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Programs have now got very large and very critical – well beyond the scale which can be comfortably tackled by formal methods. There have been many problems and failures, but these have nearly always been attributable to inadequate analysis of requirements or inadequate management control. It has turned out that the world just does not suffer significantly from the kind of problem that our research was originally intended to solve.
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715:). My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn't resist the temptation to put in a null reference, simply because it was so easy to implement. This has led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last forty years.
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Ten years ago, researchers into formal methods (and I was the most mistaken among them) predicted that the programming world would embrace with gratitude every assistance promised by formalisation to solve the problems of reliability that arise when programs get large and more safety-critical.
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I call it my billion-dollar mistake. It was the invention of the null reference in 1965. At that time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object oriented language (
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Selected papers from the 11th
Workshop on Specification of Abstract Data Types Joint with the 8th COMPASS Workshop on Recent Trends in Data Type Specification
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2247:"Preisverleihung auf der Festveranstaltung "40 Jahre Informatik in München": TU München vergibt Friedrich L. Bauer-Preis an Tony Hoare"
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846:(2006) for fundamental contributions to computer science in the areas of algorithms, operating systems, and programming languages.
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766:, on 27 October 1980, by Walter Carlson, chairman of the Awards committee. A transcript of Hoare's speech was published in
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ACM Programming
Systems and Languages Paper Award (1973) for the paper "Proof of correctness of data representations"
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For many years under his leadership, Hoare's Oxford department worked on formal specification languages such as
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2362:"Los informáticos Tony Hoare y Mateo Valero serán investidos hoy doctores honoris causa por la Complutense"
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Speaking at a software conference in 2009, Tony Hoare hyperbolically apologized for "inventing" the
660:
Hoare's most significant work has been in the following areas: his sorting and selection algorithm (
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1973:
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583:, a small computer manufacturing firm located in London. There, he implemented the language
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1298:
953:
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101:
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1903:
Hoare, C. A. R. (1996). "Unification of
Theories: A Challenge for Computing Science".
1722:
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on its establishment in 1988 until his retirement at Oxford in 2000. He is now an
625:
in 1968, and in 1977 returned to Oxford as the
Professor of Computing to lead the
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1952:
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A commemorative article was written in tribute to Hoare on his 90th birthday.
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421:, usually regarded as the highest distinction in computer science, in 1980.
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17:
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451:(CSP) to specify the interactions of concurrent processes, and along with
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1969:
1940:
1413:
Hoare (Sir Antony, C.A.R.) Oral
History, CHM Reference number: X3698.2007
611:
584:
540:
874:
Honorary
Doctorate of Science from the Department of Informatics of the
491:
and his mother was the daughter of a tea planter. Hoare was educated in
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Members of the
Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
3363:
Euro-Asian
Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
3345:
3275:
3251:
3215:
3178:
3113:
3052:
2711:
2332:"Profesor Hoare doktorem honoris causa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego"
1289:
1147:
762:". The award was presented to him at the ACM Annual Conference in
749:
693:
175:
1326:
Shustek, L. (2009). "Interview: An interview with C.A.R. Hoare".
3362:
3209:
3195:
3189:
3118:
2922:
1293:
4006:
3025:
2465:
758:
for "fundamental contributions to the definition and design of
2074:"The Emperor's Old Clothes: The 1980 ACM Turing Award Lecture"
1784:
385:
1005:
1074:. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science.
1041:. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science.
1018:. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science.
860:
algorithm and for lifelong contributions to the theory of
680:(and implemented in various programming languages such as
1968:(Magazine article). Formal Aspects of Computing Science (
1461:
National Life
Stories: An Oral History of British Science
1205:
Theories of
Programming: The Life and Works of Tony Hoare
4612:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
2079:. Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from
610:, maintains, and supports the languages ALGOL 60 and
1752:
Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
750:
Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society
635:
Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
4505:
4410:
4315:
4236:
4157:
4078:
4043:
3971:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above
3942:
3770:
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3413:
3387:
3369:
International Federation for Information Processing
3334:
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3069:
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2915:
2854:
2768:
2761:
2720:
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2499:
2007:"ACM Programming Systems and Languages Paper Award"
1365:"Monitors: An operating system structuring concept"
600:
International Federation for Information Processing
598:in programming and informatics, as a member of the
531:in 1958 to study for a postgraduate certificate in
382:
328:
298:
262:
252:
202:
194:
184:
138:
108:
76:
41:
2072:Hoare, Charles Anthony Richard (27 October 1980).
