335:. Catherine Keenan explains how the act of taking a picture can underline the importance of remembering, both individually and collectively. Also she states that pictures cannot only stimulate or help memory, but can rather eclipse the actual memory â when we remember in terms of the photograph â or they can serve as a reminder of our propensity to forget. Others have argued that photographs can be incorporated in memory and therefore supplement it.
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collective trauma is a well-established phenomenon in the scholarly literature on psychological, familial, sociocultural, and biological modes of transmission. Ordinary processes of remembering and transmission can be understood as cultural practices by which people recognize a lineage, a debt to their past, and through which "they express moral continuity with that past." The
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238:; entities that symbolize a more complex piece of our history. Although he concentrates on a spatial approach to remembrance, Nora already points out in his early historiographical theories that memory goes beyond just tangible and visual aspects, thereby making it flexible and in flux. This rather problematic notion, also characterized by Terdiman as the "
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performances which are sent by means of physical activity, like a spoken word or a handshake. These performances are accomplished by the individual in an unconscious manner, and one might suggest that this memory carried in gestures and habits, is more authentic than 'indirect' memory via inscribing.
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Either in visualized or abstracted form, one of the largest complications of memorializing our past is the inevitable fact that it is absent. Every memory we try to reproduce becomes â as
Terdiman states â a "present past". This impractical desire for recalling what is gone forever brings to surface
311:
inhabit an important place in the cultural memory discourse. Several authors stress the fact that the relationship between memory and objects has changed since the nineteenth century. Stewart, for example, claims that our culture has changed from a culture of production to a culture of consumption.
416:
The influence of memory is made obvious in the way the past is experienced in present conditions, for â according to Paul
Connerton, for instance â it can never be eliminated from human practice. On the other hand, it is perception driven by a longing for authenticity that colors memory, which is
341:
has coined the term 'Cultural
Memorials' to describe both generic types, such as obelisks or sphinxes, and specific objects, such as the Obelisk of Domitian, Abu Simbel or 'The Young Memnon', which have meanings attributed to them that evolve over time. Readings of ancient Egyptian artefacts by
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Traumatic transmissions are articulated over time not only through social sites or institutions but also through cultural, political, and familial generations, a key social mechanism of continuity and renewal across human groups, cohorts, and communities. The intergenerational transmission of
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argued that "studies of cultural memory tend to privilege literary and artistic representations of the past. As such, they often fail to engage with the social dynamics of memory. Monuments, artworks, novels, poems, plays and countless other productions of cultural memory do not in themselves
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the body can also be seen as a container, or carrier of memory, of two different types of social practice; inscribing and incorporating. The former includes all activities which are helpful for storing and retrieving information: photographing, writing, taping, etc. The latter implies skilled
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states by opposing conventional theory on femininity to lived memory.In turn, as historians such as Neil Gregor have argued, experience affects culture, since individual experience becomes communicable and therefore collective. A memorial, for example, can represent a shared sense of loss.
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is a form of collective memory shared by a group of people who share a culture. The theory posits that memory is not just an individual, private experience but also part of the collective domain, which both shapes the future and our understanding of the past. It has become a topic in both
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the revolution. In this situation, people no longer had an implicit understanding of their past. In order to understand the past, it had to be represented through history. As people realized that history was only one version of the past, they became more and more concerned with their own
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Two schools of thought have emerged: one articulates that the present shapes our understanding of the past, while the other assumes that the past has an influence on our present behavior. It has, however, been pointed out that these two approaches are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
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It is because of a sometimes too contracted conception of memory as just a temporal phenomenon, that the concept of cultural memory has often been exposed to misunderstanding. Nora pioneered connecting memory to physical, tangible locations, nowadays globally known and incorporated as
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Recent research and theorizing in cultural memory has emphasized the importance of considering the content of cultural identities in understanding the study of social relations and predicting cultural attitudes. In 2008, the first issue of quarterly journal
408:, whether it be lived or imagined, relates mutually to culture and memory. It is influenced by both factors, but determines these at the same time. Culture influences experience by offering mediated perceptions that affect it, as
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more complex than ever before. This not only resulted in an increasing difficulty for people to understand the new society in which they were living, but also, as this break was so radical, people had trouble relating to the past
320:. At the same time, he claims, the connection between memories and objects has been institutionalized and exploited in the form of trade in souvenirs. These specific objects can refer to either a distant time (an
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324:) or a distant (exotic) place. Stewart explains how our souvenirs authenticate our experiences and how they are a survival sign of events that exist only through the invention of
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However, more recently questions have arisen whether there ever was a time in which "pure", non-representational memory existed â as Nora in particular put forward. Scholars like
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and postcolonial studies underscored the importance of the individual and particular memories of those unheard in most collective accounts: women, minorities, homosexuals, etc.
