1635:
4051:
gentis illius per te ad baptismi gratiam pervenerunt, et quidam princeps Bortz nomine de terra illorum cum omnibus sibi subditis per ministerium tuum fidem desiderat suscipere christianam; propter quod unicum filium suum una cum fratribus praedicatoribus, messis dominicae operariis in terra praedicta, ad te specialiter destinavit, attentius obsecrans, ut personaliter accedens ad ipsum et suos viam vitae ostenderes ipsis … Unde quamvis pro executione voti tui, quod emiseras pro terrae sanctae succursu, in peregrinationis esses itinere constitutus, confidei exinde pervenire posse, si piis eorum desideriis condescendas, intermisso dictae peregrinationis itinere, dilectum filium … Archidiaconum de Zala ad nos destinare curasti … supplicans ut tibi hoc faciendi, non obstante voto praedicto, licentiam praeberemus, et … in
Cumania et Brodnic terra illae vicina, de cuius gentis conversione speratur, legationis officium tibi committere dignaremur … Datum Anagniae II. Kal. Aug. Pontificatus nostri anno I.
4102:
episcopo
Cumanorum,qui loci diocesanus existit, sed a quibusdam pseudoepiscopis, Grecorum ritum tenentibus, universa recipiunt ecclesiastica sacramenta, et nonnulli de regno Ungarie, tam Ungari, quam Theutonici et alii orthodoxi, morandi causa cum ipsis transeunt ad eosdem, et sic cum eis, quia populus unus facti cum eisdem Walathis eo contempto, premissa recipiunt sacramenta, in grave orthodoxorum scandalum et derogationem non modicam fidei christiane. Ne igitur ex diversitate rituum pericula proveniant animarum, nos volentes huiusmodi periculum obviare, ne prefati Walathi materiam habeant pro defectu sacramentorum ad scismathicos episcopos accedendi, eidem episcopo nostris damus litteris in mandatis, ut catholicum eis episcopum illi natione conformem provida deliberatione constituat sibi iuxta generalis statuta concilii vicarium in predictis, qui ei per omnia sit obediens et subiectus
1872:
4531:
4215:
438:
2015:
3246:
75:
82:
57:
1799:
3754:
1687:
1539:
3121:
1746:. This interpretation corresponds with the general view of the situation of the Romanian lands in the 11th century, with the natives living in collections of village communities, united in various small confederacies, with more or less powerful chiefs trying to create little kingdoms, some paying tribute to the various militarily dominant nomadic tribes (see
1676:
1694:
The vast territory of this Cuman-Kipchak realm, consisting of loosely connected tribal units who were the military dominating force, was never politically united by a strong central power. Cumania was neither a state nor an empire, but different groups under independent rulers, or khans, who acted on
1552:
By the 11th and 12th centuries, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and (Eastern) Kipchaks (who were a distinct tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy, although other sources say that Cumans and
Kipchak are simply different names for the same tribe ) were the dominant force over the vast
1647:
was primarily a political name, referring to the leading, integrating tribe or clan of the confederacy or state. The Cumans, when they first appear in written sources, are members of a confederacy irrespective of their tribal origin. Former tribal names disappeared when the tribe in question became
1954:(as early as 1222), or by the Vlachs (Brodnics or the Vlachs of Seneslau). The term Cumania had come to mean any Catholic subordinated to the Milcovul Diocese, so much so that in some cases, the terms Cuman and Wallach (more precisely, Catholic Wallach, as the Orthodox Christians were considered
1569:
in present-day
Romania. Considering the nomadic way of life of these peoples, these frontiers can be regarded only as approximate; hence there were various definitions over what Cumania meant over the course of time. Depending on their region and their time, different sources each used their own
4050:
Gregorius
Episcopus … venerabili fratri … Strigoniensi Archiepiscopo apostolicae sedis legato salutem … Nuper siquidem per litteras tuas nobis transmissas accepimus, quod Jesus Christus … super gentem Cumanorum clementer respiciens, eis salvationis ostium aperuit his diebus. Aliqui enim nobiles
4101:
In
Cumanorum episcopatu, sicut accepimus, quidam populi, qui Walati vocantur, existunt, qui etsi censeantur nomine christiano, sub una tamen fide varios ritos habentes et mores, illa committunt, que huic sunt nomini inimica… Nam Romanam ecclesiam contempnentes, non a venerabili fratre nostro…
4134:
Bela dei gratia
Hungariae … Rex … Contulimus … a fluvio Olth et Alpibus Ultrasylvanis totam Cumaniam …excepta terra Szeneslai Woiavode Olacorum, quam eisdem relinquimus, prout iidem hactenus tenuerunt … a primo introitu … fratrum usque ad viginti quinque annos omnes reditus Cumaniac terrae
1642:
As in the case of many other large nomadic
Eurasian confederacies, the ethnonym "Cuman" (referring to the inhabitants of Cumania) denoted different ethnic realities. While the main component was probably the Turkic-speaking tribes, the confederacy included other ethnic components as well.
1529: ... Most of the lands here are swamps ... The pasturage, however, being excellent, horses and cattle are numerous, and the population for the most part subsists on the produce thereof. The climate is cold, and their water comes from springs and wells."
1765:(in modern Ukraine), and the final blow came in 1241, when the Cuman confederacy ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects of the Mongol conquerors as part of what was to be known as the
1630:
Using the traditional Turkic assignment of colours to the cardinal points, White
Cumania used to be located to the west and may have denoted eastern Wallachia, while Black Cumania was located to its north and may have denoted Moldavia.
1501:. "Cumania" was also the source of names, or alternate names, for several smaller areas – some of them unconnected geographically to the area of the federation – in which Cumans and/or Kipchaks settled, such as the historic region of
3004:
2983:
2962:
2941:
2853:
1402:
2837:
1634:
1614:
rivers were favorable to the nomadic lifestyle of the Cumans. Later, for a short time period, in
Western sources Cumania also referred to the area in eastern Wallachia and southern Ukraine (centered on the lowlands of
2845:
2463:
3086:
1883:
to add "Rex Cumaniae" (King of Cumania) to his titles in 1228, and later to grant asylum to the Cumans in face of the Mongol invasion. The Diocese of Cumania, or of Milcovul, had subordinated in
1395:
1517:
said of Cumania, "This wilderness is green and grassy with no trees, nor hills, high or low ... there is no means of travelling in this desert except in wagons." Battuta's contemporary,
2234:
2173:
2158:
1388:
4135:
integraliter domus percipiat iam praefecta, praeterquam de terre Szeneslay antedicta …; Anno ab incurnatione domini MXXXLVII. IIII. Nonas Junii. Regni autem nostri anno duodecimo.
