136:
1720:
1711:
36:
1702:
1372:
stated in 1985 that several respondents 'positively said that they did not prefer the long-vowel form or that they really detested it or even that it was incorrect'. However, Joan Beal said in a 1989 review of Petyt's work that those who disliked the pronunciation still associated it with the BBC and
698:
split (or in the south who did not have the split). Gupta writes, 'There is no justification for the claims by Wells and
Mugglestone that this is a sociolinguistic variable in the north, though it is a sociolinguistic variable on the areas on the border '.
1682:, Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674), Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–1, 134, 232–33,
334:
451:
350:
467:
298:
1927:
Beal, Joan C. (1989). "K. M. Petyt, Dialect and accent in industrial West
Yorkshire. (Varieties of English around the World. General Series, 6.) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1985. Pp. 401".
1203:
The split created a handful of minimal pairs, such as ant–aunt, caff–calf, cant–can't, have–halve, and staph-staff. There also are some near-minimal pairs, such as ample–sample. In accents with
666:
In northern
English dialects, the short A is phonetically , while the broad A varies from to ; for some speakers, the two vowels may be identical in quality, differing only in length ( vs ).
690:
and 96% of southerners used . However, there are areas of the
Midlands where the two variants co-exist and, once these are excluded, there were very few individuals in the north who had a
842:
split did not happen in all eligible words. It is hard to find a clear rule for the ones that changed. Roughly, the more common a word, the more likely that its vowel changed from flat
1557:
realization occurs regardless of the phonetic environment, even in those environments where the lengthening did not take place in the south of
England, such as before a bare final
379:), but it results in very different vowel qualities to the aforementioned British-type split. To avoid confusion, the Middle Atlantic American split is usually referred to in
1984:
1553:) is not an example of the trap-bath split because the vast majority of North American English accents do not feature the split in native words. Furthermore, the
686:. AF Gupta's study of students at the University of Leeds found that (on splitting the country in two halves) 93% of northerners used in the word
798:
on the other. Both pairs are thus pronounced and , respectively, which is not common in other non-rhotic accents of
English that differentiate
161:
1744:
53:
212:
1144:
ambassador, asinine, assassin, asset, basalt, classic(al), classify, hassle, lasso, massacre, massage, massive, passage, passive, tassel
160:
1695:
100:
1911:
119:
72:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1425:
443:
79:
1466:, where the broad sound was used in some of the same words, though usually a smaller number, as in Southern England, such as
57:
1045:
Aston, astronaut, castigate, chastity, drastic, elastic, fantastic, pastel, pasta, pasty (type of pastry), plastic, raster
512:
until well into the 19th century". However, since the late 19th century, it has been embraced as a feature of upper-class
86:
1216:
850:. It also looks as if monosyllables were more likely to change than polysyllables. The change very rarely took place in
769:
707:
525:
240:
1364:, describing it as "comical", "snobbish", "pompous" or even "for morons"'. Writing on a Labovian study of speech in
68:
342:
46:
1519:
1515:
1093:
Alexander/Alexandra/Sanders/Sandra, chandler, command, countermand, demand, Flanders, remand, reprimand, slander
459:
290:
1397:
145:
524:
The presence or absence of this split is one of the most noticeable differences between different accents of
326:
1769:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1527:
1511:
1492:
1481:
1409:
1405:
1361:
1353:
1325:
1321:
1182:
1169:
1152:
1139:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1083:
1070:
1055:
1040:
1025:
1010:
995:
982:
967:
952:
939:
926:
919:
913:
875:
867:
855:
847:
843:
831:
803:
799:
777:
773:
762:
758:
747:
743:
739:
719:
656:
636:
580:
513:
493:
492:
etc. The sound change did not occur before other consonants and so accents affected by the split preserve
485:
477:
473:
304:
252:
248:
216:
607:, are usually found with long vowels in the Midlands and Northern England. The split is also variable in
1431:
1033:
aghast, avast, Belfast, blast, cast, caste, contrast, fast, flabbergast, last, mast, past, repast, vast
790:
563:
There is some variation close to the isogloss; for example in the dialect of
Birmingham (the so-called '
356:
232:
1848:
1428:. In South Australian English, the broad A is usually used. Phonetically, the Australian broad A is .