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is subject to popular reception. We need to be reminded that remembrance, like trauma, is formulated in human consciousness and that this is shared through social interaction".
206:
which should bring and keep together minority groups and individuals with conflicting agendas. What becomes clear is that the obsession with memory coincides with the fear of
417:
made clear by a desire to experience the real (Susan
Stewart). Experience, therefore, is substantial to the interpretation of culture as well as memory, and vice versa.
823:
Bikemen, Nida. (2013). Collective Memory as
Identity Content After Ethnic Conflict: An Exploratory Study. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. 19(1). 23-33.
295:, suggested that the individual is a summation of the whole history that had preceded him or her. (However, neither of these concepts is accepted by current science.)
221:
rightly point out that representation is a crucial precondition for human perception in general: pure, organic and objective memories can never be witnessed as such.
140:
The idea of cultural memory draws heavily on
European social anthropology, especially German and French. It is not well established in the English-speaking world.
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The first conceptions of embodied memory, in which the past is 'situated' in the body of the individual, derive from late nineteenth century thoughts of
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As a contrast to the sometimes generative nature of previously mentioned studies on cultural memory, an alternative 'school' with its origins in
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Schwartz, Barry. 1991. "Social Change and
Collective Memory: The Democratization of George Washington." American Sociological Review 56: 221-236
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1025:
860:
242:" of memory, implies that for instance on a sensory level, a smell or a sound can become of cultural value, due to its commemorative effect.
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992:
Lachmann R. (2004). 'Cultural memory and the Role of
Literature', ĐĐŸĐœŃŃĐ°ĐżŃĐœĐșŃ: ĐĐœĐžĐłĐ° ŃŃĐ°ŃĐ”Đč ĐżĐ°ĐŒŃŃĐž Đ.Đ. ĐĐ”Đ»ĐŸĐč. Đ.: Đ ĐĐĐŁ, 2005, Ń. 357-372.
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State
Terrorism and the Politics of Memory in Latin America: Transmissions Across The Generations of Post-Dictatorship Uruguay, 1984â2004
3149:
1180:
878:
Terrorism and the
Politics of Memory in Latin America: Transmissions Across The Generations of Post-Dictatorship Uruguay, 1984â2004.
816:
Bennett, T. (2006). 'Stored Virtue: Memory, the Body and the Evolutionary Museum', in Susannah Radstone and Katharine Hodgkin (eds)
676:
108:
202:. In search for an identity to bind a country or people together, governments have constructed collective memories in the form of
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912:
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Schwartz, B. (2010). 'Culture and Collective Memory: Two Comparative Perspectives'. In. Hall, J. R.; Grindstaff, L. and Lo, M-C.
42:
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1127:
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Dinter, M.; Guérin, C. (eds.). (2023). Cultural Memory in Republican and Augustan Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89:
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46:
61:
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Scholars disagree as to when to locate the moment representation "took over". Nora points to the formation of European
68:
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Tononi, Fabio, âAby Warburg and Edgar Wind on the Biology of Images: Empathy, Collective Memory and the Engramâ, in
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35:
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Chaney, Edward. 'Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitianâ, in
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75:
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1155:(PhD dissertation, Institutionen för Etnologi, religionshistoria och genusvetenskap, Stockholms universitet).
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Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory (University of Wisconsin Press, 2007
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2201:
1461:
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Chaney, Edward. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution',
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494:-culture. Some might see cultural memory as becoming more democratic, due to liberalization and the rise of
378:, reveal a range of interpretations variously concerned with reconstructing the intentions of their makers.
57:
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181:
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692:
Adelman, A. (1995). "Traumatic memory and the intergenerational transmission of Holocaust narratives".