2191:"Sir Antony Hoare | Computer History Museum"
2155:"(Charles) Antony Richard (Tony) Hoare Biography"
1748:"Christopher Strachey Professorship of Computing"
1165:
1163:
1161:
4577:People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
1515:
1513:
1437:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
487:) to British parents; his father was a colonial
729:
709:
676:(CSP) used to specify the interactions between
527:, where he learned Russian. He returned to the
3208:(ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (
2277:"Programming Languages Achievement Award 2011"
2033:"Proof of correctness of data representations"
891:Programming Languages Achievement Award (2011)
4018:
3037:
2477:
1886:"Null References: The Billion Dollar Mistake"
1857:"Null References: The Billion Dollar Mistake"
856:Fellow of the Museum "for development of the
649:there, and is also a principal researcher at
8:
3378:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
1012:Hoare, C. A. R. (1989). C. B., Jones (ed.).
606:on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which
4602:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
3206:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
2009:. Association for Computing Machinery. 1973
1419:. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013
876:Athens University of Economics and Business
643:Christopher Strachey Professor of Computing
459:. Since 1977, he has held positions at the
397:who has made foundational contributions to
4627:History of computing in the United Kingdom
4025:
4011:
4003:
3573:
3484:
3475:
3331:
3324:
3066:
3044:
3030:
3022:
2765:
2484:
2470:
2462:
1785:Oral history interview with C. A. R. Hoare
1602:
1600:
1563:"1 Insight, inspiration and collaboration"
1297:
1108:
1106:
988:International Series in Computer Science.
65:
38:
1814:"Preface to the ACM Turing Award lecture"
1803: – The original article on monitors
1667:
1626:
1380:
1251:. Computer History Museum. Archived from
1207:. ACM Books. Vol. 39. New York, NY:
519:. On graduating in 1956 he did 18 months
2675:Software development process/methodology
2299:"IEEE John von Neumann Medal Recipients"
2217:"Annual Review 2007: Principal's Review"
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1131:An algebraic approach to compiler design
1039:Mechanised Reasoning and Hardware Design
794:Honorary Doctorate of Science, from the
4677:British expatriates in the Soviet Union
4597:Fellows of the British Computer Society
4587:Academics of Queen's University Belfast
2405:Reflections on the Work of C.A.R. Hoare
1791:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
1570:Reflections on the Work of C.A.R. Hoare
1506:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 434.
1102:
4637:Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
1888:(Presentation abstract). QCon London.
1474:from the original on 15 September 2014
1430:
1138:(DPhil thesis). University of Oxford.
631:Oxford University Computing Laboratory
3441:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1687:; Guttmann, Walter (17 August 2016).
787:Honorary Doctorate of Science by the
393:; born 11 January 1934) is a British
7:
4572:People educated at The Dragon School
2996:
2690:Software verification and validation
2593:Component-based software engineering
2330:Krzysztof, Diks (15 November 2012).
2121:"Honorary Graduates 1989 to present"
1593:from the original on 9 October 2022.
447:, he introduced the formal language
3352:Association for Computing Machinery
3274:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (
1972:) Specialist Group. pp. 5–42.
1907:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 49–57.
1689:"Profile of IFIP Working Group 2.1"
1209:Association for Computing Machinery
559:exchange student, where he studied
4617:Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
1892:from the original on 28 June 2009.
1871:"Null: The Billion Dollar Mistake"
1004:(paperback). (Available online at
981:Communicating Sequential Processes
674:communicating sequential processes
449:communicating sequential processes
166:Communicating sequential processes
25:
4682:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
2670:Software configuration management
2537:Search-based software engineering
2522:Experimental software engineering
2401:; Wood, Kenneth R., eds. (2010).
2253:. 26 October 2007. Archived from
1987:from the original on 10 July 2024
1873:. hashnode.com. 3 September 2020.
1504:Merton College Register 1900-1964
931:, a member of his research team.
4672:British expatriates in Sri Lanka
4657:Programming language researchers
4582:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
3985:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2434: This article incorporates
2429:
1409:Oral History of Sir Antony Hoare
1071:Unifying Theories of Programming
909:Complutense University of Madrid
594:He was involved with developing
535:, and it was here that he began
378:
357:Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare
2173:"Sir Antony Hoare: 2006 Fellow"
1801:The classic article on monitors
1607:Hoare, C.A.R. (February 1981).
