Cultural expressions - Knowledge (XXG)

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http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=15241&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html ; Convention pour la protection des producteurs de phonogrammes contre la reproduction non autorisée de leurs phonogrammes 1971, 29 octobre 1971, entrée en vigueur le 18 avril 1973, en ligne : http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13646&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html#ENTRY ; Convention internationale sur la protection des artistes interprètes ou exécutants, des producteurs de phonogrammes et des organismes de radiodiffusion 1961, 26 octobre 1961, entrée en vigueur le 18 mai 1964, en ligne : http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13645&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html#ENT.RY

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which should thus refer to a contemporary conception of cultural goods and services. The link between cultural diversity and diversity of cultural expressions is reflected in the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. The convention contains this definition of cultural diversity :

359:, information and communication, as well as the ability of individuals to choose cultural expressions, are guaranteed." To ensure cultural diversity, the 2005 Convention commits parties to adopt and implement measures to promote and protect cultural expressions. These measures take the form primarily of 345:

cultural diversity refers to the multiplicity of forms in which the cultures of groups and societies find expression. These expressions are transmitted within and between groups and societies. Cultural diversity is manifested not only in the varied forms in which the cultural heritage of humankind is

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There is sometimes some confusion about the scope of application of three major UNESCO cultural conventions: the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the Convention for the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, and the 2005 Convention. Performing

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Although the definition is broad, some traditional cultural expressions do not fall within this framework. Traditional cultural expressions fall outside the scope of the 2005 Convention and the definition of cultural expressions set out in its Article 4. It is possible to address the issue of their

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The last sentence refers to cultural expressions, which are a manifestation of cultural diversity. The 2001 Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity states that the preservation of cultural diversity requires respect for fundamental human rights, particularly cultural rights. The 2005 Convention

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Cultural content refers to the symbolic meaning, artistic dimension and cultural values that originate from or express cultural identities. Cultural activities, goods and services refers to those activities, goods and services that, when considered from the point of view of their specific quality,

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Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culturel et l'Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle, Disposition types de législation nationale sur la protection des expressions du folklore contre leur exploitation illicite et autres actions dommageables, 1985, en

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Véronique GUÈVREMONT, « Note introductive » dans Regards croisés sur la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel et la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles, Véronique GUÈVREMONT, Olivier DELAS (dir.), Québec, Les

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For the sake of simplicity and clarity, the concepts of cultural contents and artistic expressions were merged into cultural expressions. It was thus agreed that the terms culture and cultural diversity should be understood in their strict sense, i.e. in relation to the term cultural expressions,

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OPTION 2: Cultural expressions are defined as the creative product of cultural initiatives intended to be presented to the public and which carry symbolic meanings or cultural values distinct from the commercial value of that product. This includes: (1) the product of individual creativity in the

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Convention de 2005, art. 1; ONU, Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, résolution 2200A (XXI) de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies, 16 décembre 1966, (1976) 993 R.T.N.U. 3, 13; Sara WHYATT, « Promouvoir la liberté d'imaginer et de créer » dans Re/penser les

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The term cultural expressions encompasses both the notions of cultural content and artistic expression and refers to the various ways in which cultural goods and services, as well as other cultural activities, can carry symbolic meaning or transmit cultural values. The cultural content of these

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Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel, UNESCO, 17 octobre 2003, entrée en vigueur le 20 avril 2006, http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=17716&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html ; Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial,

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UNESCO, Avant-projet de Convention sur la protection de la diversité des contenus culturels et des expressions artistiques, texte révisé par le comité de rédaction en date du 14-17 décembre 2004, Paris, CLT/CPD/2004/ CONF.607/6 (2004), Annexe 1 : Liste non exhaustive des biens et services

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certainly relate to the creative industries. However, without excluding the possibility that some components could be included in the definition of cultural expressions, they are not covered a priori. Author Rostam J. Neuwirth suggests that the fashion industry, as a creative industry, may be

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Lilian Richieri HANANIA, « Les biens et les services culturels menacés », dans Véronique Guèvremont et Olivier Delas (dir.), Regards croisés sur la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel et la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des

