312:. LeVine and Campbell defines ethnocentrism as people's tendency to view their culture or in-group as superior to other groups, and to judge those groups to their standards. With ethnocentric attitudes, those incapable to expand their view of different cultures could create conflict between groups. Ignorance to diversity and cultural groups contributes to prevention of peaceful interaction in a fast-paced globalizing world. The counterpart of ethnocentrism is ethnorelativism: the ability to see multiple values, beliefs, norms etc. in the world as cultural rather than universal; being able to understand and accept different cultures as equally valid as ones' own. It is a mindset that moves beyond in-group out-group to see all groups as equally important and valid and individuals to be seen in terms of their own cultural context.
290:. But international students who adapt themselves to the culture surrounding them (and who interact more with domestic students) will increase their knowledge of the domestic culture, which may help them to "blend in" more. In the article it stated, "Segmented assimilation theorists argue that students from less affluent and racial and ethnic minority immigrant families face a number of educational hurdles and barriers that often stem from racial, ethnic, and gender biases and discrimination embedded within the U.S. public school system". Such individuals may be said to have adopted
80:, and social relaxation. In general, positive emotions generate respect for other cultures and their differences. Behavioral processes refer to how effectively and appropriately the individual directs actions to achieve goals. Actions during intercultural interactions are influenced by the ability to clearly convey a message, proficiency with the foreign language, flexibility and management of behavior, and social skills.
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255:'s affective and cognitive taxonomies serve as an effective framework for describing the overlapping areas among these three disciplines: at the receiving and knowledge levels, 3C can operate with near-independence from language proficiency and regional knowledge. But, as one approaches the internalizing and evaluation levels, the overlapping areas approach totality.
236:
literacy or fluency, adaptability, terrain, expertise, competency, awareness, intelligence, and understanding. The United States Army
Research Institute, which is currently engaged in a study of 3C has defined it as "A set of cognitive, behavioral, and affective/motivational components that enable individuals to adapt effectively in intercultural environments".
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271:(Input – Notice – Practice – Output), and the ICC, which are systematically integrated. The second part is the main part consisting of four teaching steps to facilitate learners' ICC development, and each step reflects a step of the knowledge scaffolding and constructing process to facilitate learners' ICC development.
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The development of intercultural competence is mostly based on the individual's experiences while he or she is communicating with different cultures. When interacting with people from other cultures, the individual experiences certain obstacles that are caused by differences in cultural understanding
93:
Mindfulness: the ability of being cognitively aware of how the communication and interaction with others is developed. It is important to focus more in the process of the interaction than its outcome while maintaining in perspective the desired communication goals. For example, it would be better to
568:
Although its goal is to promote understanding between groups of individuals that, as a whole, think differently, it may fail to recognize specific differences between individuals of any given group. Such differences can be more significant than the differences between groups, especially in the case
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Cross-cultural competence (3C) has generated confusing and contradictory definitions because it has been studied by a wide variety of academic approaches and professional fields. One author identified eleven different terms that have some equivalence to 3C: cultural savvy, astuteness, appreciation,
109:
Cross-cultural empathy: the ability to visualize with the imagination the situation of another person from an intellectual and emotional point of view. Demonstrating empathy includes the abilities of connecting emotionally with people, showing compassion, thinking in more than one perspective, and
101:
Tolerance for ambiguity: the ability to maintain focus in situations that are not clear rather than becoming anxious and to methodically determine the best approach as the situation evolves. Generally, low-tolerance individuals look for information that supports their beliefs while high-tolerance
64:
Individuals who are effective and appropriate in intercultural situations display high levels of cultural self-awareness and understand the influence of culture on behavior, values, and beliefs. Cognitive processes imply the understanding of situational and environmental aspects of intercultural
119:
The assessment of cross-cultural competence is a field that is rife with controversy. One survey identified 86 assessment instruments for 3C. A United States Army
Research Institute study narrowed the list down to ten quantitative instruments that were suitable for further exploration of their
285:
also face this issue: they have a choice of modifying their cultural boundaries and adapting to the culture around them or holding on to their native culture and surrounding themselves with people from their own country. The students who decide to hold on to their native culture are those who
267:
Intercultural
Communicative Language Teaching Model. In response to the needs to develop EFL learners' ICC in the context of Asia, a theoretical framework, which is an instructional design (ISD) model ADDIE with five stages (Analyze – Design – Develop – Implement – Evaluate) is employed as a
220:
to incorporate cultural and linguistic competence training in order to qualify for certification credits. In 2011, HealthPartners
Institute for Education and Research implemented the EBAN Experience™ program to reduce health disparities among minority populations, most notably East African
105:
Behavioral flexibility: the ability to adapt and accommodate behaviors to a different culture. Although knowing a second language could be important for this skill, it does not necessarily translate into cultural adaptability. The individual must be willing to assimilate the new
88:
Intercultural competence is determined by the presence of cognitive, affective, and behavioral abilities that directly shape communication across cultures. These essential abilities can be separated into five specific skills that are obtained through education and experience:
183:
Research in the area of 3C assessment, while thin, points to the value of qualitative assessment instruments in concert with quantitative ones. Qualitative instruments, such as scenario-based assessments, are useful for gaining insight into intercultural competence.