703:
457:
441:
380:
340:
324:
288:
244:
93:
1774:
878:. Here is the set of words that underwent transition and counterexamples with the same environment:
427:
1523:
1500:
1435:
1382:
1132:
advance, answer, chance, chancellor, dance, enhance, France, glance, lance, lancet, prance, trance
376:
320:
224:
208:
1945:
1795:
1463:
1389:
960:
abaft, aft, after, craft, daft, draft/draught, graft, haft, kraft, laughter, raft, rafter, shaft
316:
220:
1907:
1901:
1787:
1740:
1048:
caster, castor, disaster, ghastly, master, nasty, pastime, pastor, pastoral, pasture, plaster
1937:
1779:
1683:
1632:
1595:
1496:
1454:
are unaffected by the split. The main exceptions are in extinct or older accents of eastern
1451:
1447:
1211:), there are additional minimal pairs such as baff–bath and hath–half, and, in accents with
754:
660:
584:
533:
437:
372:
552:. North of the isogloss, the vowel in most of the affected words is usually the same short-
612:
564:
368:
312:
1503:
that occurs specifically before (in New York, tensing occurs in more environments; see
1365:
228:
1065:
chorale, corral, Internationale, locale, morale, musicale, pastorale, rale, rationale
384:
1978:
1675:
1459:
1242:
There are some words in which both pronunciations are heard among southern speakers:
851:
667:
608:
236:
1799:
1103:
ant, antler, banter, cant, fantasy, mantle, pant(s), pedantic, phantom, rant, scant
1030:
bast, bombast, clast, enthusiast, gymnast, hast, iconoclast, p(a)ederast, scholiast
1129:
Anson, cancel, cancer, expanse, fancy, finance, handsome, rancid, ransom, romance
159:
1455:
1369:
1212:
1204:
807:
659:. On the other hand, the split may be completely absent in other varieties like
256:
35:
1119:
avalanche, blanch, Blanche, branch, planchet, ranch, rancho, stanch, stanchion
780:
but the preceding vowel remains unchanged. That leads to the homophony between
1941:
1783:
1228:
683:
545:
184:
1791:
1691:
1687:
1352:
Some research has concluded that many people in
Northern England dislike the
1360:
words. AF Gupta writes, 'Many of the northerners were noticeably hostile to
944:
Aphrodite, chiffchaff, Daphne, gaff(e), graphic, mafia, scaffold(ing), staph
679:
560:; south of the isogloss, the vowel in the affected words is generally long.
549:
251:
was lengthened in certain environments and ultimately merged with the long
1309:
can have either form (in
Received Pronunciation, they now have broad A),
537:
529:
1949:
1404:
in any
Australian English, other words with the vowel appearing before
1208:
819:
509:
367:
split also occurs in the accents of the Middle Atlantic United States (
308:
17:
1320:
it is a more common alternative when in its common voiceless variant (
757:, there is no distinction corresponding to the RP distinction between
1438:
have a sound distribution similar to that of Received Pronunciation.
1416:, can use the flat A. In Australia, there is variation in words like
1538:
In North American English, the non-front realization of continental
1373:
with the sort of professional positions to which they would aspire.
1106:(ad)vantage, aunt, can't, chant, Grant, grant, plant, shan't, slant
987:
alas, ass, bass (fish), crass, gas, harass, lass, mass, morass, sass
670:
has claimed that Northerners who have high social status may have a
1392:, there is generally agreement with Southern England in words like
1003:
ask, bask, basket, cask, casket, flask, mask, masque, rascal, task
1000:
Alaska, ascot, Asquith, casque, gasket, mascot, masculine, Nebraska
678:
split and has posted on his blog that he grew up with the split in
1735:
Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W; Burridge, Kate, eds. (2004).