844:National Academy of Engineering
4652:Moscow State University alumni
3949:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60
2517:Empirical software engineering
2251:Technical University of Munich
1855:Hoare, Tony (25 August 2009).
883:Technical University of Munich
811:for services to education and
1:
1117:Mathematics Genealogy Project
776:Harry H. Goode Memorial Award
623:Queen's University of Belfast
213:Harry H. Goode Memorial Award
4607:Fellows of the Royal Society
3421:Case Institute of Technology
2542:Site reliability engineering
2409:. Springer Science. p.
1502:Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964).
837:Royal Academy of Engineering
81:Charles Antony Richard Hoare
4592:British computer scientists
3954:ALGOL 68 to other languages
2547:Social software engineering
1838:"C. Antony (Tony) R. Hoare"
1723:"ScopeEtc: IFIP21: Foswiki"
1652:"The emperor's old clothes"
1609:"The emperor's old clothes"
1522:"My Early Days at Elliotts"
1520:Hoare, Tony (Autumn 2009).
1276:author profile page at the
1015:Essays in computing science
917:of the Royal Society (2023)
895:IEEE John von Neumann Medal
782:Fellow of the Royal Society
617:He became the Professor of
587:and began developing major
457:dining philosophers problem
431:in 1959–1960. He developed
233:IEEE John von Neumann Medal
30:For the bicycle racer, see
4698:
2685:Software quality assurance
1454:"Professor Sir Tony Hoare"
948:; Hoare, C. A. R. (1972).
881:Friedrich L. Bauer-Prize,
789:Queen's University Belfast
637:), following the death of
627:Programming Research Group
417:. His work earned him the
275:Queen's University Belfast
29:
27:British computer scientist
3966:
3576:
3487:
3458:Royal Radar Establishment
2991:
2364:(in Spanish). 10 May 2013
2038:Communications of the ACM
1789:Charles Babbage Institute
1656:Communications of the ACM
1614:Communications of the ACM
1369:Communications of the ACM
1329:Communications of the ACM
1128:Sampaio, Augusto (1993).
854:Mountain View, California
769:Communications of the ACM
324:
245:
64:
4667:Computer science writers
3431:University of St Andrews
2841:Model-driven engineering
2640:Functional specification
2623:Software incompatibility
2532:Requirements engineering
1650:Hoare, C. A. R. (1981).
1363:Hoare, C. A. R. (1974).
1313:publications indexed by
1006:http://www.usingcsp.com/
867:Honorary Doctorate from
684:), structuring computer
575:In 1960, Hoare left the
475:Education and early life
3730:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
3426:University of Edinburgh
3306:Van Wijngaarden grammar
2635:Enterprise architecture
1417:Computer History Museum
1342:10.1145/1467247.1467261
978:C. A. R. Hoare (1985).
927:In 1962, Hoare married
850:Computer History Museum
803:Kellogg College, Oxford
596:international standards
553:Moscow State University
513:Classics and Philosophy
479:Tony Hoare was born in
285:Moscow State University
130:Moscow State University
4662:Turing Award laureates
4057:Maurice Vincent Wilkes
3373:IFIP Working Group 2.1
2846:Round-trip engineering
2603:Backward compatibility
2598:Software compatibility
2304:. IEEE. Archived from
950:Structured Programming
869:Heriot-Watt University
734:
717:
672:, the formal language
641:. He became the first
517:Merton College, Oxford
443:. In the semantics of
223:Computer Pioneer Award
171:Structured programming
4622:Formal methods people
3812:Cornelis H. A. Koster
3584:Roland Carl Backhouse
3527:Joseph Henry Wegstein
3436:Manchester University
3395:Burroughs Corporation
2665:Software architecture
2618:Forward compatibility
1669:10.1145/358549.358561
1628:10.1145/358549.358561
1452:Lean, Thomas (2011).
1382:10.1145/355620.361161
862:programming languages
760:programming languages
698:programming languages
579:and began working at
539:, having been taught
399:programming languages
2963:Computer engineering
2660:Software archaeology
2650:Programming paradigm
2562:Software maintenance
2507:Computer programming
2493:Software engineering
2438:available under the
2336:University of Warsaw
1884:Hoare, Tony (2009).
1713:Swierstra, Doaitse;
1407:(8 September 2006).