1226:
Lievens, Filip; Harris, Michael M.; Van Keer, Etienne; Bisqueret, Claire (2003). "Predicting cross-cultural training performance: The validity of personality, cognitive ability, and dimensions measured by an assessment center and a behavior description interview".
97:
Cognitive flexibility: the ability of creating new categories of information rather than keeping old categories. This skill includes opening to new information, taking more than one perspective, and understanding personal ways of interpreting messages and
65:
interactions and the application of intercultural awareness, which is affected by the understanding of the self and own culture. Self-awareness in intercultural interactions requires self-monitoring to censor anything not acceptable to another culture.
239:
Organizations in academia, business, health care, government security, and developmental aid agencies have all sought to use 3C in one way or another. Poor results have often been obtained due to a lack of rigorous study of 3C and a reliance on
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Lin, Yang; Rancer, Andrew S. (January 2003). "Ethnocentrism, intercultural communication apprehension, intercultural willingness-to-communicate, and intentions to participate in an intercultural dialogue program: Testing a proposed model".
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between two people from different cultures. Such experiences may motivate the individual to acquire skills that can help him to communicate his point of view to an audience belonging to a different cultural ethnicity and background.
55:
comprises behaviors that accomplish the desired goals of the interaction and parties involved. It includes behaviors that suit cultural expectations, situational characteristics, and characteristics of relationship.
147:, personality traits such as extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness have a favorable predictive value to the adequate termination of cross-cultural assignments.
1858:
Blanchett, Wanda J.; Mumford, Vincent; Beachum, Floyd (March 2005). "Urban School
Failure and Disproportionality in a Post-Brown Era: Benign Neglect of the Constitutional Rights of Students of Color".
279:
A salient issue, especially for people living in countries other than their native country, is the issue of which culture they should follow: their native culture or the one in their new surroundings.
872:); Spitzberg, B. H. (2000). A Model of Intercultural Communication Competence. In L. A. Samovar, & R. E. Porter, Intercultural Communication - A Reader (pp. 375-87). Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing.
1933:
Krieger, Nancy; Rowley, Diane L.; Herman, Allen A.; Avery, Byllye; Phillips, Mona T. (November 1993). "Racism, Sexism, and Social Class: Implications for
Studies of Health, Disease, and Well-being".
1516:
Bondy, Jennifer M.; Peguero, Anthony A.; Johnson, Brent E. (June 2017). "The
Children of Immigrants' Academic Self-Efficacy: The Significance of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Segmented Assimilation".
486:
Depending on the culture, some people may be considered superior to others because of a large number of factors such as wealth, age, occupation, gender, personal achievements, and family history.
330:, cultural characteristics can be measured along several dimensions. The ability to perceive them and to cope with them is fundamental for intercultural competence. These characteristics include:
268:
guideline in order to construct the ICLT model for EFL learners. The ICLT model is an on-going process of ICC acquisition. There are three parts: Language-Culture, the main training process.
3025:
1398:"Clinics Offer Culturally Tailored Diabetes Education and Culturally Appropriate Care to Ethiopian Patients, Leading to More Engagement, Better Outcomes, and Reduction of Health Disparities"
1376:"State Legislation Requires Inclusion of Cultural and Linguistic Competence in Continuing Medical Education, Increasing Acceptance of Their Importance by Educational Programs and Clinicians"
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Believe that social and class hierarchy and inequalities are beneficial, that authority should not be challenged, and that people with higher social status have the right to use power;
1011:
251:, and regional knowledge are distinct skills that are inextricably linked, but to varying degrees depending on the context in which they are employed. In educational settings,
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Messner, W., & Schäfer, N. (2012) The ICCA Facilitator's Manual. Intercultural
Communication and Collaboration Appraisal. London: GloBus Research, p. 41 (also see:
1164:
Kitsantas, Anastasia (1 September 2004). "Studying abroad: the role of college students' goals on the development of cross-cultural skills and global understanding".
1375:
683:
1887:
Chamberlain, Steven P. (March 2005). "Recognizing and
Responding to Cultural Differences in the Education of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners".