3592:
1648:
part of a political unit. For instance, when we hear of an incursion of Cumans, it means that certain tribes of the Cuman confederacy took part in a military enterprise. In his
3607:
1950:, and the rest had been absorbed) but rather to the Diocese of Cumania. From the military point of view, the land comprising the Diocese of Cumania was held either by the
1915:), all the Christian Catholics, irrespective of their ethnicity, despite the fact that many believers fell under the influence of the Romanian Orthodox "pseudo" bishops (
5537:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
2833:
3832:
3655:
2920:
2817:
5121:
1946:
should not to be understood as asserting the existence of a Cuman state, nor even a land inhabited by Cuman tribes (as the bulk of them had either fled, or were
2825:
2807:
437:
5506:
4122:
on 29 July 1292 there is mention of the 'universitas nobilium Ongarorum, Siculorum, Saxonum et Comanorum'; the term Cumans simply replacing that of Wallachs.
3782:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
1734:, he might have been a Bulgarian noble), was possibly the first one to unite the Bulgarian states, north from the Danube, from the west and the east of the
3149:
1525:"This is of the Sixth Clime, its plains bear excellent pasturage ... but there are here few houses or towns or villages. Most of the inhabitants are
4488:
2429:
5569:
5564:
3700:
3582:
2997:
5539:
4203:
2779:
2590:
1871:
1718:
In the Balkans, we find the Cumans in contact with all of the statal entities of that time, fighting with the Kingdom of Hungary, allied with the
3602:
4152:
Binder Pál: "Antecedente şi consecinte sud-transilvanene ale formarii voievodatului Munteniei (sec. XIII-XIV.)" II.; Századok 1995, Budapest;
3979:
3936:
2606:
3106:
2736:
5574:
3725:
3537:
2976:
2274:
3572:
3552:
3422:
1922:
So, at that moment, Hungarian and Papal documents use the name Cumania to refer to the land between the eastern border of the lands of
5229:
3730:
3710:
3650:
2771:
2761:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
74:
3901:
3622:
3377:
2188:
3775:
3740:
3735:
3497:
3018:
2564:
2552:
2453:
1753:
This Pontic Cumania, (and the rest of the Cumanias to the east), ended its existence in the middle of the 13th century, with the
3637:
3367:
1079:
373:
116:
4830:
3142:
2757:
1861:
4114:
The Diploma of King Andrew of Hungary, 11 March 1291, mentions the 'universities' of Saxon, Siculian and Wallachian nobles at
3262:
407:
382:
368:
5584:
5282:
3715:
2488:
2403:
5116:
3547:
2541:
56:
5594:
5501:
4530:
3705:
3664:
3542:
2711:
2256:
1833:), located on the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their language and some ethnic customs well into the
2783:
5164:
3672:
3447:
3168:
2955:
2934:
2425:
4196:
4181:
3862:
3807:
Adjiev M. Eskenderovich, The Kipchaks, An Ancient History of the Turkic People and the Great Steppe, Moscow 2002, p.30
3768:
3720:
3677:
3225:
3066:
2913:
2829:
2579:
2302:
2286:
5050:
4002:
3612:
3532:
3135:
2721:
2656:
2294:
1994:
1747:
1868:. Teodoric, the bishop of this new diocese, became the guardian of the Dominican Order in the Kingdom of Hungary.
1638:
Cuman-Qıpčaq warrior-statue with musical instrument carved at its feet (left). Simferopol Museum, Crimea, Ukraine.
3527:
3520:
3193:
2849:
2841:
2366:
2136:
1754:
5589:
4878:
3392:
1343:
989:
968:
4906:
4850:
4597:
4593:
4433:
4251:
4246:
3417:
2813:
2795:
2775:
2662:
2634:
2126:
2014:
1908:
1770:
1696:
1695:
their own initiative, meddling in the political life of the surrounding states: the Russian principalities,
997:
192:
1917:
episcopo Cumanorum, qui loci diocesanus existit, sed a quibusdam pseudoepiscopis Graecorum ritum tenentibus
5143:
4501:
4478:
4293:
4189:
4006:
3889:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-thirteenth Century
3567:
2344:
2222:
1973:). These, from a juridical point of view, had an inferior status than the states of Seneslau (east of the
1653:
1294:
1159:
960:
2644:
5373:
5327:
4935:
3255:
1810:
873:
1880:
1660:, the future Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. Among others, he mentions the Kipchaks, the Turkophone
5526:
4589:
4308:
4263:
3442:
3432:
3362:
2618:
2421:
1731:
647:
4098:
The full text of the letter of Pope Gregory the IXth to King Béla of Hungary (14 November 1234) is:
4028:, where Bazarambam met him with an army, but was beaten. Boudgek crossed the mountains to enter the
5267:
4886:
4511:
4333:
3647:
3507:
3410:
3312:
3307:
2586:
2531:
2399:
2184:
1962:
1704:
1148:
1141:
1127:
737:
89:
3245:
1620:
5262:
5084:
4318:
3985:
3826:
3617:
3597:
3467:
3302:
3234:
3198:
2900:
2864:
2803:
2791:
2699:
2652:
2392:
2290:
2278:
2192:
2180:
1852:, years earlier, in 1227, the Cuman warlord Bortz accepted Catholic Christianity from missionary
1793:
1774:
1518:
1506:
1244:
1115:
2467:
2100:
1971:
a fluvio Olth et Alpibus Ultrasylvanis totam Cumaniam …excepta terra Szeneslai Woiavode Olacorum
1879:
Hence, Cumania diocese became part of the superior archbishopric of Esztergom, determining King
4012:
In the middle of spring the princes crossed the mountains in order to enter the country of the
5559:
5403:
5322:
5075:
4822:
4496:
4408:
4383:
4373:
4368:
4338:
4278:
3975:
3942:
3932:
3907:
3897:
3632:
3492:
3457:
3452:
3347:
3282:
2787:
2751:
2747:
2640:
2449:
2437:
2312:
2298:
2282:
2249:
2202:
2055:
2032:
2028:
2003:
1966:
1955:
1575:
1498:
1103:
869:
800:
263:
214:
152:
81:
5368:
5348:
5126:
4902:
4890:
4882:
4870:
4846:
4838:
4826:
4807:
4760:
4662:
4625:
4516:
4453:
4448:
4413:
4363:
4288:
4268:
4258:
4228:
3967:
3893:
3627:
3436:
3426:
3325:
3292:
3272:
3203:
2743:
2602:
2520:
2477:
2270:
2260:
1947:
1935:
1571:
1465:
1221:
1091:
914:
817:
728:
719:
710:
683:
638:
629:
612:
1977:) and Litovoi (west of the Olt River), cnezats which continued to belong to the Romanians (
17:
5579:
5204:
5181:
5154:
4894:
4866:
4862:
4834:
4803:
4740:
4697:
4680:
4506:
4468:
4403:
4388:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4283:
4273:
4241:
4166:
3695:
3557:
3462:
3397:
3267:
2417:
2355:
2333:
2212:
2105:
1857:
1853:
1818:
1814:
1762:
1435:
1308:
1280:
978:
791:
782:
764:
701:
674:
665:
283:
2075:
1927:
1844:
ecclesiastical structure with a "Diocese of Cumania" existing until 1523 in what is now
1798:
5516:
5413:
5393:
5287:
5272:
5237:
5138:
5111:
4985:
4910:
4898:
4874:
4854:
4815:
4780:
4764:
4725:
4630:
4620:
4539:
4473:
4458:
4438:
4423:
4418:
4393:
4378:
4298:
4236:
4219:
3758:
3562:
3477:
3357:
3209:
3163:
2441:
2433:
2377:
2322:
2089:
2044:
1951:
1931:
1826:
1657:
1301:
950:
900:
890:
773:
755:
746:
692:
656:
450:
426:
268:
1513:
and Hungary). Hethum of Korykos described Cumania as "wholly flat and with no trees".
