1760:
428:
651:—that provide the majority of C-band satellite services in the US, including media distribution reaching 100 million US households. The consortium made a proposal to the FCC to act as a facilitator for the clearing and repurposing of a 200 MHz portion of C-band spectrum to accelerate the deployment of next generation
669:
By late 2019, the commercial alliance had weakened. Eutelsat formally pulled out of the consortium in
September 2019 over internal disagreements. By February 2020, it became even less of a factor in C-band spectrum reallocation as Intelsat pulled out of the alliance and communicated to the FCC that
552:
satellite reception systems, commonly called "big dish" systems, since small receiving antennas are not optimal for C band. Typical antenna sizes on C-band-capable systems range from 6 to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.5 meters) on consumer satellite dishes, although larger ones also can be used.
928:
In
February 2020, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission adopted rules for the C band at 3.7–4.2 GHz that allocated the lower 280 megahertz of the band, at 3.7–3.98 GHz, for terrestrial wireless use. Existing satellite operators will have to repack their operations into the
670:
the C-Band
Alliance was dead. Among other claims, Intelsat argued that it was obvious that the FCC was already treating each satellite operator individually and that it therefore made business sense for each company to respond to the FCC from its own commercial perspective.
666:. In November 2019, the FCC announced that an auction was planned, which took place in December 2020. Cable operators wanted to be compensated for the loss of 200 MHz, which would not include a guard band of 20 MHz to prevent interference.
635:(FCC) to make the 3.7 to 4.2 GHz spectrum available for next-generation terrestrial fixed and mobile broadband services, the C-Band Alliance (CBA) was established in September 2018 by the four satellite operators—
1077:"Intelsat, SES, Eutelsat and Telesat Establish the C-Band Alliance (CBA), a Consortium to Facilitate Clearing of U.S. Mid-band Spectrum for 5G While Protecting U.S. Content Distribution and Data Networks"
495:
The communications C band was the first frequency band that was allocated for commercial telecommunications via satellites. The same frequencies were already in use for terrestrial
856:
Particle accelerators may be powered by C-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 5.996 GHz (Europe) or 5.712 GHz (US), which is the second harmonic of
947:
operating at 4.2–4.4 GHz. On
January 18, 2022, Verizon and AT&T announced that they would delay their C-band 5G rollout near airports in response to those concerns.
526:
polarization are always 40 MHz apart. Of this 40 MHz, each transponder utilizes about 36 MHz. The unused 4.0 MHz between the pairs of transponders act as
1705:
593:
between 5.725 and 5.875 GHz, which is used for medical and industrial heating applications and many unlicensed short-range microwave communication systems, such as
448:
545:, which is a completely closed system used to deliver subscription programming to small satellite dishes that are connected with proprietary receiving equipment.
1213:
414:
696:
Slight variations in the assignments of C-band frequencies have been approved for use in various parts of the world, depending on their locations in the three
463:(GHz). However, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission C band proceeding and auction, designated 3.7–4.2 GHz as C band. The C band is used for many
2218:
1244:
2520:
1275:
573: – the collective name for the negative effects of adverse weather conditions on transmission – is mostly a consequence of
1076:
2270:
538:
1300:
1454:
936:. Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile spent approximately $ 45 billion, $ 23 billion, and $ 9 billion respectively during the auction.
553:
For satellite communications, the microwave frequencies of the C band perform better under adverse weather conditions in comparison with the
2559:
1698:
1326:
515:
688:
in total debt. Public information showed that the company had been considering bankruptcy protection from at least as early as
February 2020.
2530:
829:
697:
1427:
1165:
840:
operations are allowed in the ranges 5.830 to 5.850 GHz for down-links and 5.650 to 5.670 GHz for up-links. This is known as the
913:
537:
One use of the C band is for satellite communication, whether for full-time satellite television networks or raw satellite feeds, although
2755:
2579:
1669:
1269:"ITU-R M.2059-0 Operational and technical characteristics and protection criteria of radio altimeters utilizing the band 4200-4400 MHz"
1691:
632:
407:
932:
Licenses to use the 3.7–3.98 GHz band were auctioned in
December 2020. Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile are main winners of the
872:
fusion reactors use high-power C-band RF sources to sustain the toroidal plasma current. Common frequencies include 3.7 GHz (
655:
services, while protecting incumbent users and their content distribution and data networks in the US from potential interference.