457:
Low uncertainty avoidance cultures accept and feel comfortable in unstructured situations or changeable environments and try to have as few rules as possible;
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1397:
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Countries exhibiting high
Uncertainty Avoidance Index or UAI maintain rigid codes of belief and behavior and are intolerant of unorthodox behavior and ideas;
1629:"When an Intercultural Business Negotiation Fails: Comparing the Emotions and Behavioural Tendencies of Individualistic and Collectivistic Negotiators"
327:
1989:
Sea, M.C., et al. (1994) Latino Cultural Values: Their Role in Adjustment to Disability. Psychological Perspectives on Disability. Select Press CA
1139:. The International Conference on Communication and Media 2014 (i-COME’14) - Communication, Empowerment and Governance: The 21st Century Enigma.
882:
Ciairano, Silvia; Bonino, S; Miceli, Renato (September 2006). "Cognitive flexibility and social competence from childhood to early adolescence".
663:
572:
Madison has criticized the tendency of 3C training for its tendency to simplify migration and cross-cultural processes into stages and phases.
431:
Uncertainty avoidance dimension expresses the degree to which a person in society feels comfortable with a sense of uncertainty and ambiguity.
1924:
698:
188:
1993:
Staton, Ann Q. (October 1989). "The interface of communication and instruction: Conceptual considerations and programmatic manifestations".
1051:"The Big Five Personality Characteristics as Predictors of Expatriate's Desire to Terminate the Assignment and Supervisor-Rated Performance"
3015:
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or cultural awareness leads the individual to an understanding of how their own culture determines feelings, thoughts, and personality.
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2065:
2119:
1419:
Campinha-Bacote, Josepha (July 2002). "The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services: A Model of Care".
204:
2042:. Conference Proceedings of the 4th TESOL: Teaching Methodologies and Learning Outcomes. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. pp. 27–42.
2070:
1692:
Maali, Bassam Mohammad; Al-Attar, Ali (2017). "Corporate Disclosure and Cultural Values: A Test for Multinational Corporations".
503:
Believe in reducing inequalities, challenging authority, minimizing hierarchical structures, and using power just when necessary;
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1972:(2007). Strategic Diversity & Inclusion Management magazine, pp. 31–36. DTUI Publications Division: San Francisco, CA.
1929:
Hayunga, E.G., Pinn, V.W. (1999) NIH Policy on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research. 5-17-99
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2666:
339:
172:
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Achieving Cultural Competence guidebook from Administration on Aging, Department of Health and Human Services, United States
848:
72:
Affective processes define the emotions that span during intercultural interactions. These emotions are strongly related to
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788:
Alizadeh, S., & Chavan, M. (2016). Cultural competence dimensions and outcomes: a systematic review of the literature.
160:
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Chung, Rita Chi-Ying; Bemak, Fred (April 2002). "The Relationship of Culture and Empathy in Cross-Cultural Counseling".
597:
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213:. In 2005, California passed Assembly Bill 1195 that requires patient-related continuing medical education courses in
52:
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Rathje, Stefanie (15 November 2007). "Intercultural Competence: The Status and Future of a Controversial Concept".
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Cultures value tradition, personal stability, maintaining "face", and reciprocity during interpersonal interactions
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191:), do not attempt an assessment; they provide guidance for personal improvement based upon the identification of
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813:
Liu, Shuang (1 July 2014). "Becoming intercultural: exposure to foreign cultures and intercultural competence".
3329:
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124:
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Macaulay, A.C., el. al. (1999) Responsible Research with Communities: Participatory Research in Primary Care.
1133:"Expatriate Adjustment: Validating Multicultural Personality Trait among Self-initiated Academic Expatriates"
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Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, the Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook II: Affective Domain.
247:
Cross-cultural competence does not operate in a vacuum, however. One theoretical construct posits that 3C,
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975:"Paul B. Pedersen: Award for distinguished contributions to the international advancement of psychology".
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Reflects the extent to which members of a society attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty;
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formulate questions such as "What can I say or do to help this process?" rather than "What do they mean?"
3344:
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2013:
Stavans, I. (1995) The Hispanic Condition: Reflections on Culture and Identity in America. HarperCollins
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128:
2017:
Stuart, Richard B. (2004). "Twelve Practical Suggestions for Achieving Multicultural Competence".
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Low UAI societies maintain a more relaxed attitude in which practice counts more than principles;
2089:
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Cultures with high power distance are Arab countries, Guatemala, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
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1950:
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1828:
Anderson, R. C. (1984). "Role of the reader's schema in comprehension, learning, and memory".
1468:. Kingston: Royal Military College of Canada Centre for Security, Armed Forces, & Society.
