304:. Some scientists wanted to learn about eating behaviors in macaque monkeys, so they put some sweet potatoes on a beach near where they lived. The sweet potatoes got sandy and, as the monkeys disliked dirty food, they would spend some time picking the sand off. One young female, however started taking her potatoes to a freshwater pool to rinse off. She showed the others how to do so as well. The scientists then threw wheat on the sand, hoping the monkeys would spend more time picking the food out so they would have more time to observe them. The same young female just scooped up handfuls of wheat and sand and dumped them in the water. The sand sank and the wheat floated, which she ate. This practice also quickly spread through the group. This is what humans could call a proto-cultural behavior. It is learned, it involves concepts and generalisations, and it is taught. There is only one thing missing.
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not genetically programmed. Not all chimpanzees do it, as would happen if it were built into their genes. It involves several complex generalisations and ideas, involving understanding the termites' behavior and how to exploit it, and conceiving of a tool with which to do so. It is taught by mother chimpanzees to their offspring and involves the use of an artifact: the stick itself.
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have learned to fish termites out of their nests using sticks. They select a stick and modify it to fit down an opening in a termite nest, insert it, wiggle it around and withdraw it, eating the termites that have attacked the stick and stuck to it. This fits our criteria for cultural behavior. It is
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A dog's acquisition of a behavior satisfies one of the requirements of culture, but it also fulfills another. If you were to take a dog that has learned not to eliminate indoors to a different house, it would still know not to urinate there. This is because the dog has made a generalization. It knows
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For a behavior to be considered cultural it must be shared extragenetically; that is, it must be taught. If a trained dog is introduced to a puppy that doesn't know not to urinate in a house, it cannot teach it not to do so. A particularly intelligent puppy might eventually get used to not eliminate
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is an important element in human culture. It is the primary abstract artifact by which culture is transmitted extragenetically (fulfilling points 3 and 4). Only so few can be shown, much more must be explained. Most transmission of the knowledge, ideas, and values that make up a given culture, from
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in order to have a culture. Every society does the best it can with its circumstances. Any given social group, and therefore the culture that reflects it, is therefore neither more advanced nor more backward than any other; it is simply the way it is because that way works. If the circumstances
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The difference between the culture of humans and the behaviors exhibited by others is that humans cannot survive without culture. Everything they see, touch, interact with and think about is cultural. It is the major adaptive mechanism for humans. They cannot survive winters in upper latitudes
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without protective clothing and shelter, which are provided culturally. They cannot obtain food without being taught how. Whereas other organisms that exhibit cultural behavior don't necessarily need it for the perpetuation of their species, they absolutely cannot live without it.
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they secrete. This is certainly a complex feat of engineering, but it is not cultural. This behavior is instinctive, built into the ants' behavior mechanisms. They cannot alter their plans or think of better ways to join leaves. They cannot teach or be taught to do so.
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the ten commandments to this entry, is done through language. Again, language is an aspect from which humans differ from other animals in degree rather than kind. Once more it is other apes who share the greatest similarities with humans. Though these primates lack the
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that builds nests made of leaves. To build a nest, some of these ants pull the edges of two leaves together and hold them in place, while others carry larva in their jaws and 'sew' them together with the
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is behavior exhibited by humans (and, some would argue, by other species as well, though to a much lesser degree) that is extrasomatic or extragenetic—in other words, learned.
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279:. A dog doesn't know instinctively not to urinate or defecate indoors, but it can be taught not to do so. Dogs are capable of learning specific behaviors.
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not to urinate or defecate in any house, not just the one in which it was taught. However, this behavior only makes two of the four requirements.
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368:, or historical events, then the culture changes. From an anthropological perspective, none is wrong, and none is right.
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structure that allows for sophisticated vocalization, there are other ways of communicating. The famous female
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in people's houses by observing the older dog, but no active teaching would have taken place.
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316:. The most famous example in the animal world is the termite stick. Some chimpanzees in
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But there are examples of animals that can learn behaviors, such as
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348:, and she taught it to other gorillas as well.
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91:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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312:Cultural behavior must involve the use of
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217:Learn how and when to remove this message
155:Learn how and when to remove this message
300:Contrast this with an observed group of
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1331:Role of Christianity in civilization
89:adding citations to reliable sources
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31:This article has multiple issues.