1296:Bibliography Server
907:Honorary Doctorate,
902:University of Warsaw
900:Honorary Doctorate,
764:Nashville, Tennessee
678:concurrent processes
639:Christopher Strachey
581:Elliott Brothers Ltd
537:computer programming
529:University of Oxford
461:University of Oxford
439:basis for verifying
424:Hoare developed the
415:concurrent computing
280:University of Oxford
116:University of Oxford
4647:Microsoft employees
4567:People from Colombo
4446:Michael Stonebraker
4244:Fernando J. Corbató
3846:Willem van der Poel
3502:Hermann Bottenbruch
2983:Systems engineering
2968:Information science
2748:Service orientation
2700:Structured analysis
2608:Compatibility layer
2552:Software deployment
2419:2010rwch.book.....R
2099:"Anthony Hoare FRS"
1773:Microsoft home page
827:Information science
571:Research and career
561:machine translation
441:program correctness
411:formal verification
372:or by his initials
4401:Charles P. Thacker
4266:Richard E. Stearns
4148:Kenneth E. Iverson
4098:Edsger W. Dijkstra
4086:James H. Wilkinson
4034:A. M. Turing Award
3991:Category: ALGOL 60
3822:Charles H. Lindsey
3602:Edsger W. Dijkstra
3497:Friedrich L. Bauer
3185:Dartmouth ALGOL 30
2973:Project management
2738:Object orientation
2705:Essential analysis
2613:Compatibility mode
2129:University of Bath
2051:10.1007/BF00289507
1949:Bowen, Jonathan P.
1315:Microsoft Academic
1249:"Sir Antony Hoare"
1152:uk.bl.ethos.334903
796:University of Bath
740:Awards and honours
651:Microsoft Research
647:Emeritus Professor
551:. He then went to
511:. He then studied
465:Microsoft Research
395:computer scientist
290:Microsoft Research
71:Tony Hoare in 2011
4544:
4543:
4418:Leslie G. Valiant
4294:Douglas Engelbart
4272:Edward Feigenbaum
4000:
3999:
3929:
3928:
3891:
3890:
3827:Barry J. Mailloux
3766:
3765:
3702:Jacob T. Schwartz
3597:Stephen R. Bourne
3563:
3562:
3517:Heinz Rutishauser
3467:
3466:
3314:
3313:
3019:
3018:
2946:
2945:
2887:Information model
2791:Incremental model
2645:Modeling language
2342:on 26 August 2014
2311:on 9 October 2022
2086:on 19 April 2012.
1957:"Tony Hoare @ 90"
1826:on 19 April 2012.
1775:– short biography
1754:. 5 November 2021
1719:Meertens, Lambert
1685:Meertens, Lambert
1583:978-1-84882-911-4
1226:978-1-4503-8728-6
1171:"List of Fellows"
1136:bodleian.ox.ac.uk
1081:978-0-13-458761-5
1064:Hoare, C. A. R.;
1048:978-0-13-572405-7
1033:Hoare, C. A. R.;
1025:978-0-13-284027-9
963:978-0-12-200550-3
801:Honorary Fellow,
696:specification of
692:concept, and the
686:operating systems
619:Computing Science
604:Working Group 2.1
565:Andrey Kolmogorov
455:, formulated the
426:sorting algorithm
407:operating systems
354:
353:
299:Doctoral students
247:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4689:
4632:Knights Bachelor
4468:John L. Hennessy
4456:Whitfield Diffie
4430:Shafi Goldwasser
4385:E. Allen Emerson
4381:Edmund M. Clarke
4126:Michael O. Rabin
4120:Herbert A. Simon
4027:
4020:
4013:
4004:
3988:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3921:John C. Reynolds
3866:van Wijngaarden^
3835:Lambert Meertens
3717:Bernard Vauquois
3574:
3555:Robert M. Graham
3485:
3476:
3400:Elliott Brothers
3332:
3325:
3067:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3023:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2958:Computer science
2766:
2680:Software quality
2572:Systems analysis
2567:Software testing
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2455:Official website
2433:
2423:
2422:
2408:
2391:
2385:
2383:Royal Medal 2023
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2338:. Archived from
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2223:. Archived from
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2193:. Archived from
2188:
2186:
2184:
2175:. Archived from
2169:
2163:
2162:
2161:on 17 July 2014.