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Promotes the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance;
131:, openness to contacts, flexibility in behavior, emotional stability, motivation to perform,
3408:
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2105:
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2002:
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Anderson, MR; Moscou, S (March 1998). "Race and ethnicity in research on infant mortality".
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Another issue that stands out in intercultural communication is the attitude stemming from
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Cultures believe that past results do not guarantee for the future and are aware of change
144:
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Value behaviors that promote the quality of life such as caring for others and nurturing;
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individuals look for information that gives an understanding of the situation and others.
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1177:
910:
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Individualistic cultures are Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the United States.
3180:
3105:
3100:
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3049:
2974:
2907:
2731:
2711:
2274:
2191:
1191:
Lessard-Clouston, M. (1997). "Towards an understanding of culture in L2/FL education".
1066:
961:
911:"Physician behavioral adaptability: A model to outstrip a 'one size fits all' approach"
587:
321:
252:
217:
1946:
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Monochronic cultures are Canada, Philippines, Nigeria, Pakistan, and the United States
127:
of intercultural competence as an existing ability or as the potential to develop it:
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High uncertainty avoidance cultures are Greece, Guatemala, Portugal, and Uruguay.
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experience the most problems in their university life and who encounter frequent
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Cross-cultural competence in Army leaders: A conceptual and empirical foundation
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Low uncertainty avoidance cultures are Denmark, Jamaica, Ireland, and Singapore.
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Society ensures security by setting extensive rules and keeping more structure;
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2006:
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1432:
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Luomala, Harri T.; Kumar, Rajesh; Singh, J. D.; Jaakkola, Matti (May 2015).
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Military cross-cultural competence: Core concepts and individual development
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Decisions are based on the benefits of the group rather than the individual;
32:, behavioural, and linguistic skills that lead to effective and appropriate
29:
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996:
934:
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Low power distance countries are Austria, Denmark, Israel, and New Zealand.
1954:
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1705:
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Decisions prioritize the benefits of the individual rather than the group;
648:
2128:
1307:
Curriculum management for educational and social service organizations.
1131:
Halim, Haslina; Bakar, Hassan Abu; Mohamad, Bahtiar (6 November 2014).
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Historical events and beliefs influence people's actions in the present
132:
37:
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Refers to the degree in which cultures accept unequal distribution of
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People in these cultures are more tolerant of change and accept risks;
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Members of society expect consensus about national and societal goals;
2439:
1830:
Learning to read in American schools: Basal readers and content texts
1612:
Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures
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988:
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People sacrifice immediate gratification for long-term commitments
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Gender roles overlap and sexual equality is preferred as the norm;
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Sex roles are clearly defined and sexual inequality is acceptable;
1479:
Taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook I: Cognitive domain.
2056:
National Center for Cultural Competence at Georgetown University
2040:
An intercultural communicative competence model for EFL learners
48:
are terms used for the training to achieve cultural competence.
2101:
1378:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 25 September 2013
123:
The following characteristics are tested and observed for the
1400:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 29 January 2014
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Masculine cultures include Austria, Italy, Japan, and Mexico.
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Judge people based on the degree of ambition and achievement;
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Collectivist cultures include Pakistan, India, and Guatemala.
209:
The provision of culturally tailored health care can improve
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Feminine cultures are Chile, Portugal, Sweden, and Thailand.
155:
Three examples of quantitative assessment instruments are:
2097:
2082:
1963:
North America Primary Care Research Group Policy Statement
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Nurturing behaviors are acceptable for both women and men;
884:
CogniĹŁie, Creier, Comportament/Cognition, Brain, Behavior
1490:
Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S., & Masia, B.B. (1973).
1205:"Towards an Understanding of Culture in L2/FL Education"
909:
Carrard, Valérie; Schmid Mast, Marianne (October 2015).
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Polychronic cultures are China, Japan, Brazil, and India
2071:
University of Michigan Program For Multicultural Health
1350:
Intercultural Communication and Collaboration Appraisal
387:
Value behaviors that indicate assertiveness and wealth;
189:
Intercultural Communication and Collaboration Appraisal
363:
Autonomy of the individual has the highest importance;
350:
The group is expected to take care of each individual;
1035:
Abbe, A., Gulick, L.M.V., & Herman, J.L. (2007).
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Cultures value persistence, thriftiness, and humility
187:
Intercultural coaching frameworks, such as the ICCA (
393:
General behaviors are associated with male behavior;
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Strong loyalty to the group as the main social unit;
3063:
2983:
2740:
2480:
2343:
2200:
2149:
841:"Cultural Competence In Health and Human Services"
1832:. Laurence Earlbaum Associates. pp. 373–383.
744:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intercultural Competence
1017:Exploring and Assessing Intercultural Competence
569:of heterogeneous populations and value systems.
1039:. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Research Institute.
