Marketing - Knowledge (XXG)

1608: 622:(AMA) as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large". However, the definition of marketing has evolved over the years. The AMA reviews this definition and its definition for "marketing research" every three years. The interests of "society at large" were added into the definition in 2008. The development of the definition may be seen by comparing the 2008 definition with the AMA's 1935 version: "Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods, and services from producers to consumers". The newer definition highlights the increased prominence of other stakeholders in the new conception of marketing. 97: 1008:: The marketing department is of prime importance within the functional level of an organization. Information from the marketing department is used to guide the actions of a company's other departments. A marketing department could ascertain (via marketing research) that consumers desired a new type of product, or a new usage for an existing product. With this in mind, the marketing department would inform the R&D department to create a prototype of a product/service based on consumers' new desires. The production department would then start to manufacture the product. The finance department may oppose required capital expenditures since it could undermine a healthy cash flow for the organization. 626: 1100: 4312: 4286: 791:) "places the customers' desires at the forefront of how a company designs and markets products or services." Although needs-based segmentation is difficult to do in practice, it has been proved to be one of the most effective ways to segment a market. In addition, a great deal of advertising and promotion is designed to show how a given product's benefits meet the customer's needs, wants or expectations in a unique way. 1867:, demand for a good begins to taper off, and the firm may opt to discontinue the manufacture of the product. This is so, if revenue for the product comes from efficiency savings in production, over actual sales of a good/service. However, if a product services a niche market, or is complementary to another product, it may continue the manufacture of the product, despite a low level of sales/revenue being accrued. 874:

available to the end consumers. In this type of business model, businesses profit from consumers' willingness to name their own price or contribute data or marketing to the company, while consumers benefit from flexibility, direct payment, or free or reduced-price products and services. One of the major benefit of this type of business model is that it offers a company a competitive advantage in the market.

1809: 4300: 1786:(SBU) is a subsidiary within a firm, which participates within a given market/industry. The SBU would embrace the corporate strategy, and attune it to its own particular industry. For instance, an SBU may partake in the sports goods industry. It thus would ascertain how it would attain additional sales of sports goods, in order to satisfy the overall business strategy. 1439:

and to better serve the more diversified tastes of contemporary consumers. A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Thus, it must make choices (and appreciate the related costs) in servicing specific groups of consumers. Moreover, with more diversity in the tastes of modern consumers, firms are noting the benefit of servicing a multiplicity of new markets.

1333:), over which a firm holds little control, consists of a variety of external factors that manifest on a large (or macro) scale. These include: economic, social, political and technological factors. A common method of assessing a firm's macro-environment is via a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Ecological) analysis. Within a 51: 1231:

P, mentioning the presence of two important dimensions, "communication" (general and informative communications such as public relations and corporate communications) and "promotion" (persuasive communications such as advertising and direct selling). Certain marketing activities, such as personal selling, may be classified as either

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Porcu, L., del Barrio-Garcia, S., and Kitchen, P.J., "How Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) works? A theoretical review and an analysis of its main drivers and effects/ ¿Cómo funciona la Comunicación Integrada de Marketing (CIM)? Una revisión teórica y un análisis de sus antecedents Efectos",

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allow brands to start a conversation with regular and prospective customers. Viral marketing can be greatly facilitated by social media and if successful, allows key marketing messages and content in reaching a large number of target audiences within a short time frame. These platforms can also house

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research. Market research involves gathering information about a particular target market. As an example, a firm may conduct research in a target market, after selecting a suitable market segment. In contrast, marketing research relates to all research conducted within marketing. Market research is a

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Like "Place" in the 4Ps model, convenience refers to where the product will be sold. This, however, not only refers to physical stores but also whether the product is available in person or online. The convenience aspect emphasizes making it as easy as possible for the consumer to attain the product,

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From a model-building perspective, the 4 Ps has attracted a number of criticisms. Well-designed models should exhibit clearly defined categories that are mutually exclusive, with no overlap. Yet, the 4 Ps model has extensive overlapping problems. Several authors stress the hybrid nature of the fourth

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A marketing orientation has been defined as a "philosophy of business management." or "a corporate state of mind" or as an "organizational culture." Although scholars continue to debate the precise nature of specific concepts that inform marketing practice, the most commonly cited orientations are as

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B2B (business-to-business) marketing refers to any marketing strategy or content that is geared towards a business or organization. Any company that sells products or services to other businesses or organizations (vs. consumers) typically uses B2B marketing strategies. The 7 P's of B2B marketing are:

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has evolved his definition of marketing. In 1980, he defined marketing as "satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process", and in 2018 defined it as "the process by which companies engage customers, build strong customer relationships, and create customer value in order to capture value from

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approach is the traditional planning approach where the organization identifies its desired goals and objectives, which are often based around what has always been done. Marketing's task then becomes one of "selling" the organization's products and messages to the "outside" or external stakeholders.