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sectors are unique in that they were included in one of the options for defining cultural expressions suggested during the negotiations of the 2005 Convention. These sectors are critical to the preservation of cultural expressions. These sectors are essential to the issues of preservation,

191:(WIPO) has established a number of conventions on the protection of traditional cultural expressions. The World Intellectual Property Organization is continuing its work on a convention to recognize intellectual property rights in traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions. 910:

Ivan, BERNIER, « La Convention sur la diversité des expressions culturelles de l'UNESCO : un instrument culturel au carrefour du droit et de la politique », Québec, Ministère de la culture et des communications, Secrétariat de la diversité culturelle, Publications, 2008,

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Culture takes diverse forms across time and space. This diversity is embodied in the originality and plurality of identities that characterize the groups and societies that make up humanity. As a source of exchange, innovation and creativity, cultural diversity is as necessary for

148:, the notion of cultural expressions is further defined by state practice and use of the term. In the context of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, this practice is reflected in the quadrennial reports produced by the parties. 838:

OMPI, Comité intergouvernemental de la propriété intellectuelle relative aux ressources génétiques, aux savoirs traditionnels et au folklore, La protection des expressions culturelles traditionnelles : projets d'articles, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/40/5 (9 avril 2019), en ligne :

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does not constitute a cultural expression, but a means of conveying it or, on the contrary, a barrier limiting access to it. Language can therefore be the subject of measures aimed at promoting the circulation and creation of cultural expressions, such as language quotas.

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Katerina STENOU, L'UNESCO et la question de la diversité culturelle : Bilan et stratégies, 1946–2007, Étude réalisée à partir d'un choix de documents officiels, Division des politiques culturelles du dialogue interculturel, UNESCO, 2007, p. 61, 62, en ligne :

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Rapports périodiques, Argentine, Cuba, Union Européenne; Morgane ISSENMAN, L'ambiguïté du concept d'expressions culturelles, Mémoire de maîtrise, sous la direction de Véronique Guèvremont, Université Laval, coll. travaux étudiants, teseopress.com, travail non daté,

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Ivan, Bernier, "The UNESCO Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions: A Cultural Instrument at the Crossroads of Law and Politics", Quebec, Ministère de la culture et des communications, Secrétariat de la diversité culturelle, Publications, 2008, p.

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To identify the scope of what constitutes cultural goods and services, one can refer to the non-exhaustive list annexed to the Preliminary Draft of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, published in 2004.

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expressed, enriched and transmitted through the variety of cultural expressions, but also in the various modes of artistic creation, production, dissemination, distribution and enjoyment of cultural expressions, whatever the means and technologies used

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Ivan BERNIER, « Les expressions culturelles menacées dans la Convention sur la diversité des expressions culturelles », Québec, Ministère de la culture et des communications, Secrétariat de la diversité culturelle, Publications, 2009,

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Ivan BERNIER, « Les expressions culturelles menacées dans la Convention sur la diversité des expressions culturelles » Québec, Ministère de la culture et des communications, Secrétariat de la diversité culturelle, Publications, 2009,

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703:

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dissemination and access, but are considered peripheral to the notion of cultural expression. Moreover, they are more in line with the objectives of sustainability of intangible cultural heritage than of vitality of cultural expressions.

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The definition of cultural expression emphasizes content over the means and modes of cultural expression. It can be read in conjunction with two other definitions, that of cultural content and that of cultural activities, goods and

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Convention universelle sur le droit d'auteur, révisée à Paris le 24 juillet 1971, avec Déclaration annexe relative à l'article XVII et Résolution concernant l'article XI 1971, entrée en vigueur le 10 juillet 1974, en ligne :

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use or purpose, embody or convey cultural expressions, irrespective of the commercial value they may have. Cultural activities may be an end in themselves, or they may contribute to the production of cultural goods and services.

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goods, services and activities refers to the meaning or values thus conveyed. The artistic expression of these goods, services and activities refers to the cultural expression that results from aesthetic creativity or creation.

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Thus, expressions are cultural to the extent that they carry meaning, value and identity and can be conveyed, expressed, through cultural activities, goods or services. They can come from individuals, groups or societies.