5553:
5449:
5439:
5242:
5131:
5030:
4858:
4776:
4746:
4690:
4675:
4640:
4547:
4463:
4443:
4428:
3989:
3660:
3482:
3472:
3342:
3125:
2821:
2509:
2459:
2146:
2116:
1665:
1587:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1368:
1357:
1207:
549:
5428:
5214:
4842:
4784:
4768:
4730:
4582:
4552:
3577:
3382:
3173:
2688:
2677:
2594:
2498:
2266:
1884:
1766:
1758:
1624:
1526:
1494:
1331:
1043:
1010:
939:
504:
400:
253:
172:
125:
1904:
5522:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
3887:
1627:
took place, and where, later, the Cumans of the region would accept Catholicism.
30:
This article is about the historical state. For the modern Hungarian region, see
5418:
5070:
5015:
4720:
4650:
3487:
2765:
2666:
2648:
2626:
2614:
2036:
1974:
1727:
1686:
1661:
1595:
1514:
982:
468:
203:
4170:
5398:
5363:
5219:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5060:
5025:
4398:
4115:
4013:
3946:
3911:
3642:
3332:
3297:
3277:
2407:
1896:
1834:
1719:
1607:
1554:
1538:
1319:
1268:
1195:
1067:
1055:
161:
5444:
5423:
5388:
5383:
5358:
5332:
5292:
5277:
5247:
5150:
5101:
4772:
4685:
4645:
4566:
4562:
4025:
4021:
3587:
3178:
2883:
2878:
2598:
2413:
1860:
heard about the mass conversion of the Cumans, and on 1 July 1227 empowered
1743:
1739:
1735:
1700:
1623:), referring to the area where the first contact between the Cumans and the
1591:
1566:
1183:
1031:
855:
831:
603:
513:
5433:
5010:
3926:
3188:
1900:
1803:
1789:
1502:
31:
3971:
1961:
In a charter from 1247, parts of this earlier Cumania were granted to the
5475:
5408:
5353:
5302:
5257:
5106:
5080:
5055:
5005:
4980:
4797:
4610:
4574:
4558:
4029:
3502:
3387:
3183:
2895:
2799:
2622:
2445:
2065:
1939:
1923:
1865:
1849:
1841:
1708:
1562:
1455:
1256:
925:
845:
827:
540:
477:
303:
279:
3961:
1958:, and the Pope did not officially recognise them) were interchangeable.
5485:
5465:
5378:
4995:
4990:
4970:
4923:
4792:
4710:
4655:
4635:
4615:
4605:
4570:
4017:
3352:
3337:
3287:
2630:
1845:
1711:, having reached as far as to create a powerful caste of warriors, the
1680:
1599:
1579:
1558:
1542:
1510:
1474:
in Arabic. Russian sources have referred to Cumania as the "Polovtsian
1019:
594:
558:
522:
495:
486:
459:
387:
294:
243:
134:
107:
1848:, long after the Cumans ceased to be a distinct group in the area. At
1656:, referred to Cumania around 1236–1237, during the Mongol invasion of
5511:
5470:
5252:
5209:
5159:
5020:
4975:
4965:
4949:
4943:
4928:
4918:
4754:
4715:
4705:
4670:
4149:
Istvan Vasary: "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press, 2005;
4033:
1813:, Cuman settlers gave their name to two regions known as Kunság, the
1723:
1712:
1669:
1616:
1611:
1583:
1475:
1447:
1423:
585:
576:
567:
183:
1675:
1570:
vision to denote different sections of the vast Cuman territory: in
4024:, who was marching to the right, passed through the country of the
5480:
5065:
5000:
4735:
2610:
2096:
1892:
1888:
1870:
1797:
1685:
1674:
1633:
1603:
1545:
1537:
1483:
1420:
1171:
859:
841:
531:
299:
287:
143:
5521:
5297:
4119:
1464:, which means "Steppe of the Kipchaks"; or "Kipchak Plains", in
4185:
1493:
A different, more organized entity that was later known as the
1864:, to represent him to Cumania and in neighbouring Land of the
1742:
is considered the first ruler of the united and independent
436:
1715:, serving the Muslim Arab and Turkish Caliphs and Sultans.
1668:
tribe) and the "Karaulaghi" (Black, i.e. "from the north",
1907:, and over the Carpathians, in the lands of the "infidel"
4155:
Norman Angell: "Peace Theories and the Balkan War"; 1912.