1480:
vowel in New England and Virginia.) By the early 1980s, the broad
1219:), there are other minimal pairs such as bat–bath, lat–lath (with
611:, often correlated with social status. In some varieties, such as
541:
504:
for more details on the words affected.) The lengthening of the
1737:
A handbook of varieties of English a multimedia reference tool
579:
usually have long vowels. Additionally, some words which have
29:
1231:
in cockney creates more minimal pairs such as aff–half (with
753:
In Cornwall, Bristol and its nearby towns, and many forms of
134:
1851:, John Wells's phonetic blog, post of Friday, 16 March 2012
1610:
854:
except if they were closely derived from another word with
508:
vowel began in the 17th century but was "stigmatised as a
1961:
1959:
1641:
1604:
1504:
263:. In that context, the lengthened vowel in words such as
472:
in some words in which the former sound appeared before
1316:
Broad A fluctuates in dialects that include it; before
1487:
Related but distinct phenomena include the following:
1906:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 286.
1871:
1869:
1638:
1613:
1385:
accents in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
279:
in accents affected by the split is referred to as a
1647:
1644:
1607:
718:
words was lengthened to and did not merge with the
355:) and tends to be a rounded and shortened in Broad
1635:
1601:
1598:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1462:) and possibly the Plantation South, particularly
1381:Evidence for the date of the shift comes from the
1760:Gupta, Anthea Fraser (2005). "Baths and becks".
1903:Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire
714:is realised as rather than , the vowel in the
394:In accents unaffected by the split, words like
1526:, and inland Southern speakers also raise the
544:border, passing to the south of the cities of
501:
8:
874:is not so closely derived and so has flat A
1336:and variants) than when it is voiced (thus
567:') most of the affected words have a short-
422:. Similar changes took place in words with
905:
880:
402:usually have the same vowel as words like
1773:
1424:; for more information, see the table at
947:calf, chaff, giraffe, half, laugh, staff
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
436:The sound change originally occurred in
1985:Splits and mergers in English phonology
1667:
1585:
1313:and permutations always have a flat A.
182:
1965:
1887:
1875:
1860:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1549:(U.S. only; cf. British and Canadian
323:accents, it is a more fronted vowel (
7:
440:and ultimately changed the sound of
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1572:, homophonous with the native word
315:; in some other accents, including
1458:(including the early-20th-century
1294:telegraph, blastocyst, chloroplast
25:
1396:. However, with the exception of
1227:) and pat–path. In addition, the
990:brass, class, glass, grass, pass
1631:
1594:
241:Northeastern New England English
183:Problems playing this file? See
157:
34:
1484:was in decline in New England.
1426:Variation in Australian English
1018:clasp, gasp, grasp, hasp, rasp
806:. That is not categorical, and
235:and to a lesser extent in some
45:needs additional citations for
1474:alone still commonly uses the
287:). Phonetically, the vowel is
1:
1739:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
655:are normally pronounced with
1307:graph, telegraph, photograph
1217:Multicultural London English
818:can be and instead, as in
770:Multicultural London English
635:are usually pronounced with
1377:Southern Hemisphere accents
1188:all other words in this set
1158:all other words in this set
1089:all other words in this set
1061:all other words in this set
2001:
1510:The drawled pronunciation
1400:and in the specific words
1215:(which occurs variably in
1177:calve, halve, salve, Slav
1942:10.1017/S0047404500013798
1784:10.1017/S0266078405001069
826:In Received Pronunciation
810:may occur instead and so
738:all have distinct vowels
1692:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
1688:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
1491:The phonemic tensing of
1398:South Australian English
931:blather, gather, slather
862:is closely derived from
283:(also called in Britain
213:Southern England English
972:hath, math(s), polymath
934:father, lather, rather
891: RP sets for the
1561:in the German surname
1442:North American accents
1298:words with the prefix
832:Received Pronunciation
776:sometimes merges with
710:in which the vowel in
514:Received Pronunciation
474:/f,s,θ,ns,nt,ntʃ,mpəl/
305:Received Pronunciation
217:Received Pronunciation
211:that occurs mainly in
139:
27:Vowel split in English
1900:Petyt, K. M. (1985).
1542:in loanwords such as
1432:South African English
1414:dance, plant, example
1292:Greek elements as in
1116:franchise, revanchist
858:. Thus, for example,
357:South African English
233:South African English
138:
1827:, pp. 356, 360.