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Consumer-to-business marketing or C2B marketing is a business model where the end consumers create products and services which are consumed by businesses and organizations. It is diametrically opposed to the popular concept of B2C or Business- to- Consumer where the companies make goods and services

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involves a presentation given by a salesperson to an individual or a group of potential customers. It enables two-way communication and relationship building, and is most commonly seen in business-to-business marketing but can also be found in business-to-consumer marketing (e.g.: selling cars at a

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In response to environmental and technological changes in marketing, as well as criticisms towards the 4Ps approach, the 4Cs has emerged as a modern marketing mix model. Robert F. Lauterborn proposed a 4 Cs classification in 1990. His classification is a more consumer-orientated version of the 4 Ps

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level relates to departments within the SBUs, such as marketing, finance, HR, production, etc. The functional level would adopt the SBU's strategy and determine how to accomplish the SBU's own objectives in its market. To use the example of the sports goods industry again, the marketing department

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The area of marketing planning involves forging a plan for a firm's marketing activities. A marketing plan can also pertain to a specific product, as well as to an organization's overall marketing strategy. An organization's marketing planning process is derived from its overall business strategy.

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Market segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous market for a product and dividing it into several sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. The process is conducted for two main purposes: better allocation of a firm's finite resources

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Marketing research is a systematic process of analyzing data that involves conducting research to support marketing activities and the statistical interpretation of data into information. This information is then used by managers to plan marketing activities, gauge the nature of a firm's marketing

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Market orientations are philosophies concerning the factors that should go into market planning. The marketing mix, which outlines the specifics of the product and how it will be sold, including the channels that will be used to advertise the product, is affected by the environment surrounding the

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concerns how to position a product in the minds of consumers and inform what attributes differentiate it from the competitor's products. A firm often performs this by producing a perceptual map, which denotes similar products produced in the same industry according to how consumers perceive their

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Selling concept: focuses on the selling/promotion of the firm's existing products, rather than developing new products to satisfy unmet needs or wants primarily through promotion and direct sales techniques, largely for "unsought goods" in industrial companies. A 2011 meta analyses found that the

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Something necessary for people to live a healthy, stable and safe life. When needs remain unfulfilled, there is a clear adverse outcome: a dysfunction or death. Needs can be objective and physical, such as the need for food, water, and shelter; or subjective and psychological, such as the need to

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is the use of media tools to promote and monitor for a positive view of a company or product in the public's eye. The goal is to either sustain a positive opinion or lessen or change a negative opinion. It can include interviews, speeches/presentations, corporate literature, social media, news

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involves short-term incentives to encourage the buying of products. Examples of these incentives include free samples, contests, premiums, trade shows, giveaways, coupons, sweepstakes and games. Depending on the incentive, one or more of the other elements of the promotional mix may be used in

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marketing or C2C marketing represents a market environment where one customer purchases goods from another customer using a third-party business or platform to facilitate the transaction. C2C companies are a new type of model that has emerged with e-commerce technology and the sharing economy.

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Some definitions of marketing highlight marketing's ability to produce value to shareholders of the firm as well. In this context, marketing can be defined as "the management process that seeks to maximise returns to shareholders by developing relationships with valued customers and creating a

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To overcome the deficiencies of the 4P model, some authors have suggested extensions or modifications to the original model. Extensions of the four P's are often included in cases such as services marketing where unique characteristics (i.e. intangibility, perishability, heterogeneity and the

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The different goals of B2B and B2C marketing lead to differences in the B2B and B2C markets. The main differences in these markets are demand, purchasing volume, number of customers, customer concentration, distribution, buying nature, buying influences, negotiations, reciprocity, leasing and

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for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention or any sacrifices consumers make in order to acquire a product or service. The price is the cost that a consumer pays for a

963:. It dominated marketing practice from the 1860s to the 1930s, yet can still be found in some companies or industries. Specifically, Kotler and Armstrong note that the production philosophy is "one of the oldest philosophies that guides sellers... is still useful in some situations." 787:. Customer needs are central to market segmentation which is concerned with dividing markets into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of "distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors who might require separate products or marketing mixes." Needs-based segmentation (also known as 1169:, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales. 925:

Reciprocity: Businesses tend to buy from businesses they sell to. For example, a business that sells printer ink is more likely to buy office chairs from a supplier that buys the business's printer ink. In B2C marketing, this does not occur because consumers are not also selling

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Cost refers to what is exchanged in return for the product. Cost mainly consists of the monetary value of the product. Cost also refers to anything else the consumer must sacrifice to attain the product, such as time or money spent on transportation to acquire the product.