1497:
was also referred to as "Comania" by Armenian chronicler
4005:
in "Histoire des Roumains", Paris, 1896, i, 168 quotes
1769:, or fleeing to the west, to the Byzantine Empire, the
5507:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
1979:
quam Olacis relinquimus prout iidem hactenus tenuerant
228:
The Cumans in relation to main Central Asian polities
3928:
Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300) (2 Vols)
3593:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1730:, by name apparently a Cuman warlord (also known as
5494:
5458:
5341:
5315:
5228:
5180:
5173:
5094:
5043:
4958:
4538:
4487:
4227:
331:
321:
309:
293:
275:
259:
249:
239:
39:
3960:Currie, Gabriela; Christensen, Lars (April 2022).
3864:Cumans and Kipchaks: Between Ethnonym and Toponym
1875:Cuman-Kipchak statue, 12th-13th century, Ukraine.
1761:defeated the Cumans and their Rus' allies at the
441:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
3016:
2709:
1703:states in the Balkans, Armenia and Georgia (see
4132:
4099:
4048:
4010:
1840:Cumania name was also preserved as part of the
1523:
1690:Cuman statues. Moscow State Historical Museum.
1590:, that is the steppelands to the north of the
4197:
3776:
3206:, an ethnic group with possible Cuman origins
3143:
1396:
8:
5540:State with limited international recognition
3819:Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq
1969:and the Romanian cnezats of Ioan and Lupu (
1726:against the Byzantine Empire. For example,
1438:, between the 10th and 13th centuries. The
5177:
4955:
4484:
4204:
4190:
4182:
3966:. Cambridge University Press. p. 60.
3831:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3783:
3769:
3219:
3150:
3136:
1988:
1458:. Cumania was known in Islamic sources as
1403:
1389:
895:
422:
36:
27:Turkic confederation (10th century – 1241)
3881:
3879:
3877:
1938:): that is Cumania meant, more or less,
1553:territories stretching from present-day
3800:
3233:
3222:
2741:
2584:
2397:
2254:
2178:
2094:
2002:
1991:
1366:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1008:
948:
923:
898:
425:
3824:
3603:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1594:and on its eastern side as far as the
1586:and Muslim sources, Cumania meant the
4047:The letter of Pope Gregory the IXth:
3963:Eurasian Musical Journeys: Five Tales
330:
320:
316:
7:
1942:. At that time, the use of the name
1679:Cuman/Kipchak statue, 12th century,
1784:and the Catholic Diocese of Cumania
1534:History and political interactions
1450:(also known as the Polovtsians or
25:
3623:Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine
1981:), "like they held them so far".
1598:, where the lowlands between the
62:Cumania (Dasht-i Qipchaq) c. 1200
5570:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages
5565:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
4529:
4213:
3752:
3553:West Ukrainian People's Republic
3498:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
3244:
3119:
2013:
1664:(probably the same as the later
405:
380:
366:
80:
73:
55:
5512:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
3031:Not internationally recognized.
1862:Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom
3931:. Boston: BRILL. p. 177.
3423:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3378:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
3025:
2489:General Secretariat of Ukraine
1926:and the land of the Brodnici (
1:
5502:Organization of Turkic States
3543:Ukrainian War of Independence
3039:
2257:Great Stand on the Ugra River
1802:Coat of Arms of early modern
427:History of the Turkic peoples
229:
4062:The full list of titles was
3538:Ukraine after the Revolution
3169:Timeline of Turks (500–1300)
5575:Medieval history of Ukraine
3821:. Beirut. pp. 428–429.
3678:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3638:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
3548:Ukrainian People's Republic
3263:Trypillian–Cucuteni culture
2553:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
1505:in Hungary, and the former
1434:in the western part of the
1428:Cuman–Kipchak confederation
1233:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
1080:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
374:Kimek–Kipchak confederation
41:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
18:Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
5611:
4131:The text of the letter is
3613:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
3583:Communist Party of Ukraine
3533:Ukraine during World War I
1787:
1748:Romania in the Middle Ages
1499:Hethum (Hayton) of Korykos
840:Chief gods and goddesses:
29:
5535:
4527:
4118:, yet at the assembly of
4065:Bela Dei gratia Hungariae
3861:Drobny, Jaroslav (2012),
3528:Modern history of Ukraine
3194:Mongol invasion of Europe
2995:
2974:
2956:Luhansk People's Republic
2953:
2935:Donetsk People's Republic
2932:
2911:
2894:
2877:
2698:
2687:
2551:
2530:
2519:
2508:
2487:
2376:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2332:
2137:Principality of Chernigov
1755:Mongol invasion of Europe
1261:11th century–13th century
345:
341:
317:
68:
54:
49:
5117:Timeline of the Göktürks
3393:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3388:Principality of Moldavia
2562:
2232:
2156:
2074:
2064:
2054:
1948:destroyed by the Mongols
1652:, the Persian historian
1650:"History of the Mongols"
1344:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
990:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
969:Western Turkic Khaganate
915:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
3886:Spinei, Victor (2009).
3598:Ukraine in World War II
2814:Eurasian Economic Union
2663:Parade of sovereignties
2127:Principality of Polotsk
1707:) in the Caucasus, and
998:Second Turkic Khaganate
4831:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4137:
4104:
4053:
4038:
3925:Curta, Florin (2019).
3568:Directorate of Ukraine
2404:Provisional Government
2345:Grand Duchy of Finland
2223:Principality of Moscow
1913:in partibus infidelium
1876:
1806:
1691:
1683:
1654:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
1639:
1549:
1531:
1482:), or the "Polovtsian
1160:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
961:First Turkic Khaganate
442:
333:• Disestablished
5585:Former confederations
5328:Proto-Turkic language
4959:Extinct Turkic groups
4175:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3972:10.1017/9781108913805
3045:Not fully controlled.