1423:
The VSAT Installation Manual Video
Presentation shows examples of the arrangement of the Feed for c-band polarization requirements
2211:
786:
1192:
2795:
1395:
2692:
929:
upper 200 megahertz of the band, from 4.0 to 4.2 GHz, and there is a 20-megahertz guard band at 3.98–4.0 GHz.
943:
phone service that uses C band due to concern of the interference with some sensitive aircraft instruments, especially
2540:
2467:
1447:
499:
chains. Nearly all C-band communication satellites use the band of frequencies from 3.7 to 4.2 GHz for their
400:
1138:
2765:
2204:
1806:
1525:
1422:
1206:
916:(ARNS) on a primary worldwide basis. RR No. 5.438 notes specifically that this band is reserved exclusively for
933:
2738:
2707:
2452:
2362:
1801:
877:
542:
1237:
1034:
1009:
1268:
2790:
2101:
1714:
1510:
901:
625:
464:
452:
344:
167:
2717:
2616:
2569:
2477:
2151:
1480:
1440:
1119:
566:
549:
504:
500:
113:
712:; a second includes all of the Americas, and the third region includes all of Asia outside of Russia, plus
2611:
2525:
2367:
659:
507:. Note that by using the band from 3.7 to 4.0 GHz, this C band overlaps somewhat with the IEEE
496:
1100:
2712:
2535:
2515:
2340:
2280:
2265:
2260:
2111:
2106:
1645:
1495:
873:
519:
288:
162:
157:
80:
2447:
2318:
2146:
2141:
2116:
2096:
1847:
1630:
1555:
1540:
283:
172:
150:
123:
118:
2584:
2136:
1984:
1957:
1867:
1852:
1570:
1368:
468:
128:
2697:
2574:
1992:
1988:
1969:
1965:
1961:
841:
837:
1193:
https://www.satellitetoday.com/business/2020/02/05/intelsat-reportedly-hires-bankruptcy-firm/
2733:
2677:
2491:
2302:
2227:
2126:
1897:
1872:
1740:
1600:
1117:
Eggerton, John (November 25, 2019). "C-Band Plan: Something For All, Except
Satellite Ops".
939:
In
December 2021, Boeing and Airbus called on the US government to delay the rollout of new
681:
663:
183:
140:
1759:
1051:
2702:
2672:
2308:
2175:
2088:
1930:
1862:
1380:
1104:
1038:
944:
917:
436:
102:
2196:
1428:
VSAT Installation Manual with explanation of c-band polarization requirements for a VSAT
2312:
2121:
1905:
1615:
1463:
1170:
885:
737:
594:
278:
268:
145:
95:
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1953:
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321:
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135:
74:
70:
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2234:
2007:
1673:
598:
472:
432:
1205:
Yujong Kim; S. Saitiniyazi; M. Mayierjiang; M. Titberidze; T. Andrews; C. Eckman.
427:
1396:"Telecoms delay 5G launch near airports, but some airlines are canceling flights"
435:
of this type became widespread in the United States in the 1950s for terrestrial
2682:
2507:
2298:
2180:
1857:
1839:
1735:
717:
606:
605:
systems for vehicles. The C-band frequencies of 5.4 GHz band are used for
578:
531:
484:
17:
920:
installed on board aircraft and for the associated transponders on the ground.