2019:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
1309:Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.
1031:
1029:
1027:
2113:
774:The Sage handbook of intercultural competence
483:and challenge the decisions of power holders;
8:
2061:National Association of School Psychologists
1977:Cultural Competence: A primer for educators
1460:
1458:
2120:
2106:
2098:
2091:What is the Cost of Intercultural Silence?
1503:
776:. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
1979:. Wadsworth/Cengage, Belmont, California.
1755:
1614:(4th ed.). Boston : Allyn and Bacon.
1610:Lustig, M. W., & Koester, J. (2003).
1240:
1148:
1137:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
790:Health & Social Care In The Community
534:People expect quick results after actions
1744:Language and Intercultural Communication
1294:A post-modern perspective on curriculum.
1010:Fantini, Alvino; Tirmizi, Aqeel (2006).
684:Montreal–Philippines cutlery controversy
1984:Non-verbal Communication in Puerto Rico
1935:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1917:Research Methods in Indigenous Contexts
950:Journal of Counseling & Development
735:
517:Short-term versus long-term orientation
173:Multicultural Personality Questionnaire
1687:
1685:
1606:
1604:
1331:Messner, W. & Schäfer, N. (2012).
1283:San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
1203:Lessard-Clouston, Michael (May 1997).
746:, SAGE Publications, USA, 2015, p. 490
664:Intercultural communication principles
528:Short-term or Monochronic Orientation
167:Cultural Intelligence (CQ) Measurement
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1352:. GloBus Research Ltd. Archived from
1305:English, F. & Larson, R. (1996).
1089:"Intercultural Development Inventory"
796:(6), e117-e130. doi:10.1111/hsc.12293
699:Purnell Model for Cultural Competence
545:Long-term or Polychronic Orientation
328:Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory
275:Immigrants and international students
7:
3415:
3016:Role of Christianity in civilization
1318:Palomba, A. & Banta, T. (1999).
851:from the original on 7 February 2023
808:
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434:High uncertainty avoidance cultures
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451:Low uncertainty avoidance cultures
161:Intercultural Development Inventory
151:Quantitative assessment instruments
2084:Cross Cultural Health Care Program
1296:New York: Teacher's College Press.
1067:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00194.x
962:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00178.x
179:Qualitative assessment instruments
16:Set of behaviours or social skills
14:
1982:Nine-Curt, Carmen Judith. (1984)
1889:Intervention in School and Clinic
334:Individualism versus collectivism
205:Cultural competence in healthcare
84:Creating intercultural competence
3426:
3414:
3403:
3402:
2137:
2038:Tran, T. Q.; Seepho, S. (2016).
1421:Journal of Transcultural Nursing
915:Patient Education and Counseling
3228:Culture and positive psychology
2138:
1694:The Journal of Developing Areas
263:Intercultural competence models
2667:High- and low-context cultures
1860:Remedial and Special Education
1636:Group Decision and Negotiation
1555:Communication Research Reports
1550:LeVine and Campbell, cited in
1333:The ICCA™ Facilitator's Manual
1193:Ronko: K.G. Studies in English
1107:"Cultural Intelligence Portal"
1:
1947:10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30666-4
1229:Journal of Applied Psychology
489:High power distance cultures
379:Masculinity versus femininity
195:, strengths, and weaknesses.
3233:Culture and social cognition
2218:Cross-cultural communication
1901:10.1177/10534512050400040101
1872:10.1177/07419325050260020201
1150:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.267
1049:Caligiuri, Paula M. (2000).
598:Cross-cultural communication
500:Low power distance cultures
137:metacommunicative competence
3315:Intercultural communication
1986:. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1518:Education and Urban Society
1477:Bloom, B.S. (Ed.). (1956).
1322:San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
679:Interpersonal communication
659:Intercultural communication
53:intercultural communication
28:, is a range of cognitive,
3520:
2758:Cross cultural sensitivity
2425:Resistance through culture
1251:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.476
520:
319:
301:
228:
202:
120:reliability and validity.
3398:
3370:Transformation of culture
2803:Cultural environmentalism
2233:Cross-cultural psychology
2228:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2223:Cross-cultural leadership
2135:
2007:10.1080/03634528909378777
1648:10.1007/s10726-014-9420-8
1567:10.1080/08824090309388800
1494:New York: McKay Co., Inc.
1433:10.1177/10459602013003003
1209:The Internet TESL Journal
927:10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.028
772:Deardorff, D. K. (2009).