1081:
Erinnerungskulturen des 20. Jahrhunderts im VergleichâCulture della memoria del Novecento a confronto.
1011:
Grotowski's Bridge Made of Memory: Embodied Memory, Witnessing and Transmission in the Grotowski Work.
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This notion can easily be applied to another practice that has a specific relationship with memory:
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1148:, ed. by Jaynie Anderson, Bernardino Branca and Fabio Tononi (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2024), pp. 47-72.
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498:. Others see cultural memory as remaining concentrated in the hands of corporations and states.
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Muntlighet och minneâŻ: Sagatraditionen, kulturhistorien och det kulturella minnets blinda flĂ€ck
755:
Das kulturelle GedĂ€chtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und Politische IdentitĂ€t in frĂŒhen Hochkulturen.
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Das Kulturelle GedĂ€chtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und Politische IdentitĂ€t in frĂŒhen Hochkulturen.
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Crucial in understanding cultural memory as a phenomenon is the distinction between memory and
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Products, according to Terdiman, have lost 'the memory of their own process' now, in times of
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Assmann, J. (2008). âCommunicative and Cultural Memoryâ. In A. Erll & A. NĂŒnning (Eds.),
82:
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Keenan, C (1998). "On the Relationship between Personal Photographs and Individual Memory".
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Assmann, A. (2006). âMemory, Individual and Collectiveâ. In Goodin, E.; Tilly, C. (2006).
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Sturken, M. (1999). 'The Image as Memorial: Personal Photographs in Cultural Memory', in
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https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204304/http://ec-dejavu.net/m-2/Memory_Lachmann.html
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is the breaking point: the change of a political system, together with the emergence of
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250:, noticeable in many aspects of daily life but most specifically in cultural products.
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http://www.iwm.at/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=285&Itemid=463
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Nora, P. (1996). 'The Era of Commemoration', in Pierre Nora & L. Kritzman (eds.).
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161:(1931â) put forward this distinction, pinpointing a niche between history and memory.
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On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.
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Zoological Philosophy: An Exposition With Regard to the Natural History of Animals.
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Schrift und GedÀchtnis: BeitrÀge zur ArchÀologie der literarischen Kommunikation
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24:
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Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome
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Handbook of Pre-Modern Nordic Memory Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches
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355:
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Cultural Memory Studies. An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook
830:, ed. M. Ascari and A. Corrado, Amsterdam-New York, Rodopi, 2006, 39â69.
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Cultural Memory Studies. An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook
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concerning subjects of and relating to cultural memory was published by
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tragic historical legacy can be assimilated, redeemed, and transformed.
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1189:
321:
154:
133:, which emphasizes the implications and objects of cultural memory.
1500:
399:
1031:
Nora, P (1989). "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de MĂ©moire".
1018:
Embodied Collective Memory: The Making and Unmaking of Human Nature.
893:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110431360
436:, transformation, and transmutation of traumatic memory such as of
1058:
Nora, P. (2002). 'The Reasons for the Current Upsurge in Memory',
491:
375:
649:âTroubles with Remembering; or, The Seven Sins of Memory Studiesâ
2516:
2512:
1162:
1107:
Stewart, S. (1993). 'Objects of desire. Part I: The Souvenir',
930:
Memory Work. Female Sexualization: A Collective Work of Memory.
129:, which emphasizes the process of forming cultural memory, and
943:
Huyssen, A (2000). "Present Pasts: Media, Politics, Amnesia".
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since the early 1980s, illustrated by phenomena as diverse as
18:
1053:
Realms of Memory: The construction of the French Past Vol. 3.
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in his book "Das kulturelle GedÀchtnis", drew further upon
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820:
New Brunswick & London; Transaction Publishers, 40â54.
1070:
Old Norse Studies and Collective Memory: An Introduction
935:
Hirsch, M. (2002). 'Pictures of a Displaced Childhood',
837:, eds. David Marshall, Susan Russell and Karin Wolfe,
818:
Memory Cultures: Memory, Subjectivity and Recognition.
671:. Amherst, New York: Cambria Press. pp. 24, 26.
937:
Family Frames: Photography, Narrative and Postmemory
887:
Glauser, J., Hermann, P. & Mitchell, S. (2019).