1629:when not pronounced
1592:when not pronounced
788:on the one hand and
726:. In those accents,
704:West Country accents
381:American linguistics
377:Philadelphia accents
245:Early Modern English
54:improve this article
1930:Language in Society
1524:Appalachian English
1436:New Zealand English
1402:aunt, can't, shan't
1383:Southern Hemisphere
1192:Glasgow, raspberry
866:and so has broad A
225:New Zealand English
1890:, pp. 346–47.
1680:Accents of English
1532:aunt, dance, plant
1495:in the accents of
1464:Tidewater Virginia
1394:path, laugh, class
1390:Australian English
221:Australian English
167:An example of the
140:
1968:, pp. 522–3.
1746:978-3-11-019718-1
1540:⟨a⟩
1499:and particularly
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
975:bath, lath, path
639:while words like
583:in most forms of
476:. That led to RP
424:⟨o⟩
239:as well as older
162:
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Trap–bath split"
16:(Redirected from
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1529:
1516:Southern accents
1513:
1497:New York English
1494:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1452:Canadian English
1448:American English
1446:Most accents of
1411:
1407:
1363:
1355:
1348:Social attitudes
1327:
1323:
1239:) and asp–hasp.
1184:
1171:
1154:
1141:
1126:
1113:
1100:
1085:
1078:example, sample
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805:
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775:
764:
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755:Scottish English
749:
745:
741:
721:
661:Abercraf English
658:
638:
585:American English
582:
532:runs across the
495:
487:
479:
475:
471:
470:
469:
463:
455:
454:
453:
447:
438:Southern England
425:
354:
353:
352:
346:
338:
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62:
38:
30:
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1775:10.1.1.607.9671
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1674:
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1634:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1539:
1476:
1475:
1468:aunt, ask, bath
1444:
1379:
1350:
1197:
1168:
1147:castle, fasten
1138:
1054:
1039:
1024:
1009:
981:
966:
888:
884:
828:
708:English English
613:Cardiff English
522:
520:British accents
466:
465:
464:
450:
449:
448:
423:
349:
348:
347:
333:
332:
331:
313:Estuary English
297:
296:
295:
258:
257:
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200:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1955:
1936:(3): 443–448.
1919:
1912:
1892:
1880:
1865:
1853:
1849:English Places
1841:
1839:, p. 134.
1829:
1817:
1815:, p. 387.
1805:
1752:
1745:
1727:
1676:Wells, John C.
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1622:
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1378:
1375:
1366:West Yorkshire
1349:
1346:
1342:trans-Atlantic
1303:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1288:(circum)stance
1199:
1198:
1194:
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1190:
1185:
1179:
1178:
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1142:
1137:Miscellaneous
1134:
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1127:
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1120:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
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1101:
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1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:ample, trample
1073:
1067:
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1038:Miscellaneous
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910:
904:
901:
900:
852:open syllables
827:
824:
521:
518:
496:in words like
229:Indian English
180:
166:
156:
144:
143:
142:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1997:
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1915:
1913:90-272-4864-8
1909:
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1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1878:, p. 25.
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1863:, p. 23.
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1762:English Today
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1589:
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1575:
1568:(cf. British
1564:
1545:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1520:South Midland
1517:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:Boston accent
1457:
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1449:
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1966:Wells (1982)
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1876:Gupta (2005)
1861:Gupta (2005)
1856:
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1832:
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1808:
1768:(1): 21–27.
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52:Please help
47:verification
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1505:/æ/ tensing
1456:New England
1370:K. M. Petyt
1237:affirmative
1213:th-stopping
1205:th-fronting
1167:Word-final
1053:Word-final
1023:Word-final
1008:Word-final
980:Word-final
965:Word-final
808:th-fronting
500:. (See the
321:New Zealand
215:(including
209:vowel split
1662:References
1412:, such as
1280:pasteurise
1276:masquerade
1246:the words
1229:h-dropping
1174:chav, have
876:/ˈpæsɪd͡ʒ/
834:(RP), the
684:Lancashire
668:John Wells
546:Birmingham
510:Cockneyism
317:Australian
185:media help
80:newspapers
1792:1474-0567
1770:CiteSeerX
1356:vowel in
1338:translate
1334:transport
1207:(such as
868:/ˈpɑːsɪŋ/
846:to broad
680:Upholland
550:Leicester
536:from the
429:lot–cloth
373:Baltimore
1979:Category
1800:54620954
1678:(1982),
1551:/ˈpæstə/
1547:/ˈpɑstə/
1534:to or .