231:Cross-cultural competence
225:Cross-cultural competence
3330:Living things in culture
3320:Intercultural competence
3223:Culture and menstruation
2722:Trans-cultural diffusion
2031:10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.3
1530:10.1177/0013124516644049
46:cross-cultural education
26:intercultural competence
3141:Cultural homogenization
2371:Individualistic culture
2305:Popular culture studies
2290:Intercultural relations
1995:Communication Education
1915:Groh, Arnold A. (2018)
1789:"Existential Migration"
1464:Selmeski, B.R. (2007).
1166:College Student Journal
669:Intercultural relations
76:, open-mindedness, non-
3076:Archaeological culture
2823:Cultural globalization
2692:Organizational culture
2540:Cultural communication
2498:Cultural appropriation
2285:Intercultural learning
2213:Cross-cultural studies
2076:10 August 2020 at the
1968:Mercedes Martin &
1919:. Springer, New York.
1787:Madison, Greg (2006).
1504:Tran & Seepho 2016
1481:New York: David McKay.
1320:Assessment essentials.
704:Social constructionism
283:International students
3462:Cultural anthropology
3345:Participatory culture
3136:Cultural evolutionism
2960:Multiracial democracy
2838:Cultural intelligence
2783:Cultural conservatism
2773:Cultural backwardness
2763:Cultural assimilation
2637:Cultural reproduction
2493:Cultural appreciation
2445:Far-right subcultures
2335:Transcultural nursing
2300:Philosophy of culture
2177:Cultural neuroscience
2157:Cultural anthropology
1706:10.1353/jda.2017.0071
977:American Psychologist
638:Existential migration
623:Cultural intelligence
603:Cultural assimilation
521:Further information:
423:Uncertainty avoidance
292:bicultural identities
36:with people of other
3340:Oppositional culture
3310:Emotions and culture
3218:Cultural sensibility
3208:Cultural translation
3146:Cultural institution
3126:Cultural determinism
2848:Cultural nationalism
2833:Cultural imperialism
2793:Cultural deprivation
2687:Non-material culture
2320:Sociology of culture
2315:Semiotics of culture
1975:Moule, Jean (2012).
1796:Existential Analysis
1356:on 19 September 2017
1335:London: Createspace.
1055:Personnel Psychology
983:(8): 839–854. 2010.
815:China Media Research
316:Cultural differences
249:language proficiency
67:Cultural sensitivity
3492:Cultural competence
3482:Human communication
3191:Culture speculation
3186:Cultural relativism
3116:Cultural competence
3006:Cultural Christians
2878:Cultural Revolution
2868:Cultural radicalism
2843:Cultural liberalism
2778:Cultural Bolshevism
2753:Consumer capitalism
2707:Relational mobility
2647:Cultural technology
2555:Cultural dissonance
2472:Culture by location
2435:Alternative culture
2351:Constructed culture
2330:Theology of culture
2270:Cultural psychology
2250:Cultural entomology
1346:"What is The ICCA?"
1281:Tools for teaching.
719:Worldwide etiquette
645:(Islamic etiquette)
384:Masculine Cultures
129:ambiguity tolerance
110:listening actively.
22:Cultural competence
3467:Cultural geography
3350:Permission culture
3283:Disability culture
3263:Children's culture
3131:Cultural diversity
3091:Circuit of culture
2873:Cultural retention
2853:Cultural pessimism
2808:Cultural exception
2798:Cultural diplomacy
2788:Cultural contracts
2748:Colonial mentality
2677:Manuscript culture
2652:Cultural universal
2622:Cultural pluralism
2602:Cultural landscape
2597:Cultural invention
2565:Cultural framework
2467:Vernacular culture
2265:Cultural mediation
2245:Cultural economics
2240:Cultural analytics
2172:Cultural geography
2162:Cultural astronomy
1279:Davis, B. (1993).
742:Janet M. Bennett,
628:Cultural pluralism
613:Cultural diversity
404:Feminine Cultures
3487:Cultural politics
3449:
3448:
3278:Death and culture
3171:Cultural movement
3161:Cultural literacy
3021:Eastern Orthodoxy
2933:Dominator culture
2928:Deculturalization
2828:Cultural hegemony
2818:Cultural genocide
2813:Cultural feminism
2632:Cultural property
2627:Cultural practice
2612:Cultural leveling
2607:Cultural learning
2592:Cultural industry
2587:Cultural identity
2570:Cultural heritage
2560:Cultural emphasis
2545:Cultural conflict
2518:Cultural behavior
2508:Cultural artifact
2420:Primitive culture
2396:Political culture
1925:978-3-319-72774-5
1766:10.2167/laic285.0
1718:Project MUSE
1292:Doll, W. (1993).
1111:www.cq-portal.com
1093:idiinventory.com/
1020:. pp. 87–94.
921:(10): 1243–1247.