828:
Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultines
790:
The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis
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1801:
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1210:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
303:Memory can, for instance be contained in objects.
783:Religion und kulturelles GedÀchtnis: Zehn Studien
482:have identified a general interest in memory and
263:Recently, interest has developed in the area of '
811:Cultural Memory and the Construction of Identity
1135:Present Past: Modernity and the Memory Crisis.
750:ACUME (Cultural Memory in European Countries).
2528:
1174:
1133:Terdiman, R. (1993). 'Historicizing Memory',
1055:New York: Columbia University Press, 609â637.
865:Erll, Astrid; NĂŒnning, Ansgar (eds.) (2008).
8:
16:Topic in cultural studies and historiography
2659:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
198:) which helped them shape a collective and
3248:
2597:
2535:
2521:
2513:
1181:
1167:
1159:
898:Haunted City. Nuremberg and the Nazi Past.
1020:University Press of America: Lanham, MD.
846:Bodily Practices. How Societies Remember.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
813:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
774:Assmann, J. & Hölscher, T. (1988).
573:
289:inheritance of acquired characteristics
1068:Nygaard, S. & Tirosh, Y. (2021). â
394:Between culture and memory: experience
923:https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8700
799:(pp. 109â118). Berlin, New York.
767:Assmann, A. & Shortt, L. (2011).
760:Assmann, A. & Assmann J. (1987).
694:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child
7:
2476:
2077:Role of Christianity in civilization
234:. He certifies these in his work as
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2488:
792:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14:
2940:DeeseâRoedigerâMcDermott paradigm
876:Fried Amilivia, Gabriela (2016).
665:Fried Amilivia, Gabriela (2016).
293:ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny
3485:
3473:
2487:
2475:
2464:
2463:
1198:
913:Presses Universitaires de France
586:education.nationalgeographic.org
23:
2289:Culture and positive psychology
1199:
1128:University Press of New England
1084:Civic Archives in Bozen-Bolzano
34:needs additional citations for
3150:AtkinsonâShiffrin memory model
3023:Memory and social interactions
1728:High- and low-context cultures
1146:Edgar Wind: Art and Embodiment
1045:10.1525/rep.1989.26.1.99p0274v
1013:Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2016.
986:10.1080/03087298.1998.10443918
706:10.1080/00797308.1995.11822409
615:Handbook of Cultural Sociology
434:intergenerational preservation
1:
1074:Scandinavian-Canadian Studies
771:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
647:(2015). See also Guy Beiner,
421:Traumatic memory transmission
2859:Retrieval-induced forgetting
2294:Culture and social cognition
1279:Cross-cultural communication
839:British School at Rome, Rome
785:. MĂŒnchen: Verlag C.H. Beck.
386:remember. Their function as
168:. For Richard Terdiman, the
2376:Intercultural communication
1060:Transit â EuropĂ€ische Revue
1004:University of Chicago Press
769:Memory and Political Change
354:, 18th-century travellers,
3539:
3197:Levels of Processing model
3122:World Memory Championships
2955:Lost in the mall technique
2802:dissociative (psychogenic)
1819:Cross cultural sensitivity
1486:Resistance through culture
1100:Landscape for a Good Woman
850:Cambridge University Press
641:âMemory Too Has a Historyâ
424:
144:Historiographical approach
3468:
2459:
2431:Transformation of culture
1864:Cultural environmentalism
1294:Cross-cultural psychology
1289:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1284:Cross-cultural leadership
1196:
1079:Obermair, Hannes (2014).
1009:Laster, Dominika (2016).
523:Identity (social science)
254:Cultural studies approach
3235:The Seven Sins of Memory
3180:Intermediate-term memory
2985:Indirect tests of memory
2962:Recovered-memory therapy
2912:Misattribution of memory
2391:Living things in culture
2381:Intercultural competence
2284:Culture and menstruation
1783:Trans-cultural diffusion
1151:Wallenstein, F. (2023).
1139:Cornell University Press
1016:NarvĂĄez, Rafael (2013).
957:10.1215/08992363-12-1-21
841:, 2011, pp. 147â70.
757:Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck
738:Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck
427:Transgenerational trauma
291:and Haeckel's theory of
2922:Source-monitoring error
2202:Cultural homogenization
1432:Individualistic culture
1366:Popular culture studies
1351:Intercultural relations
548:Popular culture studies
3329:George Armitage Miller
3289:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
2137:Archaeological culture
1884:Cultural globalization
1753:Organizational culture
1601:Cultural communication
1559:Cultural appropriation
1346:Intercultural learning
1274:Cross-cultural studies
998:Lamarck, J-P. (1984).
974:History of Photography
909:La MĂ©moire Collective.
907:Halbwachs, M. (1950).
844:Connerton, P. (1989).
778:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
653:Dublin Review of Books
645:Dublin Review of Books
478:. Other scholars like
374:or Sigmund and Lucian
267:memory'. According to
3492:Philosophy portal
3480:Psychology portal
3344:Henry L. Roediger III
2945:False memory syndrome
2917:Misinformation effect
2897:Imagination inflation
2406:Participatory culture
2197:Cultural evolutionism
2021:Multiracial democracy
1899:Cultural intelligence
1844:Cultural conservatism
1834:Cultural backwardness
1824:Cultural assimilation
1698:Cultural reproduction
1554:Cultural appreciation
1506:Far-right subcultures
1396:Transcultural nursing
1361:Philosophy of culture
1238:Cultural neuroscience
1218:Cultural anthropology
1113:Duke University Press
1097:Steedman, C. (1986).
932:London: Verso, 33â72.
920:The Evolution of Man.
902:Yale University Press
781:Assmann, J. (2000) .
776:Kultur und GedÀchtnis
558:Social representation
538:Philosophy of history
533:Philosophy of culture
281:Jean Baptiste Lamarck
2849:Motivated forgetting
2401:Oppositional culture
2371:Emotions and culture
2279:Cultural sensibility
2269:Cultural translation
2207:Cultural institution
2187:Cultural determinism
1909:Cultural nationalism
1894:Cultural imperialism
1854:Cultural deprivation
1748:Non-material culture
1381:Sociology of culture
1376:Semiotics of culture
918:Haeckel, E. (1883).
753:Assmann, J. (1992).
617:. London: Routledge.
372:Florence Nightingale
43:improve this article
3359:Arthur P. Shimamura
3259:Richard C. Atkinson
3076:Effects of exercise
2950:Memory implantation
2834:Interference theory
2750:Selective retention
2730:Meaningful learning
2252:Culture speculation
2247:Cultural relativism
2177:Cultural competence
2067:Cultural Christians
1939:Cultural Revolution
1929:Cultural radicalism
1904:Cultural liberalism
1839:Cultural Bolshevism
1814:Consumer capitalism
1768:Relational mobility
1708:Cultural technology
1616:Cultural dissonance
1533:Culture by location
1496:Alternative culture
1412:Constructed culture
1391:Theology of culture
1331:Cultural psychology
1311:Cultural entomology
896:Gregor, N. (2008).
734:Assmann, J. (1992)
287:. Lamarckâs law of
3456:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3279:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3185:Involuntary memory
3086:Memory improvement
3071:Effects of alcohol
3033:Transactive memory
3011:Politics of memory
2980:Exceptional memory
2411:Permission culture
2344:Disability culture
2324:Children's culture
2192:Cultural diversity
2152:Circuit of culture
1934:Cultural retention
1914:Cultural pessimism
1869:Cultural exception
1859:Cultural diplomacy
1849:Cultural contracts
1809:Colonial mentality
1738:Manuscript culture
1713:Cultural universal
1683:Cultural pluralism
1663:Cultural landscape
1658:Cultural invention
1626:Cultural framework
1528:Vernacular culture
1326:Cultural mediation
1306:Cultural economics
1301:Cultural analytics
1233:Cultural geography
1223:Cultural astronomy
1124:The Familial Gaze.