2564:
2550:
2252:
2161:
1829:
1824:
1778:
1755:
674:
527:
1351:
548:
The satellite communications portion of the C band is highly associated with
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2627:
2486:
2170:
2017:
1793:
1771:
1750:
1725:
1143:
713:
570:
456:
1683:
1207:"Performance Comparison of S-band, C-band, and X-band RF Linacbased XFELs"
503:, and the band of frequencies from 5.925 to 6.425 GHz for their
2377:
2330:
2288:
2185:
2002:
1980:
1975:
1945:
1745:
729:
644:
636:
590:
518:
spaced 20 MHz apart, but with the adjacent transponders on opposite
372:
631:
In response to a Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking of July 2018 from the US
2417:
2372:
2326:
2054:
2040:
1432:
1030:
869:
648:
554:
387:
377:
367:
326:
313:
1327:"Long-Awaited 5G Auction Expected to Stretch Carriers' Balance Sheets"
1001:
2641:
2457:
2431:
2426:
2385:
2336:
2322:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2035:
2030:
2025:
1996:
1925:
889:
857:
709:
705:
701:
673:
One of the major members of the C-Band Alliance, Intelsat, filed for
658:
The C-Band Alliance lobbied for a private sale, but the FCC and some
508:
382:
362:
339:
334:
308:
298:
293:
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2357:
2249:
1920:
1816:
1730:
977:
893:
845:
733:
725:
721:
609:
480:
460:
426:
1139:"Intelsat to FCC: C-Band Alliance is dead, we deserve more money"
720:. This latter region is the most populous one, since it includes
1915:
1910:
897:
2597:
2200:
1687:
1436:
836:
operations in the frequency range 5.650 to 5.925 GHz, and
1935:
1097:
562:
1758:
1301:"Test and Measurement: Verizon, T-Mobile US test the C-Band"
514:
The C-band communication satellites typically have 24 radio
940:
678:
652:
479:. A very large use is the high frequency (5.2 GHz) band of
1052:"FCC PROPOSES EXPANDING FLEXIBLE USE OF MID-BAND SPECTRUM"
1166:"Intelsat Files for Chapter 11 Before 5G Spectrum Sales"
912:
The band 4.2–4.4 GHz is currently allocated to the
459:
range of frequencies ranging from 4.0 to 8.0
530:
for the likely case of imperfections in the microwave
700:
radio regions. Note that one region includes all of
2726:
2665:
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2604:
2549:
2506:
2476:
2440:
2405:
2398:
2350:
2279:
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2160:
2087:
2016:
1944:
1896:
1838:
1815:
1792:
61:
49:
37:
1325:
1353:Boeing and Airbus warn US over 5G safety concerns
692:Differences in frequency range by geographic area
449:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1041:) page from tech-faq (accessed Aug. 14, 2008).
2212:
1699:
1448:
408:
8:
1132:
1130:
30:
2594:
2402:
2245:
2219:
2205:
2197:
1775:
1706:
1692:
1684:
1473:
1455:
1441:
1433:
589:The C band also includes the 5.8 GHz
415:
401:
91:
29:
27:Range of radio frequencies from 4 to 8 GHz
624:was an industry consortium of four large
1195:, 5 February 2020, accessed 14 May 2020.
1079:(Press release). SES. September 27, 2018
967:, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 20.
742:
956:
565:), microwave frequencies used by other
353:
267:
182:
101:
94:
1376:
1366:
1012:from the original on 30 September 2017
830:International Telecommunication Union
541:also exists. This use contrasts with
184:EU / NATO / US ECM
7:
914:aeronautical radionavigation service
908:Aeronautical radionavigation service
677:on 14 May 2020, just before the new
1324:Drew FitzGerald (8 December 2020).
1057:(Press release). FCC. July 12, 2018
744:C-band variations around the world
25:
1137:Henry, Caleb (20 February 2020).
982:Federal Communications Commission
963:Peebles, Peyton Z., Jr., (1998),
633:Federal Communications Commission
2753:
1667:
585:Other uses of C-band frequencies
1299:Kelly Hill (4 September 2020).
1281:from the original on 2021-12-10
1250:from the original on 2015-04-13
1219:from the original on 2016-09-17
2693:Error detection and correction
1238:"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.1624"
978:"Auction 107: 3.7 GHz Service"
844:by amateurs and the C band by
684:were to take place, with over
522:such that transponders on the
491:Use in satellite communication
487:) wireless computer networks.
1:
828:The Radio Regulations of the
1394:David, Schape (2022-01-18).
880:), 4.6 GHz (Alcator C,
612:wireless computer networks.
451:(IEEE) for a portion of the
2766:Comparison of radio systems
1807:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
1107:. Accessed November 2, 2018
1002:"North & South America"
2812:
2739:International broadcasting
2708:FM extended band in Brazil
1802:Very-high-energy gamma ray
878:WEST (formerly Tore Supra)
864:Nuclear fusion experiments
543:direct-broadcast satellite
2747:
2593:
1721:
1663:
1471:
756:
751:
748:
1715:Electromagnetic spectrum
1120:Broadcasting & Cable
902:Frascati Tokamak Upgrade
628:operators in 2018–2020.
