:GP-5
589:OCLC
554:ISBN
536:ISBN
517:ISBN
498:ISBN
477:ISSN
427:2017
398:2018
360:2008
264:2018
239:2011
173:and
161:and
141:and
127:mica
40:The
836:C-4
824:M61
801:PMK
748:M17
645:WWI
1005::
830:M1
818:M2
473:47
471:.
443:.
406:^
388:.
343:.
255:.
225:.
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