925:(October 23, 2006)
807:Weissberg, Liliane
543:Politics of memory
194:(in French called
3513:Cultural heritage
3500:
3499:
3464:
3463:
3451:Cosmos Rossellius
3299:Marcia K. Johnson
3170:Exosomatic memory
3155:Context-dependent
3145:Absent-mindedness
3028:Memory conformity
3006:Collective memory
2907:Memory conformity
2844:Memory inhibition
2763:
2762:
2755:Tip of the tongue
2510:
2509:
2339:Death and culture
2232:Cultural movement
2222:Cultural literacy
2082:Eastern Orthodoxy
1994:Dominator culture
1989:Deculturalization
1889:Cultural hegemony
1879:Cultural genocide
1874:Cultural feminism
1693:Cultural property
1688:Cultural practice
1673:Cultural leveling
1668:Cultural learning
1653:Cultural industry
1648:Cultural identity
1631:Cultural heritage
1621:Cultural emphasis
1606:Cultural conflict
1579:Cultural behavior
1569:Cultural artifact
1481:Primitive culture
1457:Political culture
1092:978-88-907060-9-7
1086:: Bozen-Bolzano.
1026:978-0-7618-5879-9
928:Haug, F. (1987).
861:978-1-009-32775-6
582:"Cultural Memory"
476:collective memory
472:Maurice Halbwachs
368:Harriet Martineau
200:national identity
192:cultural heritage
174:industrialization
170:French Revolution
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Cultural memory"
3530:
3518:Cultural studies
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3431:Jonathan Hancock
3384:Robert Stickgold
3354:Richard Shiffrin
3309:Elizabeth Loftus
3249:
3165:Childhood memory
2972:Research methods
2854:Repressed memory
2829:Forgetting curve
2817:transient global
2688:Autobiographical
2598:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2466:
2356:Drinking culture
2309:Culture industry
2257:Cultural tourism
2237:Cultural mulatto
2212:Cultural jet lag
2147:Cannabis culture
2104:Cultural Muslims
2026:Pluriculturalism
2009:Multiculturalism
1999:Interculturalism
1974:Culture minister
1964:Cultural Zionism
1959:Cultural subsidy
1954:Cultural silence
1829:Cultural attaché
1788:Transculturation
1743:Material culture
1733:Interculturality
1589:Cultural capital
1574:Cultural baggage
1511:Youth subculture
1452:Official culture
1417:Dominant culture
1356:Internet culture
1321:Cultural mapping
1316:Cultural history
1243:Cultural studies
1228:Cultural ecology
1202:
1201:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1048:
989:
968:
764:. MĂŒnchen: Fink.
739:
732:
726:
725:
689:
683:
682:
662:
656:
637:
631:
624:
618:
611:
605:
602:
596:
595:
593:
592:
578:
513:Culture industry
508:Cultural history
463:Other approaches
350:, the Collector
232:lieux de mémoire
210:and the aim for
131:cultural studies
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3460:
3441:Dominic O'Brien
3419:
3388:
3369:Susumu Tonegawa
3349:Daniel Schacter
3324:Eleanor Maguire
3314:Geoffrey Loftus
3269:Stephen J. Ceci
3264:Robert A. Bjork
3240:
3159:state-dependent
3133:
3105:
3037:
3018:Cultural memory
2994:
2990:Memory disorder
2966:
2926:
2868:
2759:
2669:
2644:
2589:
2546:
2541:
2511:
2506:
2455:
2446:Western culture
2441:Welfare culture
2366:Eastern culture
2227:Cultural mosaic
2182:Cultural critic
2172:Cultural center
2120:
2094:Cultural Hindus
2040:
2031:Polyculturalism
2004:Monoculturalism
1979:Culture of fear
1949:Cultural safety
1944:Cultural rights
1924:Cultural racism
1919:Cultural policy
1797:
1703:Cultural system
1678:Cultural memory
1611:Cultural cringe
1537:
1469:Popular culture
1400:
1336:Cultural values
1257:
1206:
1192:
1187:
1120:Marianne Hirsch
1104:London: Virago.