618:Cultural identity
608:Cultural behavior
3509:
3497:Interculturalism
3472:Cultural studies
3430:
3429:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3405:
3295:Drinking culture
3248:Culture industry
3196:Cultural tourism
3176:Cultural mulatto
3151:Cultural jet lag
3086:Cannabis culture
3043:Cultural Muslims
2965:Pluriculturalism
2948:Multiculturalism
2938:Interculturalism
2913:Culture minister
2903:Cultural Zionism
2898:Cultural subsidy
2893:Cultural silence
2768:Cultural attaché
2727:Transculturation
2682:Material culture
2672:Interculturality
2528:Cultural capital
2513:Cultural baggage
2450:Youth subculture
2391:Official culture
2356:Dominant culture
2295:Internet culture
2260:Cultural mapping
2255:Cultural history
2182:Cultural studies
2167:Cultural ecology
2141:
2140:
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2115:
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2010:
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1201:Republished as:
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797:
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747:
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714:Transculturation
689:Multiculturalism
674:Interculturalism
211:patient outcomes
24:, also known as
3519:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3394:
3385:Western culture
3380:Welfare culture
3305:Eastern culture
3166:Cultural mosaic
3121:Cultural critic
3111:Cultural center
3059:
3033:Cultural Hindus
2979:
2970:Polyculturalism
2943:Monoculturalism
2918:Culture of fear
2888:Cultural safety
2883:Cultural rights
2863:Cultural racism
2858:Cultural policy
2736:
2642:Cultural system
2617:Cultural memory
2550:Cultural cringe
2476:
2408:Popular culture
2339:
2275:Cultural values
2196:
2145:
2131:
2126:
2096:
2078:Wayback Machine
2051:
2046:
2037:
2016:
1992:
1970:Billy E. Vaughn
1932:
1886:
1857:
1839:Family Medicine
1836:
1827:
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709:Social identity
633:Cultural safety
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476:
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193:personal traits
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143:. According to
117:
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60:Characteristics
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3181:Cultural probe
3178:
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3148:
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3133:
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3123:
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3106:Cross-cultural
3103:
3101:Coffee culture
3098:
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3071:Animal culture
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3018:
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2975:Transculturism
2972:
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2908:Culture change
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2734:
2732:Visual culture
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Safety culture
2709:
2704:
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2694:
2689:
2684:
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2578:
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2533:Cross-cultural
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3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Protestantism
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:Biculturalism
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Technoculture
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Print culture
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Enculturation
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Cultural icon
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Cultural bias
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Cultural area
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Acculturation
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Super culture
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Legal culture
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Sound culture
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:(6): 82–122.
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
875:
871:
866:
863:
850:
846:
842:
836:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
783:
779:
775:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
739:
736:
730:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
593:Bennett scale
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
575:
573:
570:
563:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
544:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
527:
526:
524:
516:
514:
505:
502:
501:
499:
494:
491:
490:
488:
487:
485:
482:
478:
477:
473:
471:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
450:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:
433:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
403:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
383:
382:
378:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:Individualism
357:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
337:
333:
331:
329:
326:According to
323:
315:
313:
311:
310:ethnocentrism
305:
304:Ethnocentrism
298:Ethnocentrism
297:
295:
293:
289:
284:
280:
274:
272:
269:
262:
260:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
237:
232:
224:
222:
219:
216:
212:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
185:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
162:
158:
157:
156:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
114:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:
90:
83:
81:
79:
78:judgmentalism
75:
70:
68:
59:
57:
54:
49:
47:
43:
42:Intercultural
39:
35:
34:communication
31:
27:
23:
19:
3438:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3355:Rape culture
3300:Drug culture
3288:Deaf culture
3273:Cyberculture
3243:Culture hero
3156:Cultural lag
3115:
3096:Civilization
2996:Christianity
2702:Protoculture
2386:Microculture
2366:High culture
2361:Folk culture
2310:Postcritique
2090:
2083:
2039:
2022:
2018:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1976:
1962:
1938:
1934:
1916:
1892:
1888:
1866:(2): 70–81.
1863:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1782:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1697:
1693:
1639:
1635:
1611:
1561:(1): 62–72.
1558:
1554:
1546:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1392:
1382:25 September
1380:. Retrieved
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1349:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1061:(1): 67–88.
1058:
1054:
1044:
1036:
1016:
1012:"Appendix F"
1005:
980:
976:
970:
953:
949:
943:
918:
914:
904:
887:
883:
877:
865:
853:. Retrieved
844:
835:
818:
814:
793:
789:
773:
743:
738:
724:Xenocentrism
571:
567:
513:
470:
340:Collectivism
325:
307:
281:
278:
270:
266:
257:
246:
242:common sense
238:
234:
221:immigrants.