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The cultural covered by the 2005 Convention may be linked to some forms of traditional cultural expressions but the latter are subject to their own rules. More generally, the preservation of cultural heritage,

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Morgane ISSENMAN, L'ambiguïté du concept d'expressions culturelles, Mémoire de maîtrise, sous la direction de Véronique Guèvremont, Université Laval, coll. travaux étudiants, teseopress.com, travail non daté,

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Activities, goods or services have a dual economic and cultural value. The cultural and economic aspects are interdependent; they both contribute to the existence, development and preservation of diversity.

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Morgan ISSENMAN, L'ambiguïté du concept d'expressions culturelles, Mémoire de maîtrise, sous la direction de Véronique Guèvremont, Université Laval, coll. travaux étudiants, teseopress.com, travail non

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Sabine VON SCHORLEMER, Peter-Tobias STOLL (dir.), The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Explanatory Notes, Dresden, Allemagne, Springer, 2012,

690:

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culturel et naturel, UNESCO, 16 novembre 1972, entrée en vigueur le 17 décembre 1975, en ligne : http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13055&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTIO=201.html#ENTRY

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Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel, 17 octobre 2003, UNESCO; Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel, 16 novembre 1972, UNESCO.

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Rostam J. NEUWRITH, “A ‘Uniform dress code' or cultural variety in the global fashion industry?” dans Lilian RICHIERI HANANIA, Cultural Diversity in International Law, Routledge, 2014, p. 145.

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Directives opérationnelles sur la mise en œuvre de la Convention dans l'environnement numérique, approuvées par la Conférence des Parties lors de sa sixième session (Paris, 12-15 juin 2017).

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Although it is non-binding, the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity has considerable legitimacy and symbolic force because it was adopted unanimously by the member states of UNESCO.

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Traditional cultural expressions are an integral part of the cultural and social identity of indigenous and local communities, incorporating skills and techniques and conveying fundamental

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Ivan, BERNIER, « La Convention sur la diversité des expressions culturelles de l'UNESCO : un instrument culturel au carrefour du droit et de la politique », (2008),

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In the digital environment, cultural expressions are interpreted in the same way. They are also endowed with cultural content and carry a double value, cultural and economic. The

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Mira BURRI, “Digital Technologies and Traditional Cultural Expressions: A Positive Look at a Difficult Relationship”, (2010) 17 International Journal of Cultural Property 33,

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Lilian Richieri HANANIA, Diversité culturelle et droit international du commerce, La Documentation française, éd. coll. Monde européen et international, CERIC, Paris, 2009,

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is for the living world. In this sense, it constitutes the common heritage of humanity and must be recognized and affirmed for the benefit of present and future generations.

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UNESCO, Avant-projet de convention sur la protection de la diversité des contenus culturels et des expressions artistiques, Paris, CLT/CPD/2004/ CONF.201.2 (2004),

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UNESCO, Avant-projet de convention sur la protection de la diversité des contenus culturels et des expressions artistiques, Paris, CLT/CPD/2004/ CONF.201.2 (2004),

176: 1008:« Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles » , sur portal.unesco.org (consulté le 8 juin 2020) 51:

is, as its title indicates, to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions. The achievement of such objectives requires respect for all

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Cultural expressions are those expressions which result from the creativity of individuals, groups and societies, and which have a cultural content.

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The diversity of cultural expressions is one aspect of cultural diversity that UNESCO is addressing. Cultural expression is seen as " mode of

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and design are part of the world's cultural heritage, but do not qualify as cultural expressions within the meaning of the 2005 Convention.

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politiques culturelles, La créativité au cœur du développement, coll. « Rapport mondial Convention 2005 », France, UNESCO, 2017,

59:, the recognition of the dual nature of cultural goods and services (as having both economic and cultural value), and the rebalancing of 1190: 1101: 355:

and fundamental freedoms that "ultural diversity can only be protected and promoted if human rights and fundamental freedoms such as

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65, en ligne : https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000154341?posInSet=1&queryId=72b20737-f9fe-43a3-bdbe-8b436724e753 .

820:« Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les Droits des Peuples Autochtones » , sur www.un.org (consulté le 8 juin 2020) 1202: 1088: 1075: 924:

Daniel TURP, La contribution du droit international au maintien de la diversité culturelle, 2012, 363 Recueil des cours 333,

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Daniel TURP, La contribution du droit international au maintien de la diversité culturelle, 2012, 363 Recueil des cours 333,

263:. The objectives of protecting and promoting the diversity of cultural expressions are part of the organization's mandate. 159:, offering new forms of cultural expression, but it also represents a challenge for the diversity of cultural expressions. 1115: 544: 505: 447:

Their protection relates to the promotion of creativity, the enhancement of cultural diversity and the preservation of

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Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle, Glossary, « Cultural expression », en ligne :

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and communication, and freedom of choice of cultural expressions, although they are, to some extent, interrelated.

24: 1132:

8, 9, en ligne http://www.diversite-culturelle.qc.ca/fileadmin/documents/pdf/Expressions_culturelles_menacees.pdf

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111, en ligne : http://www.unesco.org/culture/culturaldiversity/docs_pre_2007/clt_cpd_2004_conf_607_6_fr.pdf

208:. The notion of cultural diversity is multifaceted and has been the subject of UNESCO's work since its inception. 840: 1166:

9, en ligne http://www.diversite-culturelle.qc.ca/fileadmin/documents/pdf/Expressions_culturelles_menacees.pdf .

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rights are outside the scope of the 2005 Convention because of the specific definition of cultural expressions.

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Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle, Expressions culturelles traditionnelles, en ligne :

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8, en ligne http://www.diversite-culturelle.qc.ca/fileadmin/documents/pdf/Expressions_culturelles_menacees.pdf

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https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000154341?posInSet=1&queryId=72b20737-f9fe-43a3-bdbe-8b436724e753

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https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000154341?posInSet=1&queryId=72b20737-f9fe-43a3-bdbe-8b436724e753

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Five other options were proposed by the editorial board. Among these, we can mention the one that proceeds by

270:, the concept of cultural expressions was born from the juxtaposition of the concepts of cultural content and 243:

adopted in 2003 reiterates the concept of cultural diversity, this time within a binding legal instrument.

136:, especially those with narrative content. Video games with narrative content can be included as a form of 520: 156: 1222:

Convention concernant la protection du patrimoine mondial, culturel et naturel, UNESCO, 16 novembre 1972.

509: 461: 309: 184: 164: 32: 179:

specifically mentions the right of indigenous peoples to preserve, control, protect and develop their

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Déclaration universelle de l'UNESCO sur la diversité culturelle, 2 novembre 2001, UNESCO, art. 5, 27.

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UNESCO, Paris, adoptée le 16 novembre 1972, entrée en vigueur le 17 décembre 1975, en ligne :

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http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13055&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html#ENTRY

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http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13055&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html#ENTRY

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The concept of cultural expression is central to the 2005 Convention, which provides a definition:

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Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones, 13 septembre 2007, R.T.N.U.

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To understand the concept of diversity of cultural expressions, we can look at the concept of

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and are not covered by the definition of cultural expressions. Some states qualify narrative

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http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=17716&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

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http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

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http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=17716&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

504:, and many elements are mistakenly or misunderstood as such. Considerations of tangible and 259:... a key element in the adaptation of different cultures to the transformations imposed by 429:

are an integral part of the identity and heritage of a traditional or Aboriginal community;

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Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel, UNESCO, 17 octobre 2003.

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is limited to a specific aspect of cultural diversity, namely the elements generated by

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https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/folklore/1982-folklore-model-provisions.pdf

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also recognizes this close relationship by articulating the principle of respect for

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23 mai 1969, 1 155 R.T.N.U., 331, entrée en vigueur le 27 janvier 1980, art. 31, 32.

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Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

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Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

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Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

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16 novembre 1972, UNESCO, entrée en vigueur le 17 décembre 1975, en ligne :

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UNESCO, Paris, adoptée le 17 octobre 2003, entrée en vigueur le 20 avril 2006,

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Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

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https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/tk/fr/wipo_grtkf_ic_40/wipo_grtkf_ic_40_5.pdf

589: 416: 317: 316:, whether already in existence or yet to be invented; and (3) collections and 313: 183:, knowledge and traditional expressions, as well as their right to collective 133: 104: 64: 560: 472:, which is materialized through other international instruments such as the 256: 593: 408: 380: 305: 137: 426:

can be considered as the forms of expression of the traditional culture;

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and stories, as well as many other artistic or cultural expressions.