1033:Representations
1030:
971:
942:
747:
745:Further reading
742:
733:
729:
691:
690:
686:
679:
664:
663:
659:
638:
634:
625:
621:
612:
608:
603:
599:
590:
588:
580:
579:
575:
571:
528:National memory
504:
480:Andreas Huyssen
465:
446:
429:
423:
396:
352:Earl of Arundel
318:commodification
314:mass-production
301:
261:
259:Embodied memory
256:
227:
151:
146:
122:Cultural memory
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3536:
3534:
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3482:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:Paul R. McHugh
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
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3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Ivan Izquierdo
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
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3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
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3182:
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3167:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
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3124:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
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3098:
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3051:
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3030:
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3015:
3014:
3013:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Hindsight bias
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Memory erasure
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:post-traumatic
2794:
2789:
2784:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Personal-event
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2665:Working memory
2662:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2635:Motor learning
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2551:Basic concepts
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Cultural probe
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Cross-cultural
2164:
2162:Coffee culture
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Animal culture
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2036:Transculturism
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Culture change
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1793:Visual culture
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Safety culture
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1594:Cross-cultural
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1536:
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1434:
1429:
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1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
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1333:
1328:
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1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1253:Culture theory
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1131:
1116:
1105:
1095:
1077:
1066:
1056:
1049:
1028:
1014:
1007:
996:
990:
969:
945:Public Culture
940:
933:
926:
916:
905:
894:
885:
874:
863:
853:
842:
831:
824:
821:
814:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
746:
743:
741:
740:
727:
684:
677:
657:
632:
619:
606:
597:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
563:Visual culture
560:
555:
553:Roland Barthes
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
503:
500:
464:
461:
452:Memory Studies
445:
442:
425:Main article:
422:
419:
395:
392:
364:William Bankes
300:
297:
269:Paul Connerton
260:
257:
255:
252:
236:mises en abĂźme
226:
223:
204:commemorations
150:
147:
145:
142:
127:historiography
117:
116:
99:September 2009
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3535:
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3508:
3493:
3483:
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3471:
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3467:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3415:Clive Wearing
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Endel Tulving
3377:
3375:
3374:Anne Treisman
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Brenda Milner
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:James McGaugh
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Sigmund Freud
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:retrospective
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Muscle memory
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:Art of memory
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
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2956:
2953:
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2951:
2948:
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2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Memory biases
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Confabulation
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2874:Memory errors
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:post-hypnotic
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Rote learning
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Hyperthymesia
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Active recall
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
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2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Consolidation
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2451:Youth culture
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Urban culture
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Remix culture
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Media culture
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Languaculture
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Culture shock
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Cultural turn
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Bennett scale
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Protestantism
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:Biculturalism
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
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1947:
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1932:
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1925:
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1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
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1900:
1897:
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1890:
1887:
1885:
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1877:
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1872:
1870:
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1807:
1806:
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1794:
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1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:Technoculture
1776:
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1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
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1759:
1758:Print culture
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
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1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Enculturation
1721:
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1669:
1666:
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1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Cultural icon
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Cultural bias
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Cultural area
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Acculturation
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Super culture
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
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1492:
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1460:
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1458:
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1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:Legal culture
1435:
1433:
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1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Sound culture
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
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1126:Lebanon, NH:
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1002:Chicago, IL:
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883:
882:Cambria Press
880:Amherst, NY:
879:
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804:
803:Ben-Amos, Dan
801:
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678:9781604979190
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481:
477:
474:'s theory on
473:
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443:
441:
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411:
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388:aides-mémoire
384:
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349:
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339:Edward Chaney
336:
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294:
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285:Ernst Haeckel
282:
278:
277:evolutionists
273:
270:
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251:
249:
246:a feeling of
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166:nation states
162:
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110:
102:
91:
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81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3446:Ben Pridmore
3364:Larry Squire
3274:Susan Clancy
3233:
3117:Memory sport
3042:Other topics
3017:
2932:False memory
2887:Cryptomnesia
2864:Weapon focus
2824:Decay theory
2585:Neuroanatomy
2544:Human memory
2499:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2416:Rape culture
2361:Drug culture
2349:Deaf culture
2334:Cyberculture
2304:Culture hero
2217:Cultural lag
2157:Civilization
2057:Christianity
1763:Protoculture
1677:
1447:Microculture
1427:High culture
1422:Folk culture
1371:Postcritique
1145:
1137:Ithaca, NY:
1134:
1123:
1111:Durham, NC:
1108:
1098:
1080:
1073:
1059:
1052:
1036:
1032:
1017:
1010:
999:
980:(1): 60â64.
977:
973:
951:(1): 21â38.
948:
944:
936:
929:
919:
908:
897:
888:
877:
866:
845:
834:
827:
817:
810:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
735:
730:
697:
693:
687:
667:
660:
652:
644:
639:Guy Beiner,
635:
630:, pp. 29-30.