2879:Republic of Tatarstan
2772:Constitutional crisis
1874:
1811:Great Hungarian Plain
1801:
1689:
1678:
1637:
1541:
1442:was dominated by two
1430:, which was a tribal
1269:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
901:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
440:
260:Common languages
5595:Tribal confederacies
5527:World Turks Qurultai
4003:Alexandru D. Xenopol
3443:Khmelnytsky Uprising
3411:Early modern history
3363:Principality of Kiev
2818:Annexation of Crimea
2426:Constituent Assembly
2303:Second Patriotic War
1699:, Byzantium and the
1446:nomadic tribes: the
5268:Karachay-Cherkessia
4032:, and defeated the
3648:Russo-Ukrainian War
3508:Carpathian Ruthenia
3308:Chernyakhov culture
2998:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
2830:Invasion of Ukraine
2619:Great Patriotic War
2591:Cultural revolution
2532:Transcaucasian SFSR
2400:February Revolution
2287:Emancipation reform
2185:Council of Uvetichi
2035: •
2031: •
1963:Knights Hospitaller
1705:Kipchaks in Georgia
1557:, southern Russia,
1527:nomads of the plain
1149:Eastern Kara-Khanid
1142:Western Kara-Khanid
1128:Kara-Khanid Khanate
323:• Established
5459:Traditional sports
5263:Kabardino-Balkaria
4883:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
3892:. Leiden; Boston:
3870:, pp. 205–217
3817:Al-Idrisi (1989).
3759:Ukraine portal
3701:Historical regions
3303:Zarubintsy culture
3199:History of Romania
2914:Republic of Crimea
2865:Russian Federation
2808:Presidential terms
2700:Karelo-Finnish SSR
2653:Chernobyl disaster
2393:Russian Revolution
2291:Russo-Japanese War
2279:1812 Patriotic War
2193:Battle of Kulikovo
2181:Council of Liubech
1895:, the dioceses of
1881:Béla IV of Hungary
1877:
1817:word for Cumania:
1807:
1794:Diocese of Cumania
1775:Kingdom of Hungary
1692:
1684:
1640:
1625:Western Christians
1550:
1519:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1507:Diocese of Cumania
1419:originated as the
1245:Khwarazmian Empire
1116:Karluk Yabgu State
854:Epics and heroes:
443:
91:KARAKHANID KHANATE
5547:
5546:
5323:Old Turkic script
5311:
5310:
5122:Timeline 500–1300
5039:
5038:
4525:
4524:
4384:Kipchak languages
4339:Karamanli Turkish
3981:978-1-108-91380-5
3938:978-90-04-39519-0
3793:
3792:
3690:Topics by history
3673:COVID-19 pandemic
3633:Orange Revolution
3608:Volhynia genocide
3493:Habsburg monarchy
3453:Cossack Hetmanate
3160:
3159:
3126:Russia portal
3054:
3053:
2748:Belavezha Accords
2730:
2729:
2641:Era of Stagnation
2607:Industrialization
2573:
2572:
2450:Soviet-Polish War
2386:
2385:
2367:Russian Manchuria
2313:Tsardom of Russia
2299:October Manifesto
2283:Decembrist Revolt
2275:Petrovian reforms
2243:
2242:
2203:Novgorod Republic
2167:
2166:
2083:
2082:
1967:Banate of Severin
1480:Polovetskaia Step
1413:
1412:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1320:Qarlughid Kingdom
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1184:Pecheneg Khanates
1177:
1165:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1104:Oghuz Yabgu State
1097:
1085:
1073:
1068:Türgesh Khaganate
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1002:
994:
973:
965:
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393:
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264:Kipchak languages
50:10th century–1241
16:(Redirected from
5602:
5369:Tibetan Buddhism
5349:Turkic mythology
5230:Autonomous areas
5182:Sovereign states
5178:
4956:
4938:
4913:
4810:
4787:
4749:
4700:
4665:
4626:Crimean Karaites
4600:
4577:
4533:
4485:
4364:Khorasani Turkic
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4199:
4192:
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4178:
4167:Golden, Peter B.
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4000:
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3957:
3951:
3950:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3894:Brill Publishers
3883:
3872:
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3830:
3822:
3814:
3808:
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3785:
3778:
3771:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3721:Economic history
3628:Cassette Scandal
3433:Zaporozhian Host
3427:Kiev Voivodeship
3333:Early East Slavs
3293:Bosporan Kingdom
3273:Catacomb culture
3248:
3238:
3220:
3204:Crimean Karaites
3152:
3145:
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3122:
3110:
3048:
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3010:
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2926:
2906:
2896:Chechen Republic
2889:
2872:
2861:
2860:
2758:USSR dissolution
2674:
2673:
2603:Collectivization
2521:Byelorussian SSR
2478:Russian Republic
2474:
2473:
2309:
2308:
2271:Treaty of Nystad
2199:
2198:
2113:
2112:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2017:
2007:
1989:
1771:Bulgarian Empire
1548:of Kypchak tribe
1488:Pole Polovetskoe
1405:
1398:
1391:
1372:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1222:Sultanate of Rum
1211:
1199:
1196:Ghaznavid Empire
1187:
1175:
1163:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1092:Uyghur Khaganate
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1020:Khazar Khaganate
1000:
992:
971:
963:
929:
904:
896:
891:Pre-14th century
868:Major concepts:
823:
822:
818:Turkic Mythology
635:
634:
630:Turkic Languages
613:Crimean Karaites
550:Cherniye Klobuki
456:
455:
430:pre–14th century
429:
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5590:Nomadic empires
5550:
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5548:
5543:
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5531:
5490:
5454:
5337:
5307:
5224:
5205:Northern Cyprus
5169:
5155:Altai Mountains
5090:
5035:
4954:
4934:
4879:North Macedonia
4821:
4802:
4759:
4745:
4741:Siberian Tatars
4696:
4681:Khorasani Turks
4661:
4588:
4557:
4534:
4521:
4483:
4404:Ottoman Turkish
4324:Karachay-Balkar
4223:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4165:
4162:
4160:Further reading
4146:
4141:
4130:
4126:
4113:
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3751:
3746:
3745:
3696:Name of Ukraine
3691:
3683:
3682:
3558:Ukrainian State
3523:
3513:
3512:
3463:Sloboda Ukraine
3413:
3403:
3402:
3398:Crimean Khanate
3368:Kingdom of Rus'
3328:
3318:
3317:
3268:Yamnaya culture
3258:
3236:
3229:
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3156:
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2887:
2870:
2859:
2854:2022 annexation
2838:Mass emigration
2826:2020 amendments
2809:
2767:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2672:
2658:
2636:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2472:
2455:
2418:Kornilov affair
2396:
2395:
2387:
2356:Congress Poland
2334:Russian America
2307:
2295:1905 Revolution
2262:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2213:Vladimir-Suzdal
2197:
2189:Mongol conquest
2177:
2176:
2168:
2111:
2106:Russkaya Pravda
2101:Baptism of Rus'
2093:
2092:
2084:
2049:pre-9th century
2027:
2025:
2005:
1998:
1987:
1858:Pope Gregory IX
1819:Greater Cumania
1796:
1788:Main articles:
1786:
1763:Battle of Kalka
1536:
1461:Dasht-i Qipchaq
1436:Eurasian Steppe
1409:
1380:
1379:
1309:Tughlaq dynasty
1281:Delhi Sultanate
979:Tokhara Yabghus
940:Tiele (Gaoche)
905:202 BCE–13th CE
893:
883:
882:
826:Belief system:
820:
810:
809:
765:Karachay-Balkar
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621:
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44:Dasht-i Qipchaq
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5608:
5606:
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5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5517:Turkic Academy
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
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5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:Khalwati order
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Bektashi Order
5391:
5386:
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5371:
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5285:
5280:
5275:
5273:Karakalpakstan
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5238:Altai Republic
5234:
5232:
5226:
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5192:
5186:
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5175:
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5168:
5167:
5162:
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5148:
5147:
5146:
5139:Nomadic empire
5136:
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5134:
5129:
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5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
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4915:
4914:
4907:Western Thrace
4813:
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4811:
4795:
4790:
4789:
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4750:
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4703:
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4683:
4678:
4673:
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4666:
4653:
4648:
4643:
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4631:Crimean Tatars
4628:
4623:
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4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
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4456:
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4441:
4436:
4434:Siberian Tatar
4431:
4426:
4421:
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4406:
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4396:
4391:
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4381:
4376:
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4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:Cumanieque Rex
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4055:
4040:
3995:
3980:
3952:
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3728:
3726:Rail transport
3723:
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3698:
3692:
3689:
3688:
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3658:
3656:Crimean crisis
3645:
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3590:
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3570:
3565:
3563:Makhnovshchina
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3521:Modern history
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Russian Empire
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Rus' Khaganate
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3210:Cuman language
3207:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Turkic peoples
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3115:
3114:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2977:Kherson Oblast
2971:
2970:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2898:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2434:Bolshevik Coup
2390:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:Uryankhay Krai
2373:
2372:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:Russian Empire
2319:
2318:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2250:Tsarist Russia
2247:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:Rus' Khaganate
2051:
2050:
2047:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1965:, as were the
1952:Teutonic Order
1827:Little Cumania
1785:
1779:
1738:, and his son
1561:, to southern
1535:
1532:
1521:, elaborated,
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:Khalji dynasty
1298:
1295:Mamluk dynasty
1288:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1257:Kerait Khanate
1252:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
995:
975:
974:
966:
955:
954:
946:
945:
944:
943:
933:
932:
921:
920:
919:
918:
908:
907:
894:
889:
888:
885:
884:
879:
878:
876:
865:
864:
862:
851:
850:
848:
837:
836:
834:
821:
816:
815:
812:
811:
806:
805:
803:
797:
796:
794:
788:
787:
785:
779:
778:
776:
770:
769:
767:
761:
760:
758:
752:
751:
749:
743:
742:
740:
734:
733:
731:
725:
724:
722:
716:
715:
713:
707:
706:
704:
698:
697:
695:
689:
688:
686:
680:
679:
677:
671:
670:
668:
662:
661:
659:
653:
652:
650:
644:
643:
641:
633:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
617:
615:
609:
608:
606:
600:
599:
597:
591:
590:
588:
582:
581:
579:
573:
572:
570:
564:
563:
561:
555:
554:
552:
546:
545:
543:
537:
536:
534:
528:
527:
525:
519:
518:
516:
510:
509:
507:
501:
500:
498:
492:
491:
489:
483:
482:
480:
474:
473:
471:
465:
464:
462:
454:
451:Turkic peoples
449:
448:
445:
444:
433:
432:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
403:
394:
391:
390:
385:
377:
376:
371:
359:
358:
353:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
297:
291:
290:
277:
273:
272:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
227:
212:
201:
190:
181:
170:
159:
150:
141:
132:
123:
114:
105:
96:
87:
78:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
61:
60:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5607:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5541:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:Organizations
5493:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5450:Vattisen Yaly
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Bashkortostan
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5132:Turkification
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4747:Baraba Tatars
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:Common Turkic
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4479:Western Yugur
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Crimean Tatar
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4095:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4007:Rashid al-Din
4004:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3903:9789004175365
3899:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3795:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3661:War in Donbas
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Ukrainian SSR
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Little Russia
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:White Croatia
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:Early history
3322:
3321:
3314:
3313:Hunnic Empire
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:War in Donbas
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2804:Five-Days War
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:Privatization
2773:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:Modern Russia
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:Russian State
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:Ukrainian SSR
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:War Communism
2457:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2409:Dvoyevlastiye
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:Rostov-Suzdal
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:Novgorod Land
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:and southern
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:Bărăgan Plain
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:Pontic steppe
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:confederation
1437:
1433:
1432:confederation
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1370:
1369:Ottoman State
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:Bahri dynasty
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1208:Seljuk Empire
1204:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:Sabiri People
1007:
999:
996:
991:
988:
987:
986:
984:
980:
970:
967:
962:
959:
958:
957:
956:
953:
952:
947:
942:
941:
937:
936:
935:
934:
928:
927:
922:
917:
916:
912:
911:
910:
909:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
886:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:
863:
861:
857:
853:
852:
849:
847:
843:
839:
838:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
814:
813:
804:
802:
799:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
631:
626:
625:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
452:
447:
446:
439:
435:
434:
428:
424:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
389:
386:
379:
378:
375:
372:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
344:
340:
336:
326:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
220:
209:
198:
187:
178:
167:
156:
147:
138:
129:
127:KHITAN EMPIRE
120:
111:
102:
93:
83:
76:
67:
58:
53:
48:
38:
33:
19:
5429:Qalandariyya
5404:Christianity
5215:Turkmenistan
5153: /
5144:Turco-Mongol
4583:Azerbaijanis
4174:
4133:
4127:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4058:
4049:
4043:
4011:
3998:
3962:
3955:
3927:
3920:
3888:
3863:
3856:
3850:. p. 5.
3847:
3841:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3731:Shipbuilding
3711:Christianity
3578:Soviet Union
3383:Golden Horde
3372:
3174:Cuman people
3044:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3019:full list...