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Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

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Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

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The emergence of the concept of cultural expressions within UNESCO

112: 375:(WIPO) defines traditional cultural expressions through examples: 876:

Déclaration universelle de l'UNESCO sur la diversité culturelle,

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Traditional cultural expressions, also known as "expressions of

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From cultural diversity to the diversity of cultural expressions

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United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

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17 octobre 2003, UNESCO, entrée en vigueur le 20 avril 2006,

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Convention de 2005, par. 8, 15 du préambule, art. 2.3, 7.1 a

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elevates the concept of cultural diversity to the status of

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through the strengthening of international cooperation and

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expressions culturelles, Université Laval, Québec, 2019,

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Cultural expressions must also be distinguished from the

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conventions. With respect to the cultural expressions of

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and traditional cultural expressions is covered by other

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https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/resources/glossary.html#11

464:. This is a point of contact of the competences of 55:, the reaffirmation of the cultural sovereignty of 484:, as well as the model provisions adopted by both 478:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 213:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 564:indirectly affected by the 2005 Convention. The 492:Elements often equated with cultural expressions 100:Here are some examples of cultural expressions: 488:for the protection of expressions of folklore. 456:protection and promotion using the concept of 155:can serve as a catalyst for dissemination and 775: 773: 8: 432:are passed on from generation to generation. 296:and crafts; (2) sounds, images and texts in 496:The concept of cultural expressions in the 266:In the context of the negotiations of the 199: 23:of their authors. They are treated in the 1087:2 novembre 2001, UNESCO, en ligne : 634:2005 Convention, art. 2 (2), (3) and (4). 373:World Intellectual Property Organization 332:, including the archives of a society's 189:World Intellectual Property Organization 146:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 606: 949: 947: 888:Presses de l'Université Laval, 2019, 519:components of freedom of expression, 140:, a variation of the term expression. 7: 1037:https://www.wipo.int/tk/fr/folklore/ 612: 610: 312:and other forms of media, including 274:expressions. The original text read: 200:UNESCO's work on cultural diversity 19:are creative manifestations of the 592:as cultural expressions. Finally, 422:Traditional cultural expressions: 14: 1282:Convention de 2005, art. 6.2(b). 367:Traditional cultural expressions 1026:Convention de 2005, art. 8, 17. 625:2005 Convention, art. 1 a), e). 1118:(consulté le 26 janvier 2020). 1065:(consulté le 26 janvier 2020). 1039:(consulté le 26 janvier 2020). 1: 990:Convention de 2005, art. 4.1. 656:2005 Convention, art. 4 (3). 545:intangible cultural heritage 506:intangible cultural heritage 300:, videos, sound recordings, 255:fills a basic need in every 122:Live arts, performing arts ( 1017:Convention de 2005, art. 7. 584:fall under the category of 217:common heritage of humanity 1315: 616:UNESCO, October 20, 2005 . 547:. On the other hand, 219:in its very first article: 47:The objective of the 2005 25:international legal system 901:17 octobre 2003, UNESCO. 866:2 novembre 2001, UNESCO. 576:Recreational services, 453: 348: 338: 281: 234: 86: 76: 543:are more examples of 510:intellectual property 462:intellectual property 377: 357:freedom of expression 343: 289: 276: 221: 185:intellectual property 165:traditional knowledge 81: 72: 33:intellectual property 144:As permitted by the 17:Cultural expressions 502:cultural industries 413:architectural works 399:, names, signs and 153:digital environment 37:international trade 21:cultural identities 527:arts (traditional 517:fundamental rights 458:cultural diversity 310:broadcast programs 206:cultural diversity 173:indigenous peoples 61:cultural exchanges 1299:Cultural heritage 449:cultural heritage 361:cultural policies 334:cultural heritage 292:performing arts, 181:cultural heritage 1306: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1232: 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