626:Guy Beiner,
622:
614:
609:
600:
589:. Retrieved
585:
576:
466:
450:
447:
430:
415:
404:
397:
387:
380:
337:
330:
302:
274:
262:
244:
240:omnipresence
235:
231:
228:
219:Tony Bennett
216:
212:authenticity
195:
186:
178:urbanization
163:
152:
139:
135:
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3304:Eric Kandel
3252:Researchers
3224:Prospective
3175:Free recall
3129:Shas Pollak
2782:anterograde
2698:Declarative
2494:WikiProject
2426:Tea culture
2329:Culturalism
2299:Culture gap
2262:Pop-culture
2062:Catholicism
1984:Culture war
1442:Low culture
1341:Culturomics
1248:Culturology
900:New Haven:
848:Cambridge:
700:: 343â367.
518:Folk memory
468:Jan Assmann
410:Frigga Haug
333:photography
309:photographs
159:Pierre Nora
3507:Categories
3339:Lynn Nadel
3217:intertrial
3202:Metamemory
3190:flashbacks
3110:In society
2807:retrograde
2769:Forgetting
2740:Procedural
2650:Short-term
2620:Eyewitness
1491:Subculture
1269:Bioculture
1130:, 178â195.
1115:, 132â151.
939:, 217-240.
871:De Gruyter
809:. (1999).
591:2024-07-18
569:References
406:Experience
383:Guy Beiner
381:Historian
208:forgetting
196:patrimoine
69:newspapers
3091:Nutrition
2999:In groups
2812:selective
2787:childhood
2715:Flashbulb
2675:Long-term
2575:Attention
2319:Culturgen
2087:Mormonism
2045:Religions
1718:Cultureme
1636:Destroyed
1262:Subfields
965:143988399
852:, 72â104.
714:0079-7308
496:new media
488:memorials
484:mnemonics
344:Herodotus
326:narrative
305:Souvenirs
248:nostalgia
3393:Patients
3064:mnemonic
3059:chunking
2725:Implicit
2708:Semantic
2703:Episodic
2693:Explicit
2558:Encoding
2470:Category
2052:Buddhism
1802:Politics
1211:Sciences
1039:: 7â25.
869:Berlin:
502:See also
438:genocide
356:Napoleon
265:embodied
3212:Priming
3138:Related
3081:Emotion
2777:Amnesia
2615:Eidetic
2602:Sensory
2563:Storage
2501:Changes
2482:Commons
2125:Related
2116:Sikhism
2111:Judaism
1542:Aspects
1204:Outline
1190:Culture
1141:, 3â32.
1122:(ed.).
911:Paris:
722:7480412
655:(2017).
444:Studies
360:Shelley
322:antique
299:Objects
180:, made
155:history
83:scholar
3523:Memory
3245:People
3230:memory
3161:memory
3101:Trauma
2640:Visual
2630:Iconic
2625:Haptic
2610:Echoic
2568:Recall
1501:Fandom
1090:
1024:
963:
859:
720:
712:
675:
400:gender
187:before
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3424:Other
3096:Sleep
3049:Aging
2594:Types
2099:Islam
1474:Urban
1462:Civic
1405:Types
1072:â in
961:S2CID
492:retro
376:Freud
348:Pliny
279:like
225:Space
90:JSTOR
76:books
3226:and
3157:and
1516:list
1088:ISBN
1062:22.
1022:ISBN
857:ISBN
805:and
718:PMID
710:ISSN
673:ISBN
490:and
457:SAGE
316:and
307:and
283:and
182:life
176:and
149:Time
62:news
1076:28.
1041:doi
982:doi
953:doi
702:doi
651:in
643:in
157:.
45:by
3509::
3410:NA
3405:KC
3400:HM
1037:26
1035:.
978:22
976:.
959:.
949:12
947:.
716:.
708:.
698:50
696:.
584:.
459:.
370:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
346:,
328:.
214:.
2661:"
2657:"
2536:e
2529:t
2522:v
1182:e
1175:t
1168:v
1102:.
1094:.
1047:.
1043::
1006:.
988:.
984::
967:.
955::
915:.
904:.
884:.
873:.
724:.
704::
681:.
594:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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