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308:Artifacts, concrete and abstract
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1543:Culture and positive psychology
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344:, was taught to communicate in
39:or discuss these issues on the
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355:. It's not necessary to have
1548:Culture and social cognition
533:Cross-cultural communication
1630:Intercultural communication
197:the claims made and adding
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1073:Cross cultural sensitivity
740:Resistance through culture
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1685:Transformation of culture
1118:Cultural environmentalism
548:Cross-cultural psychology
543:Cross-cultural psychiatry
538:Cross-cultural leadership
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1645:Living things in culture
1635:Intercultural competence
1538:Culture and menstruation
1037:Trans-cultural diffusion
1456:Cultural homogenization
686:Individualistic culture
620:Popular culture studies
605:Intercultural relations
398:Intercultural relations
1391:Archaeological culture
1138:Cultural globalization
1007:Organizational culture
855:Cultural communication
813:Cultural appropriation
600:Intercultural learning
528:Cross-cultural studies
351:Culture does not mean
346:American sign language
258:There is a species of
1777:Cultural anthropology
1660:Participatory culture
1451:Cultural evolutionism
1275:Multiracial democracy
1153:Cultural intelligence
1098:Cultural conservatism
1088:Cultural backwardness
1078:Cultural assimilation
952:Cultural reproduction
808:Cultural appreciation
760:Far-right subcultures
650:Transcultural nursing
615:Philosophy of culture
492:Cultural neuroscience
472:Cultural anthropology
360:should change due to
1655:Oppositional culture
1625:Emotions and culture
1533:Cultural sensibility
1523:Cultural translation
1461:Cultural institution
1441:Cultural determinism
1163:Cultural nationalism
1148:Cultural imperialism
1108:Cultural deprivation
1002:Non-material culture
635:Sociology of culture
630:Semiotics of culture
362:environmental change
85:improve this article
1506:Culture speculation
1501:Cultural relativism
1431:Cultural competence
1321:Cultural Christians
1193:Cultural Revolution
1183:Cultural radicalism
1158:Cultural liberalism
1093:Cultural Bolshevism
1068:Consumer capitalism
1022:Relational mobility
962:Cultural technology
870:Cultural dissonance
787:Culture by location
750:Alternative culture
666:Constructed culture
645:Theology of culture
585:Cultural psychology
565:Cultural entomology
393:Diversity marketing
378:Cultural competence
366:population pressure
104:"Cultural behavior"
1665:Permission culture
1598:Disability culture
1578:Children's culture
1446:Cultural diversity
1406:Circuit of culture
1188:Cultural retention
1168:Cultural pessimism
1123:Cultural exception
1113:Cultural diplomacy
1103:Cultural contracts
1063:Colonial mentality
992:Manuscript culture
967:Cultural universal
937:Cultural pluralism
917:Cultural landscape
912:Cultural invention
880:Cultural framework
782:Vernacular culture
580:Cultural mediation
560:Cultural economics
555:Cultural analytics
487:Cultural geography
477:Cultural astronomy
182:possibly contains
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1593:Death and culture
1486:Cultural movement
1476:Cultural literacy
1336:Eastern Orthodoxy
1248:Dominator culture
1243:Deculturalization
1143:Cultural hegemony
1133:Cultural genocide
1128:Cultural feminism
947:Cultural property
942:Cultural practice
927:Cultural leveling
922:Cultural learning
907:Cultural industry
902:Cultural identity
885:Cultural heritage
875:Cultural emphasis
860:Cultural conflict
833:Cultural behavior
823:Cultural artifact
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1491:Cultural mulatto
1466:Cultural jet lag
1401:Cannabis culture
1358:Cultural Muslims
1280:Pluriculturalism
1263:Multiculturalism
1253:Interculturalism
1228:Culture minister
1218:Cultural Zionism
1213:Cultural subsidy
1208:Cultural silence
1083:Cultural attaché
1042:Transculturation
997:Material culture
987:Interculturality
843:Cultural capital
828:Cultural baggage
765:Youth subculture
706:Official culture
671:Dominant culture
610:Internet culture
575:Cultural mapping
570:Cultural history
497:Cultural studies
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1268:Biculturalism
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897:Cultural icon
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1558:Culture hero
1471:Cultural lag
1411:Civilization
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195:verifying
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465:Sciences
372:See also
329:Language
318:Tanzania
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1736:Commons
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1370:Sikhism
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189:Please
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