3017:
3003:
2996:
2982:
2975:
2961:
2954:
2940:
2933:
2919:
2912:
2850:Mobilization
2842:Debt default
2784:Chechen wars
2735:since 1991:
2712:full list...
2710:
2689:Russian SFSR
2678:Soviet Union
2595:Korenization
2565:full list...
2563:
2499:Russian SFSR
2408:
2267:Zemsky Sobor
2235:full list...
2233:
2159:full list...
2157:
2104:
2090:Ancient Rus'
1978:
1970:
1960:
1943:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1885:Transylvania
1878:
1839:
1830:
1822:
1808:
1781:
1767:Golden Horde
1759:Genghis Khan
1752:
1717:
1693:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1629:
1565:and eastern
1551:
1524:
1495:Golden Horde
1492:
1487:
1479:
1471:al-Qumāniyīn
1470:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1427:
1416:
1414:
1367:
1356:
1342:
1332:Golden Horde
1330:
1318:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1147:
1140:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1044:Kangar Union
1042:
1030:
1018:
1009:
976:
949:
938:
924:
913:
899:
401:Golden Horde
356:Succeeded by
355:
350:
327:10th century
284:Christianity
98:
5419:Malamatiyya
5071:Pan-Turkism
5051:Grey Wolves
5016:Oghuz Turks
4936:Afghanistan
4721:Qarai Turks
4651:Karakalpaks
4419:Sakha/Yakut
4309:Fuyü Gïrgïs
4264:Azerbaijani
4016:and of the
3358:Kievan Rus'
3235:History of
2744:August Coup
2667:War of Laws
2649:Perestroika
2627:Warsaw Pact
2615:Great Purge
2578:1923–1991:
2442:White Guard
2422:Directorate
2391:1917–1923:
2248:1480–1917:
2174:Feudal Rus'
2172:1240–1480:
2045:Rus' people
2037:Early Slavs
2004:History of
1930:, southern
1757:. In 1223,
1728:Thocomerius
1596:Caspian Sea
1574:, Russian,
1515:Ibn Battuta
983:Turk Shahis
930:71 BC–?? AD
648:Azerbaijani
469:Oghuz Turks
351:Preceded by
267:(including
233: 1000
5554:Categories
5399:Burkhanism
5364:Aiyy Faith
5283:Nakhchivan
5220:Uzbekistan
5200:Kyrgyzstan
5195:Kazakhstan
5190:Azerbaijan
5061:Burkhanism
4887:Montenegro
4851:Dodecanese
4512:Old Uyghur
4497:Old Turkic
4399:Old Turkic
4334:Karakalpak
4116:Alba Iulia
4018:Bashguirds
3947:1111434007
3912:1015991131
3741:Television
3736:Technology
3643:Euromaidan
3488:New Russia
3468:Right bank
3256:Prehistory
3216:References
2810:amendments
2722:Tannu Tuva
2645:Afghan War
2580:Soviet Era
2088:879–1240:
2029:Prehistory
1956:schismatic
1897:Burzenland
1835:modern era
1823:Nagykunság
1773:, and the
1720:Bulgarians
1701:Wallachian
1555:Kazakhstan
1454:) and the
1056:Turk Shahi
738:Karakalpak
295:Demonym(s)
5445:Zahediyeh
5440:Safaviyya
5389:Bayramiye
5384:Batiniyya
5359:Shamanism
5342:Religions
5333:Turkology
5293:Tatarstan
5278:Khakassia
5248:Chuvashia
5174:Locations
5151:Tian Shan
5127:Migration
5102:Turkestan
5085:Hungarian
5076:Turkesism
4773:Kryashens
4761:Astrakhan
4686:Krymchaks
4646:Karachays
4567:Telengits
4563:Kumandins
4489:Alphabets
4319:Ili Turki
4229:Languages
4083:Lodomerie
4068:Dalmatiae
4030:Kara-Ulak
3990:248169243
3827:cite book
3796:Footnotes
3651:(outline)
3618:Chernobyl
3588:Holodomor
3458:Left bank
3338:Onoghuria
3179:Pechenegs
3103:1982–1991
3099:1964–1982
3095:1953–1964
3091:1927–1953
3087:1917–1927
3083:1894–1917
3079:1855–1894
3075:1796–1855
3071:1721–1796
2846:Sanctions
2796:Oligarchy
2726:1921–1944
2704:1940–1956
2693:1922–1991
2682:1922–1991
2599:Stalinism
2557:1921–1923
2546:1918–1920
2536:1922–1922
2525:1920–1922
2514:1919–1922
2503:1917–1922
2493:1917–1918
2482:1917–1918
2468:Emigrants
2454:Priamurye
2438:Civil War
2414:July Days
2382:1914–1921
2371:1900–1905
2360:1867–1915
2349:1809–1917
2338:1799–1867
2327:1721–1917
2317:1547–1721
2227:1263–1547
2217:1157–1331
2207:1136–1478
2151:1093–1157
2076:Garðaríki
2033:Antiquity
1975:Olt River
1854:Dominican
1831:Kiskunság
1815:Hungarian
1744:Wallachia
1740:Basarab I
1736:Olt River
1592:Black Sea
1572:Byzantine
1567:Wallachia
1415:The name
1373:1299–1922
1348:1250–1517
1336:1242–1502
1324:1224–1266
1285:1206–1526
1273:1136–1225
1249:1077–1231
1237:1067–1239
1212:1037–1194
1032:Xueyantuo
874:Grey wolf
856:Ergenekon
832:Shamanism
604:Krymchaks
514:Kutrigurs
276:Religion
196:CHALUKYAS
163:GHAZNAVID
5560:Kipchaks
5409:Hurufism
5354:Tengrism
5303:Xinjiang
5258:Gagauzia
5107:Mongolia
5081:Turanism
5056:Kemalism
5044:Politics
5006:Kipchaks
4986:Göktürks
4981:Dughlats
4835:Bulgaria
4823:Abkhazia
4798:Turkmens
4781:Nağaybäk
4611:Bashkirs
4575:Tubalars
4559:Chelkans
4553:Altaians
4507:Cyrillic
4409:Pecheneg
4374:Krymchak
4279:Chagatai
4252:Southern
4247:Northern
4171:"QEPČĀQ"
4169:(2009).
4080:Gallicie
4071:Croatiae
3846:Vásáry.
