409:, Hiroyuki Yoshikawa, Dan Braha and Yoram Reich. They tended to model the dynamic co-evolution between design solutions and requirements. Within the field of engineering design, C-K theory opens new modelling directions that explore connections with basic issues in logic and mathematics; these are different from the classic use of scientific models in design. It has been argued that C-K theory has analogies with
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Crazy concepts are concepts that seem absurd as an exploration path in a design process. Both C-K theory and practical applications have shown that crazy concepts can benefit the global design process by adding extra knowledge, not to be used to pursue that "crazy concept" design path, but to be used
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The knowledge space is defined as a set of propositions with a logical status, according to the knowledge available to the designer or the group of designers. The knowledge space (i.e. K-Space) describes all objects and truths that are established from the point of view of the designer. Then K-Space
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Domain dependent design theories are built on some specific structure of the K-space, either by assuming that some objects have invariant definitions and properties (like in all engineering fields), or by assuming that the K-space presents some stable structure (e.g. that the functions of an object
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The core idea behind C-K theory is to define rigorously a design situation. A brief is an incomplete description of objects that do not exist yet and are still partly unknown. The first step in C-K theory is to define a brief as a concept, through the introduction of a formal distinction between
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Classic design theories dependent on object domains, machine design, architecture or industrial design favored design theories that were tailored to their specific knowledge bases and contexts. Without a unified design theory these fields experience difficulties over cooperation in real design
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Design theories and creativity theories have been developed as separate fields of research. But design theory should include the creative, surprising and serendipitous aspects of design; while creativity theories have been unable to account for intentional inventive processes common in design
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At The Design
Society's 2009 International Conference on Engineering Design, an awarded-paper links scientific discovery and design process using C-K theory as a formal framework. It is suggested that a science of design is possible, and complementary to the more traditional
343:
217:). C-K theory was shown by Hatchuel and Weil to be closely related to Braha's Formal Design Theory and its clarification by Braha and Reich's Coupled Design Theory, which are both based on topological structures for design modeling.
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A concept is defined as a proposition without a logical status in the K-Space. A central finding of C-K theory is that concepts are the necessary departure point of a design process. Without concepts, design reduces to standard
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The creative aspect of Design results from two distinct expansions: C-expansions which may be seen as "new ideas", and K-expansions which are necessary to validate these ideas or to expand them towards successful designs.
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252:. Concepts assert the existence of an unknown object that presents some properties desired by the designer. Concepts can be partitioned or included, but not searched nor explored.
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is expandable as new truths may appear in it as an effect of the design process. Conversely, the structure and properties of the K-Space have a major influence on the process.
437:. C-K theory has also inspired new management principles for collaborative innovation, with the aim of overcoming the limitations of standard design management methods.
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C-K theory uses an approach which is domain-independent and which allows acting on unknown objects, and changes of the definitions of known objects during the process (
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48:
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185:, and then developed by Hatchuel and his colleague, Benoît Weil. Recent publications explain C-K theory and its practical application in different industries.
606:. Studying design creativity: Design Science, Computer Science, Cognitive Science and Neuroscience Approaches, Aix-en-Provence, France, 10–11 March 2008
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Elmquist, M. and
Segrestin, B. (2009). "Sustainable development through innovative design: lessons from the KCP method experimented with an automotive firm."
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to further define a more "sensible concept" and lead to its eventual conjunction. The following image is a graphical representation of this process.
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a logic that organizes the generation of unknown objects. The theory builds on several traditions of design theory, including systematic design,
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Is "creative subject" of
Brouwer a designer? – an Analysis of Intuitionistic Mathematics from the Viewpoint of C-K Design Theory?
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concept and knowledge spaces; the second step is to characterize the operators that are needed between these two spaces.
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and
Germany. It is generally used as a method that increases the innovative capacity of design and
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Building on these premises, C-K theory shows the design process as the result of four operators:
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Offers a comprehensive formalization of design that is independent of any design domain or object
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778:, International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED'09, Stanford CA, 24–27 August 2009.
685:, International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED'09, 24–27 August 2009, Stanford CA.
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of the C and K spaces through the application of four types of operators: C→C, C→K, K→C, K→K.
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The name of the theory is based on its central premises: the distinction between two spaces:
705:, Proceedings of the Herbert Simon International Conference on " Design Sciences ", Lyon: 22
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472:"Extending the C–K design theory: A theoretical background for personal design assistants"
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Mathematical approaches to design have been developed since the 1960s by scholars such as
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Explains invention, creation, and discovery within the same framework as design processes.
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C-K theory has been applied in several industrial contexts since 1998, mainly in France,
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Design Theory and
Collective Creativity: a Theoretical Framework to Evaluate KCP Process
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Creativity
Theories and Scientific Discovery: a Study of C-K Theory and Infused Design.
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The following graphical representation summarises the design process using C-K theory.
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C-K theory was a response to three perceived limitations of existing design theories:
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Claims made for C-K design theory include that it is the first design theory that:
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La théorie C-K : Fondements et usages d'une théorie unifiée de la conception
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These partitions add new properties to the concepts and create new concepts:
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A Mathematical Theory of Design: Foundations, Algorithms, and
Applications.
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Topological
Structures for Modeling Complex Engineering Design Processes.
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Théories et modèles de la conception, Cours d'ingénierie de la conception
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this expansion of C may in return provoke the expansion of the K space:
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A graphical representation of a Design
Process using C-K Design Theory.
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724:. 16th International Conference on Engineering Design. Archived from
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can be defined independently from its technical realization, as in
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A new approach of innovative design: an introduction to C-K theory
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C-K Theory: Notions and
Applications of a Unified Design Theory
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Hatchuel, Armand, Le Masson, Pascal, and Weil, Benoit. (2008)
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The initial concept is partitioned using propositions from K:
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theory is unable to account for innovative aspects of design.
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Shai, O; Reich, Y; Hatchuel, A; and Subrahmanian, E. (2009)
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C-K Theory in Practice: Lessons from Industrial Applications
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628:, Research in Engineering Design, 19(4):181–192, 2009
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Design as Forcing: Deepening the foundations of Ck theory
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of reasoning in design. It defines design reasoning as a
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Studying creative design: the contribution of C-K theory
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Hatchuel, A. ; Le Masson, P. and Weil, B. (2009)
319:. There may exist several design paths for the same
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Effective inquiry for innovative engineering design
555:Hatchuel A., Le Masson P. & Weil B. (2004),
650:Research in Engineering Design 14(4): 185–199.
181:The first draft of C-K theory was sketched by
45:The examples and perspective in this article
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470:Kazakçı, A.O.; Tsoukias, A. (22 May 2008).
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307:. One design solution for a first concept
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767:Kazakci, Akin, and Hatchuel, Armand,
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476:Journal of Engineering Design
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