208:
186:
182:
154:
141:polycentrism
122:
118:
87:
74:self-concept
71:
63:
50:
45:
41:
25:
21:
20:
18:
3433:WikiProject
3365:Tea culture
3268:Culturalism
3238:Culture gap
3201:Pop-culture
3001:Catholicism
2923:Culture war
2381:Low culture
2280:Culturomics
2187:Culturology
1143:: 123–129.
821:(3): 7–15.
654:Interaction
98:situations.
3456:Categories
2430:Subculture
2208:Bioculture
2025:(1): 3–9.
1821:References
1729:1912121197
1404:29 January
1199:: 131–150.
1178:A123321904
896:2318/38080
855:7 February
827:A381285571
583:Allophilia
564:Criticisms
523:Chronemics
320:See also:
302:See also:
215:California
199:Healthcare
125:assessment
115:Assessment
51:Effective
3502:Ethnicity
3477:Etiquette
3258:Culturgen
3026:Mormonism
2984:Religions
2657:Cultureme
2575:Destroyed
2201:Subfields
1909:145410246
1880:145367875
1774:146261742
1752:CiteSeerX
1714:157948366
1575:144311978
1538:147292269
1237:CiteSeerX
1075:1744-6570
731:Footnotes
694:Proxemics
145:Caligiuri
30:affective
3409:Category
2991:Buddhism
2741:Politics
2150:Sciences
2074:Archived
1811:22179386
1725:ProQuest
1656:55761570
1449:13560509
1441:12113146
1267:37456091
1259:12814296
1116:15 April
997:21058802
935:26277827
849:Archived
649:Faux pas
576:See also
106:culture.
38:cultures
3440:Changes
3421:Commons
3064:Related
3055:Sikhism
3050:Judaism
2481:Aspects
2143:Outline
2129:Culture
1955:8123288
1851:9532447
1360:25 June
133:empathy
2440:Fandom
1953:
1923:
1907:
1878:
1849:
1809:
1772:
1754:
1727:
1722:662351
1720:
1712:
1654:
1573:
1536:
1447:
1439:
1265:
1257:
1239:
1176:
1073:
995:
933:
825:
139:, and
3038:Islam
2413:Urban
2401:Civic
2344:Types
1905:S2CID
1876:S2CID
1804:EBSCO
1792:(PDF)
1770:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1652:S2CID
1632:(PDF)
1571:S2CID
1534:S2CID
1445:S2CID
1263:S2CID
481:power
253:Bloom
2455:list
1951:PMID
1921:ISBN
1847:PMID
1806:host
1437:PMID
1406:2014
1384:2013
1362:2012
1255:PMID
1215:(5).
1174:Gale
1118:2016
1071:ISSN
993:PMID
931:PMID
857:2023
845:NPIN
823:Gale
643:Adab
171:the
165:the
159:the
2027:doi
2003:doi
1943:doi
1897:doi
1868:doi
1762:doi
1702:doi
1644:doi
1563:doi
1526:doi
1429:doi
1247:doi
1145:doi
1141:155
1063:doi
985:doi
958:doi
923:doi
892:hdl
44:or
3458::
2023:35
2021:.
1999:38
1997:.
1949:.
1937:.
1903:.
1893:40
1891:.
1874:.
1864:26
1862:.
1843:30
1841:.
1800:17
1798:.
1794:.
1768:.
1760:.
1746:.
1716:.
1708:.
1698:51
1696:.
1664:^
1650:.
1640:24
1638:.
1634:.
1619:^
1583:^
1569:.
1559:20
1557:.
1532:.
1522:49
1520:.
1457:^
1443:.
1435:.
1425:13
1423:.
1348:.
1261:.
1253:.
1245:.
1233:88
1231:.
1211:.
1207:.
1197:25
1195:.
1170:38
1168:.
1135:.
1109:.
1091:.
1069:.
1059:53
1057:.
1053:.
1026:^
1014:.
991:.
981:65
979:.
954:80
952:.
929:.
919:98
917:.
913:.
888:10
886:.
847:.
843:.
819:10
817:.
801:^
794:24
792:,
781:^
751:^
294:.
135:,
40:.
2121:e
2114:t
2107:v
2033:.
2029::
2009:.
2005::
1965:.
1957:.
1945::
1939:9
1911:.
1899::
1882:.
1870::
1853:.
1813:.
1776:.
1764::
1748:7
1731:.
1704::
1658:.
1646::
1577:.
1565::
1540:.
1528::
1506:.
1451:.
1431::
1408:.
1386:.
1364:.
1269:.
1249::
1213:3
1180:.
1153:.
1147::
1120:.
1095:.
1077:.
1065::
999:.
987::
964:.
960::
937:.
925::
898:.
894::
859:.
829:.
240:"
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