2157:. Archived from
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2131:. Archived from
2117:
2111:
2110:
2103:royalsociety.org
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1961:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1840:. Archived from
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1819:. Archived from
1818:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1721:(2 March 2011).
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1683:Jeuring, Johan;
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1567:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1173:. Archived from
1167:
1156:
1155:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1093:
1060:
1035:Gordon, M. J. C.
1029:
975:
813:computer science
545:Ferranti Mercury
521:National Service
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
368:, also known as
367:
350:
347:
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
270:Elliott Brothers
257:Computer science
94:
90:
88:
69:
59:
39:
21:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4529:Robert Metcalfe
4501:
4482:Geoffrey Hinton
4472:David Patterson
4462:Tim Berners-Lee
4406:
4347:Leonard Adleman
4333:Kristen Nygaard
4311:
4262:Juris Hartmanis
4232:
4221:Ivan Sutherland
4153:
4142:Robert W. Floyd
4104:Charles Bachman
4074:
4063:Richard Hamming
4039:
4031:
4001:
3996:
3981:Category: ALGOL
3973:
3962:
3959:ALGOL 68 to C++
3938:
3925:
3887:
3878:Philip Woodward
3862:Michel Sintzoff
3854:Douglas T. Ross
3762:
3758:Kristen Nygaard
3739:
3683:John E. L. Peck
3612:Robert W. Floyd
3559:
3531:
3463:
3446:
3409:
3383:
3337:
3310:
3301:Jensen's device
3287:
3174:Burroughs ALGOL
3095:
3072:
3062:Implementations
3056:
3050:
3020:
3015:
2987:
2978:Risk management
2942:
2911:
2850:
2831:Waterfall model
2801:Prototype model
2796:Iterative model
2757:
2733:Aspect-oriented
2716:
2695:Software system
2576:
2557:Software design
2495:
2490:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2426:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2257:on 10 June 2016
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2227:on 5 March 2016
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2197:on 3 April 2015
2189:
2182:
2180:
2179:on 3 April 2015
2171:
2170:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2135:on 17 July 2010
2119:
2118:
2114:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1959:
1951:(2 July 2024).
1945:Sufrin, Bernard
1927:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1844:on 1 July 2012.
1836:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1715:Gibbons, Jeremy
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1565:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:British Library
1456:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1405:Bowen, Jonathan
1403:
1402:
1398:
1375:(10): 549–557.
1362:
1361:
1357:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1280:Digital Library
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1255:on 3 April 2015
1247:
1246:
1242:
1227:
1217:10.1145/3477355
1203:, eds. (2021).
1197:Jones, Cliff B.
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1082:
1063:
1049:
1032:
1026:
1011:
1008:in PDF format.)
964:
946:Dijkstra, E. W.
940:
937:
925:
920:
742:
573:
557:British Council
477:
453:Edsger Dijkstra
381:
377:
359:
332:
320:
316:Augusto Sampaio
294:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
180:
134:
104:
95:
92:
91:11 January 1934
86:
84:
83:
82:
72:
60:
51:
49:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4517:Jeffrey Ullman
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4475:
4465:
4459:
4452:Martin Hellman
4449:
4443:
4440:Leslie Lamport
4437:
4427:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4395:Barbara Liskov
4392:
4389:Joseph Sifakis
4378:
4372:
4366:
4356:
4350:
4336:
4329:Ole-Johan Dahl
4326:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4269:
4259:
4256:Butler Lampson
4253:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4187:Dennis Ritchie
4180:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4123:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3934:ALGOL Bulletin
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3753:Ole-Johan Dahl
3749:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Carroll Morgan
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3617:Jeremy Gibbons
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3550:Bernard Galler
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3522:Klaus Samelson
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3405:Regnecentralen
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3366:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3164:Atlas Autocode
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2951:Related fields
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Function model
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2786:Executable UML
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Formal methods
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2447:External links
2445:
2425:
2424:
2386:
2375:
2353:
2322:
2290:
2268:
2238:
2208:
2164:
2146:
2112:
2089:
2064:
2045:(4): 271–281.