626:communications satellite
567:communication satellites
539:subscription programming
465:satellite communications
453:electromagnetic spectrum
447:is a designation by the
2718:Shortwave relay station
2617:Audio signal processing
1332:The Wall Street Journal
752:Transmit frequency
550:television receive-only
2796:Satellite broadcasting
2612:Audio data compression
1763:
775:Super extended C band
757:Receive frequency
440:
2713:Multipath propagation
2536:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
2406:Frequency allocations
2281:Frequency allocations
1762:
852:Particle accelerators
497:microwave radio relay
477:weather radar systems
430:
2666:Technical (emission)
874:Joint European Torus
467:transmissions, some
1848:Extreme ultraviolet
789:/ ITU Appendix 30B
745:
660:members of Congress
579:moisture in the air
469:cordless telephones
34:
1853:Vacuum ultraviolet
1764:
1356:. 21 December 2021
1103:2018-12-30 at the
1037:2007-04-30 at the
924:Cellular telephony
900:) and 8 GHz (
743:
471:, as well as some
441:
354:Other TV and radio
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2698:FM broadcast band
2605:Technical (audio)
2502:
2501:
2394:
2393:
2194:
2193:
1898:Visible (optical)
1681:
1680:
1658:
1657:
842:5-centimeter band
838:amateur satellite
821:
820:
682:spectrum auctions
425:
424:
178:
177:
90:
89:
16:(Redirected from
2803:
2760:Radio portal
2758:
2757:
2756:
2734:History of radio
2678:AM expanded band
2595:
2478:Commercial radio
2403:
2246:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1674:Radio portal
1672:
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1670:
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1410:
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1407:
1406:
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1056:
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1028:
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1021:
1019:
1017:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
974:
968:
965:Radar Principles
961:
945:radio altimeters
764:Standard C band
746:
687:
561:(11.2–14.5
417:
410:
403:
110:
109:
92:
57:
51:Wavelength range
45:
35:
33:
21:
18:C-Band satellite
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2791:Microwave bands
2781:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2722:
2703:FM broadcasting
2673:AM broadcasting
2661:
2621:
2600:
2589:
2545:
2498:
2472:
2441:Digital systems
2436:
2421:
2390:
2351:Digital systems
2346:
2275:
2237:
2225:
2195:
2190:
2156:
2083:
2058:
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2012:
1940:
1892:
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1811:
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1774:
1767:
1765:
1717:
1712:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1650:300 MHz/1 m
1649:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1605:300 kHz/1 km
1604:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1561:
1560:300 Hz/1 Mm
1559:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1531:
1530:300 GHz/1 mm
1529:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1467:
1461:
1419:
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1375:
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1199:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1105:Wayback Machine
1098:C-Band Alliance
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1039:Wayback Machine
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1006:www.lyngsat.com
1000:
999:
995:
986:
984:
976:
975:
971:
962:
958:
953:
926:
918:radar altimeter
910:
892:), 5 GHz (
866:
854:
826:
800:Russian C band
758:
753:
694:
685:
622:C-Band Alliance
618:
616:C-Band Alliance
595:cordless phones
587:
558:
493:
437:microwave relay
421:
392:
349:
330:
317:
263:
86:
64:
55:
52:
43:
40:
39:Frequency range
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2652:Kahn-Hazeltine
2649:
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2639:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
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2601:
2599:Related topics
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2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1978:
1973:
1950:
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1942:
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1635:30 MHz/10 m
1627:
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1597:
1595:
1590:30 kHz/10 km
1582:
1580:
1567:
1565:
1552:
1550:
1545:30 Hz/10 Mm
1537:
1535:
1522:
1520:
1515:30 GHz/10 mm
1507:
1505:
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1472:
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1464:Radio spectrum
1462:
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1417:External links
1415:
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1197:
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1171:Bloomberg News
1157:
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1043:
1031:What is C Band
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738:Southeast Asia
708:, plus all of
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2688:Digital radio
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2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:digital audio
2229:
2222:
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2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2187:
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2110:
2108:
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2098:
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2015:
2009:
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1697:
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1662:
1653:
1652:3 GHz/100 mm
1648:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1620:3 MHz/100 m
1618:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1592:300 kHz/1 km
1588:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1577:30 kHz/10 km
1575:3 kHz/100 km
1573:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1562:3 kHz/100 km
1558:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1532:3 THz/0.1 mm
1528:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:300 GHz/1 mm
1513:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1502:30 GHz/10 mm
1500:3 GHz/100 mm
1498:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1485:3 Hz/100 Mm
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
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1465:
1458:
1453:
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1186:
1174:. 14 May 2020
1173:
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1024:
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983:
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891:
887:
883:
882:Alcator C-Mod
879:
875:
871:
863:
861:
859:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:amateur radio
831:
824:Amateur radio
823:
816:
814:5.7250–6.025
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
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777:
774:
773:
769:
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654:
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629:
627:
623:
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613:
611:
608:
604:
603:keyless entry
600:
599:baby monitors
596:
592:
584:
582:
580:
576:
575:precipitation
572:
568:
564:
560:
551:
546:
544:
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521:
520:polarizations
517:
512:
510:
506:
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498:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
434:
433:horn antennas
429:
418:
413:
411:
406:
404:
399:
398:
396:
395:
389:
386:
384:
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331:
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305:
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277:
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237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
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217:
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212:
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202:
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185:
181:
174:
171:
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166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
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133:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
68:
66:
63:Related bands
60:
54:
48:
42:
36:
19:
2751:
2412:
2235:broadcasting
2068:
1766:
1665:
1644:
1643:
1637:300 MHz/1 m
1629:
1628:
1622:30 MHz/10 m
1614:
1613:
1607:3 MHz/100 m
1599:
1598:
1584:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1554:
1553:
1547:300 Hz/1 Mm
1539:
1538:
1524:
1523:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1493:
1487:30 Hz/10 Mm
1479:
1478:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1389:
1358:. Retrieved
1352:
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1305:RCR Wireless
1304:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1232:
1221:. Retrieved
1200:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1169:
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1142:
1118:
1112:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1046:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
985:. Retrieved
981:
972:
964:
959:
938:
931:
927:
911:
867:
855:
827:
817:3.700–4.000
806:3.650–4.150
803:5.975–6.475
795:4.500–4.800
792:6.725–7.025
781:3.400–3.625
778:6.425–6.725
770:3.625–4.200
767:5.850–6.425
695:
672:
668:
657:
630:
621:
619:
607:IEEE 802.11a
588:
547:
536:
523:
516:transponders
513:
511:for radars.
494:
485:IEEE 802.11a
444:
442:
303:
73: /
2683:Cable radio
2626:Technical (
2386:DVB-T2 Lite
2242:Terrestrial
2181:Medium wave
1858:Lyman-alpha
1840:Ultraviolet
1779:wavelengths
1772:frequencies
1736:Ultraviolet
1377:|work=
1150:23 February
1083:November 2,
1061:November 2,
811:LMI C band
718:New Zealand
532:electronics
528:guard bands
96:Radio bands
56:7.5–3.75 cm
32:IEEE C band
2785:Categories
2565:DirectBand
2551:Subcarrier
2253:modulation
2162:Wavelength
2018:Microwaves
1830:Hard X-ray
1825:Soft X-ray
1794:Gamma rays
1726:Gamma rays
1405:2022-01-19
1360:2021-12-22
1337:2020-12-08
1310:2020-12-08
1285:2021-12-10
1254:2021-12-10
1223:2016-10-11
987:2023-10-09
951:References
675:bankruptcy
662:wanted an
559: band
2628:AM stereo
2487:Sirius XM
2480:providers
2399:Satellite
2176:Shortwave
2171:Microwave
1751:Microwave
1379:ignored (
1369:cite book
1144:SpaceNews
714:Australia
571:Rain fade
501:downlinks
461:gigahertz
457:microwave
439:networks.