1330:transfer
1235:meaning
1225:latitude
1223:meaning
870:, while
702:In some
534:Midlands
530:isogloss
486:/tʃɑːnt/
247:phoneme
110:May 2018
1950:4168067
1518:; many
1362:/ɡrɑːs/
1311:graphic
1264:Glasgow
1260:dastard
1252:bastard
1209:cockney
1071:/-mpəl/
887:
872:passage
860:passing
820:Cockney
565:Brummie
540:to the
526:England
426:in the
416:short A
309:Cockney
281:broad A
94:scholar
18:Broad a
1948:
1910:
1798:
1790:
1772:
1743:
1722:
1716:,
1713:
1707:,
1704:
1698:
1690:,
1570:/ˈmæn/
1566:/ˈmɑn/
1418:castle
1328:) (in
1305:While
1300:trans-
1284:plaque
1272:lather
1248:Basque
1112:/-ntʃ/
927:/-ðər/
918:Broad
889:
885:
746:, and
736:father
734:, and
724:father
645:castle
641:answer
633:rather
629:master
605:shan't
597:rather
571:, but
556:as in
478:/pɑːθ/
420:flat A
414:: the
385:short-
383:as a '
375:, and
307:(RP),
285:long A
277:chance
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1946:JSTOR
1796:S2CID
1580:Notes
1544:pasta
1422:graph
1268:graph
1256:chaff
1125:/-ns/
1099:/-nt/
1084:/-nd/
1041:/-st/
1026:/-st/
1011:/-sp/
996:/-sk/
953:/-ft/
912:Flat
802:from
653:nasty
649:dance
625:laugh
601:can't
577:laugh
542:Welsh
528:. An
490:chant
431:split
400:laugh
389:split
345:]
341:[
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325:[
293:]
289:[
273:grass
269:laugh
207:is a
205:split
175:split
153:split
101:JSTOR
87:books
1908:ISBN
1788:ISSN
1741:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1563:Mann
1512:/æ/→
1477:PALM
1472:Aunt
1450:and
1434:and
1420:and
1358:bath
1354:/ɑː/
1183:/-z/
1170:/-v/
1153:/-ʃ/
1140:/-s/
1056:/-l/
983:/-s/
968:/-θ/
940:/-f/
920:/ɑː/
909:Set
897:bath
893:trap
864:pass
856:/ɑː/
848:/ɑː/
840:bath
836:trap
816:path
814:and
812:bath
800:/ɑː/
796:part
794:and
791:Bart
786:path
784:and
782:bath
763:/ɑː/
761:and
748:/ɑː/
744:/aː/
732:bath
728:trap
720:/ɑː/
716:bath
712:trap
696:bath
692:trap
688:bath
676:bath
672:trap
651:and
637:/ɑː/
631:and
621:bath
603:and
593:calf
589:half
575:and
573:aunt
548:and
538:Wash
506:bath
488:for
482:path
480:for
410:and
408:trap
398:and
396:bath
365:bath
361:trap
359:. A
319:and
311:and
275:and
265:bath
259:PALM
253:/ɑː/
202:BATH
196:TRAP
192:The
173:bath
169:trap
151:bath
147:Trap
73:news
1938:doi
1780:doi
1684:doi
1576:).
1574:man
1559:/n/
1555:/ɑ/
1530:in
1528:/æ/
1514:in
1493:/æ/
1482:/a/
1470:. (
1410:/m/
1408:or
1406:/n/
1388:In
1344:).
1326:/z/
1322:/s/
1233:aff
1221:lat
1015:asp
914:/æ/
844:/æ/
830:In
804:/æ/
778:/t/
774:/θ/
768:In
759:/æ/
740:/a/
722:of
706:of
657:/æ/
617:ask
581:/æ/
558:cat
498:cat
494:/æ/
456:to
418:or
412:man
404:cat
391:'.
339:or
303:in
255:of
249:/æ/
219:),
56:by
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1958:^
1944:.
1934:18
1932:.
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1952:.
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