2020:
1998:
1920:
1913:
1895:
1876:
1862:
1847:
1829:
1805:
1793:
1777:
1765:
1739:
1705:
1675:
1642:
1596:
1582:
1546:
1509:
1485:
1444:
1396:
1355:
1318:
1303:
1290:C. A. R. Hoare
1282:
1266:
1240:
1225:
1201:Misra, Jayadev
1188:
1177:on 8 June 2016
1157:
1120:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1061:
1047:
1030:
1024:
1009:
1002:978-0131532892
996:(hardback) or
994:978-0131532717
976:
962:
954:Academic Press
936:
933:
924:
921:
919:
918:
912:
905:
898:
892:
886:
879:
872:
865:
847:
842:Member of the
840:
830:
820:
806:
799:
792:
785:
779:
773:
753:
747:
743:
741:
738:
705:null reference
572:
569:
515:("Greats") at
483:, Ceylon (now
476:
473:
374:C. A. R. Hoare
352:
351:
330:
326:
325:
322:
321:
319:
318:
313:
308:
302:
300:
296:
295:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
249:
243:
242:
206:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
161:Null reference
158:
153:
148:
142:
140:
139:Known for
136:
135:
133:
132:
127:
112:
110:
106:
105:
102:British Ceylon
96:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
50:
47:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4694:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:Living people
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4536:
4535:Avi Wigderson
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4523:Jack Dongarra
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4478:Yoshua Bengio
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4434:Silvio Micali
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4375:Frances Allen
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4334:
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4327:
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4314:
4307:
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4298:
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4280:
4277:
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4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
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4248:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4227:William Kahan
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4209:Robert Tarjan
4206:
4205:John Hopcroft
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4193:Niklaus Wirth
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4171:Edgar F. Codd
4169:
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4149:
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4137:
4134:
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4127:
4124:
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4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4092:John McCarthy
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4069:Marvin Minsky
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
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4035:
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4016:
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4009:
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4005:
3993:
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3983:
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3972:
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3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Peter O'Hearn
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Niklaus Wirth
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3836:
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3825:
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3818:
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3813:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Susan G. Bond
3781:
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3773:
3769:
3759:
3756:
3754:
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3713:
3710:
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3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Brian Randell
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Maurice Nivat
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:John McCarthy
3661:
3659:
3658:Conor McBride
3656:
3654:
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3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
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3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Andrey Ershov
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
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3593:
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3456:
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3424:
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3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
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3390:
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3361:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:Organizations
3326:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3277:
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3268:
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3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
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3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Elliott ALGOL
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:Edinburgh IMP
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
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3112:
3110:
3107:
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3024:
3012:
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2984:
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2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Systems model
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
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2814:
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2809:
2807:
2804:
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2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:Developmental
2767:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
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2726:
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2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Data modeling
2628:
2624:
2621:
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2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
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2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2399:Roscoe, A. W.
2396:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2341:
2337:
2334:(in Polish).
2333:
2326:
2323:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2256:
2252:
2249:(in German).
2248:
2242:
2239:
2226:
2222:
2221:www1.hw.ac.uk
2218:
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2209:
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2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2107:Royal Society
2104:
2100:
2097:Anon (1982).
2093:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2029:Hoare, C.A.R.
2024:
2021:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1914:3-540-61629-2
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1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1003:
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987:
986:Prentice Hall
983:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
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951:
947:
943:
939:
938:
934:
932:
930:
923:Personal life
922:
916:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
880:
878:(AUEB) (2007)
877:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
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821:
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807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
790:
786:
783:
780:
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582:
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566:
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558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:King's School
502:
498:
497:Dragon School
494:
490:
489:civil servant
486:
482:
474:
472:
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331:
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268:
267:
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
218:Faraday Medal
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
141:
137:
131:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:(age 90)
79:
75:
68:
63:
58:
54:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4496:Pat Hanrahan
4250:Robin Milner
4199:Richard Karp
4183:Ken Thompson
4177:Stephen Cook
4164:
4116:Allen Newell
4110:Donald Knuth
3989:
3979:
3970:
3911:Ron Morrison
3906:Tony Brooker
3883:Nobuo Yoneda
3817:Peter Landin
3799:Gerhard Goos
3791:Robert Dewar
3735:Mike Woodger
3712:David Turner
3707:Micha Sharir
3695:Rutishauser^
3648:Peter Landin
3634:
3621:Julien Green
3592:Richard Bird
3507:Charles Katz
3338:associations
3336:Professional
2897:Object model
2892:Metamodeling
2821:Spiral model
2721:Orientations
2428:
2427:
2404:
2395:Jones, Cliff
2389:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:the original
2220:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2181:. Retrieved
2177:the original
2167:
2159:the original
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:the original
2124:
2115:
2102:
2092:
2081:the original
2067:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1963:
1937:Roscoe, Bill
1933:Jones, Cliff
1923:
1904:
1898:
1879:
1865:
1859:. InfoQ.com.