2727:Cultural
2657:Magnavox
2630:formats)
2580:SCA/SCMO
2575:RDS/RBDS
2378:HD Radio
2368:DRM/DRM+
2363:DAB/DAB+
2186:Longwave
1946:Infrared
1746:Infrared
1276:Archived
1245:Archived
1214:Archived
1101:Archived
1035:Archived
1016:30 April
1010:Archived
868:Several
730:Pakistan
645:Eutelsat
637:Intelsat
591:ISM band
173:12 (THF)
168:11 (EHF)
163:10 (SHF)
2553:signals
2521:AMR-WB+
2373:FMeXtra
1777:longer
1770:higher
1741:Visible
934:auction
870:tokamak
664:auction
649:Telesat
505:uplinks
455:in the
431:C-band
158:9 (UHF)
151:8 (VHF)
129:4 (VLF)
124:3 (ULF)
119:2 (SLF)
114:1 (ELF)
75:H bands
44:4–8 GHz
2647:Harris
2642:C-QUAM
2531:HE-AAC
2508:Codecs
2492:Canada
2458:DVB-SH
2432:S band
2427:L band
2413:C band
2337:L band
2228:Analog
2079:L band
2074:S band
2069:C band
2064:X band
2050:K band
2036:Q band
2031:V band
2026:W band
1931:Orange
1926:Yellow
1906:Violet
1817:X-rays
1731:X-rays
1178:14 May
890:DIII-D
858:S band
832:allow
759:(GHz)
754:(GHz)
736:, and
710:Russia
706:Africa
702:Europe
601:, and
509:S band
445:C band
146:7 (HF)
141:6 (MF)
136:5 (LF)
77:(NATO)
2637:Belar
2463:S-DMB
2453:DAB-S
2358:CAM-D
2271:COFDM
2250:Radio
2164:types
2089:Radio
1985:Bands
1958:Bands
1921:Green
1756:Radio
1466:(ITU)
1279:(PDF)
1272:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
1241:(PDF)
1217:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1123:: 20.
1055:(PDF)
894:KSTAR
846:AMSAT
787:INSAT
749:Band
734:Japan
726:India
722:China
610:Wi-Fi
481:Wi-Fi
473:radar
269:IEEE
83:(ITU)
2585:DARC
2560:AMSS
2541:DRA+
2422:band
2331:high
2230:and
2059:band
2045:band
2003:LWIR
1981:MWIR
1976:SWIR
1916:Cyan
1911:Blue
1381:help
1180:2020
1152:2020
1085:2018
1063:2018
1018:2018
898:ITER
886:EAST
716:and
704:and
647:and
620:The
577:and
524:same
475:and
443:The
103:ITU
2570:PAD
2526:HDC
2516:AAC
2468:SDR
2448:ADR
2382:CDR
2341:UHF
2327:mid
2323:low
2319:VHF
2152:ELF
2147:SLF
2142:ULF
2137:VLF
2117:VHF
2112:UHF
2107:SHF
2102:EHF
2097:THF
2008:FIR
1954:NIR
1936:Red
1888:UVA
1883:UVB
1878:UVC
1873:NUV
1868:MUV
1863:FUV
1646:UHF
1631:VHF
1571:VLF
1556:ULF
1541:SLF
1526:THF
1511:EHF
1496:SHF
1481:ELF
1400:NPR
904:).
698:ITU
641:SES
563:GHz
373:III
289:UHF
284:VHF
81:SHF
2787::
2329:/
2325:/
2313:HF
2309:SW
2303:MF
2299:MW
2293:LF
2289:LW
2266:FM
2261:AM
2132:LF
2127:MF
2122:HF
1995:,
1991:,
1987::
1968:,
1964:,
1960::
1616:HF
1601:MF
1586:LF
1398:.
1373::
1371:}}
1367:{{
1330:.
1303:.
1274:.
1243:.
1212:.
1168:.
1141:.
1129:^
1008:.
1004:.
980:.
941:5G
896:,
888:,
884:,
876:,
860:.
848:.
740:.
732:,
728:,
724:,
679:5G
653:5G
643:,
639:,
597:,
581:.
569:.
534:.
388:VI
378:IV
368:II
345:mm
279:HF
2420:u
2418:K
2343:)
2339:(
2333:)
2321:(
2315:)
2311:(
2305:)
2301:(
2295:)
2291:(
2220:e
2213:t
2206:v
2057:u
2055:K
2043:a
2041:K
1999:)
1997:N
1993:M
1989:L
1983:(
1972:)
1970:H
1966:K
1962:J
1956:(
1782:→
1768:←
1707:e
1700:t
1693:v
1456:e
1449:t
1442:v
1408:.
1383:)
1363:.
1340:.
1313:.
1288:.
1257:.
1226:.
1182:.
1154:.
1087:.
1065:.
1033:(
1020:.
990:.
557:u
555:K
483:(
416:e
409:t
402:v
383:V
363:I
340:W
335:V
329:a
327:K
322:K
316:u
314:K
309:X
304:C
299:S
294:L
259:N
254:M
249:L
244:K
239:J
234:I
229:H
224:G
219:F
214:E
209:D
204:C
199:B
194:A
71:G
20:)
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