3665:timeline
3503:Bukovina
3448:The Ruin
3418:Cossacks
3298:Sarmatia
3278:Cimmeria
3226:a series
3224:Part of
3184:Kipchaks
3067:860–1721
3063:Timeline
2800:Putinism
2754:Protocol
2752:Alma-Ata
2657:Karabakh
2637:transfer
2623:Cold War
2446:Red Army
2430:election
2263:Troubles
2141:988–1402
2131:987–1397
2121:882–1136
2066:Arthania
1995:a series
1993:Part of
1985:See also
1940:Muntenia
1924:Seneslau
1911:Vlachs (
1909:Orthodox
1866:Brodnici
1856:friars.
1850:Milcovul
1842:Catholic
1709:Khwarezm
1697:Bulgaria
1619:and the
1610:and the
1580:Armenian
1576:Georgian
1563:Moldavia
1456:Kipchaks
1426:for the
1200:963–1186
1188:860–1091
1176:856–1335
1164:848–1036
1132:840–1212
1108:750–1055
1084:743–1035
1024:618–1048
951:Göktürks
926:Dingling
828:Tengrism
801:Krymchak
541:Kipchaks
478:Saragurs
388:Khazaria
280:Tengrism
5486:Chovgan
5466:Kyz kuu
5379:Alevism
5316:Studies
5112:History
5095:Origins
5026:Türgesh
4996:Khazars
4991:Karluks
4971:Bulgars
4946:(Sakha)
4924:Uyghurs
4903:Tunisia
4891:Romania
4871:Lebanon
4839:Croatia
4827:Algeria
4816:Turkish
4808:Iranian
4793:Tofalar
4765:Chinese
4726:Qashqai
4711:Naimans
4656:Kazakhs
4636:Dolgans
4621:Chuvash
4616:Chulyms
4606:Balkars
4598:Georgia
4594:Armenia
4571:Teleuts
4548:Afshars
4540:Peoples
4517:Persian
4454:Turkmen
4449:Turkish
4414:Qashqai
4369:Kipchak
4289:Chuvash
4269:Bashkir
4077:Serviae
4036:people.
4014:Bulares
3716:Judaism
3706:Banking
3373:Cumania
3353:Khazars
3288:Scythia
3283:Taurica
3237:Ukraine
3109:present
3009:present
2988:present
2967:present
2946:present
2925:present
2905:present
2888:present
2871:present
2834:Prelude
2631:Comecon
2261:Time of
2024:Periods
1944:Cumania
1932:Vrancea
1846:Romania
1809:On the
1732:Tihomir
1713:Mamluks
1681:Luhansk
1645:Cumania
1600:Dnieper
1584:Persian
1559:Ukraine
1511:Romania
1466:Persian
1417:Cumania
1120:756–940
1096:744–840
1072:699–766
1060:665-850
1048:659–750
1036:628–646
1001:682–744
993:581–650
972:581–657
964:552–581
729:Qasgqai
720:Chuvash
711:Bashkir
684:Turkmen
639:Turkish
595:Dolgans
559:Uyghurs
523:Karluks
496:Bulgars
487:Utigurs
460:Onogurs
310:History
304:Kipchak
250:Capital
244:Khanate
194:WESTERN
109:KHAZARS
5580:Cumans
5476:Kokpar
5471:Jereed
5434:Rifaʽi
5424:Qadiri
5253:Crimea
5210:Turkey
5160:Otuken
5021:Shatuo
5011:K'o-sa
4976:Cumans
4966:Bulaqs
4950:Yugurs
4944:Yakuts
4929:Uzbeks
4919:Tuvans
4895:Serbia
4867:Kosovo
4863:Israel
4847:Cyprus
4804:Afghan
4777:Mishar
4755:Tatars
4716:Nogais
4706:Kumyks
4691:Kyrgyz
4676:Khalaj
4671:Khakas
4641:Gagauz
4469:Uyghur
4389:Kyrgyz
4359:Khazar
4354:Khalaj
4349:Khakas
4344:Kazakh
4329:Karaim
4314:Gagauz
4304:Dolgan
4284:Chulym
4274:Bulgar
4237:Afshar
4222:topics
4220:Turkic
3988:
3978:
3945:
3935:
3910:
3900:
3848:Cumans
3473:Danube
3228:on the
3189:Kunság
2768:abroad
2635:Crimea
2006:Russia
1997:on the
1936:Galați
1901:Brasso
1889:abbacy
1825:) and
1804:Kunság
1790:Kunság
1782:Kunság
1724:Vlachs
1670:Vlachs
1666:Jassic
1658:Möngke
1617:Budjak
1612:Irtysh
1606:, the
1602:, the
1543:Kazakh
1503:Kunság
1476:Steppe
1452:Folban
1448:Cumans
1444:Turkic
1424:exonym
792:Karaim
783:Gagauz
702:Kyrgyz
675:Uyghur
666:Kazakh
586:Yakuts
577:Kumyks
568:Tatars
313:
240:Status
218:YABGUS
207:EMPIRE
185:BUYIDS
176:SHAHIS
165:EMPIRE
154:KHOTAN
118:KIMEKS
100:CUMANS
32:Kunság
5481:Jigit
5374:Islam
5288:Sakha
5066:Jadid
5001:Kimek
4911:Yemen
4899:Syria
4875:Libya
4855:Egypt
4843:Crete
4785:Volga
4769:Lipka
4736:Shors
4731:Salar
4698:China
4663:China
4474:Uzbek
4459:Tuvan
4439:Tatar
4424:Salar
4394:Nogai
4379:Kumyk
4299:Cuman
4242:Altai
4144:Notes
4074:Romae
4026:Haute
3986:S2CID
3868:(PDF)
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2456:Govt.
2097:Rurik
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1893:Sibiu
1604:Volga
1546:Tamga
1484:Plain
1421:Latin
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870:Sheka
860:Asena
846:Ülgen
842:Kayra
774:Tuvan
756:Kumyk
747:Sakha
693:Tatar
657:Uzbek
532:Kimek
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300:Cuman
288:Islam
269:Cuman
254:Sarai
216:OGHUZ
174:HINDU
145:QOCHO
5298:Tuva
5165:Oğuz
5031:Uzes
4859:Iraq
4590:Iran
4464:Urum
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4429:Shor
4259:Äynu
4120:Buda
4034:Ulak
4022:Orda
3976:ISBN
3943:OCLC
3933:ISBN
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3898:ISBN
3833:link
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