1850:
1842:the original
1832:
1821:the original
1808:
1796:
1780:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1678:
1662:(2): 75–83.
1659:
1655:
1645:
1618:
1612:
1569:
1559:Jones, Cliff
1555:Roscoe, Bill
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1526:Resurrection
1525:
1503:
1478:15 September
1476:. Retrieved
1460:
1447:
1421:. Retrieved
1412:
1399:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1336:(3): 38–41.
1333:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1285:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1243:
1204:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1135:
1130:
1123:
1070:
1038:
1014:
979:
949:
926:
767:
756:Turing Award
735:
730:
718:
710:
702:
659:
616:
593:
577:Soviet Union
574:
478:
423:
419:Turing Award
373:
369:
356:
355:
263:Institutions
246:
208:Turing Award
36:
18:C.A.R. Hoare
4557:1934 births
4424:Judea Pearl
4306:Fred Brooks
4288:Amir Pnueli
4282:Manuel Blum
4136:John Backus
4051:Alan Perlis
3901:John Barnes
3896:Hal Abelson
3804:Michael Guy
3653:Tom Maibaum
3640:Jørn Jensen
3630:Eric Hehner
3625:David Gries
3545:Bruce Arden
3512:Alan Perlis
3492:John Backus
3055:programming
2588:Abstraction
2346:26 November
2315:26 February
2139:18 February
1953:Denvir, Tim
1621:(2): 5–83.
1433:cite report
942:Dahl, O.-J.
915:Royal Medal
823:Kyoto Prize
670:Hoare logic
666:Quickselect
657:, England.
445:concurrency
433:Hoare logic
311:Bill Roscoe
306:Cliff Jones
238:Royal Medal
228:Kyoto Prize
156:Hoare logic
151:Quickselect
4551:Categories
4513:Alfred Aho
4492:Ed Catmull
4486:Yann LeCun
4369:Peter Naur
4343:Adi Shamir
4339:Ron Rivest
4323:Andrew Yao
4215:John Cocke
4165:Tony Hoare
4130:Dana Scott
3943:Comparison
3722:Eiiti Wada
3673:Peter Naur
3635:Tony Hoare
3451:Government
3293:Formalisms
3134:ALGOL 68RS
3129:ALGOL 68-R
2907:View model
2872:Data model
2125:bath.ac.uk
2105:. London:
1965:FACS FACTS
1929:Jifeng, He
1758:18 January
1415:(Report).
1311:Tony Hoare
1274:Tony Hoare
1181:17 October
1113:Tony Hoare
1098:References
1066:He, Jifeng
688:using the
589:algorithms
549:Leslie Fox
533:statistics
525:Royal Navy
509:Canterbury
403:algorithms
370:Tony Hoare
87:1934-01-11
48:Tony Hoare
4359:Vint Cerf
4276:Raj Reddy
4037:laureates
3858:Samelson^
3831:McCarthy^
3795:Dijkstra^
3726:Wegstein^
3698:Samelson^
3414:Education
3358:BSI Group
3320:Community
3231:Kidsgrove
3144:ALGOL 68S
3124:ALGOL 68C
3109:ABC ALGOL
3073:standards
3071:Technical
2916:Languages
2440:CC BY 4.0
2283:28 August
1978:0950-1231
1941:Stoy, Joe
1732:7 October
1698:7 October
1637:0001-0782
1534:0958-7403
1235:238251696
1144:854973008
858:Quicksort
852:(CHM) in
694:axiomatic
662:Quicksort
655:Cambridge
608:specified
485:Sri Lanka
469:Cambridge
437:axiomatic
429:quicksort
146:Quicksort
109:Education
32:Tony Hoar
4363:Bob Kahn
4353:Alan Kay
4300:Jim Gray
3874:Woodger^
3850:Randell^
3772:ALGOL 68
3569:ALGOL 60
3480:ALGOL 58
3388:Business
3265:Napier88
3261:PS-algol
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3086:ALGOL 60
3081:ALGOL 58
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2442:license.
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1469:Archived
1423:18 April
1259:22 April
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493:England
481:Colombo
344:/people
329:Website
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3779:Bauer^
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