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on 22 April 1915. As an immediate response, the
British began issuing cotton wool wrapped in muslin to its troops by 3 May. This was followed by the Black Veil Respirator, invented by John Scott Haldane. The Black Veil was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth
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First issued on 20 May 1915, the Black Veil had a pouch for the pad to sit in and a string to hold the mask in to the face, and was thus an improvement to the hand-held cloth. However, it was of fragile construction, required training to use effectively, and largely immobilized its wearers because
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and water. The solution retained sufficient moisture so that it was unnecessary to dip the mask in a solution prior to use, so long as it was stored in its purpose-built waterproof satchel. The veiling could be drawn up to cover the eyes, providing some protection against
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Spiers, Edward M. (2017), "The Gas War, 1915-1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a
Failure.", in Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter; Renn, Jürgen; Schmaltz, Florian; Wolf, Martin (eds.),
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Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory
Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick (eds.),
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81:. Following the introduction of the British Smoke Hood, the Black Veil was relegated to an emergency backup.
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they were concerned about the mask coming loose. The Black Veil
Respirator was soon replaced by the
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Cook, Tim (1998). "Through
Clouded Eyes:Gas Masks and the Canadian Corps i n the First World War".
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One
Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences
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using black cotton veiling. The mask was treated in a solution of
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The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical
Strategy in Peace and War
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205:. The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John’s, NL)
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World War I military equipment of the United
Kingdom
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261:Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment
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47:for the first time against Allied troops at the
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203:"Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222"
23:was an early British gas mask designed by
358:United Kingdom chemical weapons program
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43:The German army used chlorine as a
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181:. The Chemical Foundation Inc.
98:"Second Battle of Ypres Begins"
245:, Springer, pp. 153–178,
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368:United Kingdom military stubs
137:Wetherell & Mathers 2007
27:and introduced in May 1915.
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39:The Black Veil Respirator
236:(Spring ed.): 4–18.
173:Victor Lefebure (1923).
295:United Kingdom military
230:Material History Review
49:Second Battle of Ypres
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21:Black Veil Respirator
67:lachrymatory agents
54:sodium hyposulphate
75:British Smoke Hood
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25:John Scott Haldane
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102:history.com
342:Categories
85:References
45:poison gas
363:Gas masks
161:Cook 1998
122:Cook 1998
62:glycerine
209:5 August
107:22 April
31:History
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293:This
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265:ISBN
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211:2017
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109:2018
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