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Demand: B2B demand is derived because businesses buy products based on how much demand there is for the final consumer product. Businesses buy products based on customer's wants and needs. B2C demand is primarily because customers buy products based on their own wants and

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factors with the greatest impact on sales performance are a salesperson's sales related knowledge (market segments, presentation skills, conflict resolution, and products), degree of adaptiveness, role clarity, cognitive aptitude, motivation and interest in a sales role).

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Like "Promotion" in the 4Ps model, communication refers to how consumers find out about a product. Unlike promotion, communication not only refers to the one-way communication of advertising, but also the two-way communication available through social media.

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A marketing mix is a foundational tool used to guide decision making in marketing. The marketing mix represents the basic tools that marketers can use to bring their products or services to the market. They are the foundation of managerial marketing and the

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Other important criticisms include that the marketing mix lacks a strategic framework and is, therefore, unfit to be a planning instrument, particularly when uncontrollable, external elements are an important aspect of the marketing environment.

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The "marketing concept" proposes that to complete its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of potential consumers and satisfy them more effectively than its competitors. This concept originated from

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The term "marketing environment" relates to all of the factors (whether internal, external, direct or indirect) that affect a firm's marketing decision-making/planning. A firm's marketing environment consists of three main areas, which are:

1122:'s needs and wants. The product element consists of product design, new product innovation, branding, packaging, and labeling. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. 1815:, with the assumption of four major phases: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Curve of sales as a function of the time of the product on the market. After a plateau in sales at product maturity, a steep decline can follow. 918:

Buying influences: B2B purchasing is influenced by multiple people in various departments such as quality control, accounting, and logistics while B2C marketing is only influenced by the person making the purchase and possibly a few

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subset of marketing research. (Avoiding the word consumer, which shows up in both, market research is about distribution, while marketing research encompasses distribution, advertising effectiveness, and salesforce effectiveness).

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As stated previously, the senior management of a firm would formulate a general business strategy for a firm. However, this general business strategy would be interpreted and implemented in different contexts throughout the firm.

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stage, the product's sales/revenue is increasing, which may stimulate more marketing communications to sustain sales. More entrants enter into the market, to reap the apparent high profits that the industry is producing.

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At the corporate level, marketing objectives are typically broad-based in nature, and pertain to the general vision of the firm in the short, medium or long-term. As an example, if one pictures a group of companies (or a

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occurs when a firm directly pays a media channel, directly via an in-house agency or via an advertising agency or media buying service, to publicize its product, service or message. Common examples of advertising media

177:, and the characteristics of the product's target market. Once these factors are determined, marketers must then decide what methods of promoting the product, including use of coupons and other price inducements. 1235:

or as part of the place (i.e., distribution) element. Some pricing tactics, such as promotional pricing, can be classified as price variables or promotional variables and, therefore, also exhibit some overlap.

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price and quality. From a product's placing on the map, a firm would tailor its marketing communications to meld with the product's perception among consumers and its position among competitors' offering.

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Marketing concept: This is the most common concept used in contemporary marketing, and is a customer-centric approach based on products that suit new consumer tastes. These firms engage in extensive

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The internal environment, which includes the factors inside of the company itself. A firm's internal environment consists of: Labor, Inventory, Company Policy, Logistics, Budget, and Capital Assets.

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Vol. 50, 2000, pp. 273–85. The most widely applied scale is that developed by Narver and Slater in Narver, J.C., and Slater, S.F., "The Effect of Marketing Orientation on Business Profitability",

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data collection services for marketing research and public opinion surveys, by methods other than ... data collection services provided as part of a market research services package that includes

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inseparability of production and consumption) warrant additional consideration factors. Other extensions include "people", "process", and "physical evidence" and are often applied in the case of

1823:(PLC) is a tool used by marketing managers to gauge the progress of a product, especially relating to sales or revenue accrued over time. The PLC is based on a few key assumptions, including: 909:

Customer concentration: Businesses that specialize in a particular market tend to be geographically concentrated while customers that buy products from these businesses are not concentrated.

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product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence. Some of the trends in B2B marketing include content such as podcasts, videos, and social media marketing campaigns.

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perspective, defines marketing as "a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions of a business aimed at achieving customer interest and satisfaction".

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Hooley, G., Fahy, J., Beracs, J., Fonfara, K. and Snoj, B., "Market Orientation in the Transition Economies of Central Europe: Tests of the Narver and Slater Market Orientation Scales",

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Promotional methods: In B2B marketing, the most common promotional method is personal selling. B2C marketing mostly uses sales promotion, public relations, advertising, and social media.

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defines marketing from a customer-centric perspective, focusing on "the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably".

3926:, Chicago: American Marketing Association, 47–51; Rafiq, M. and Ahmed, P.K. "Using the 7Ps as a Generic Marketing mix: An Exploratory Survey of UK and European Marketing Academics", 1845:

stage, a product is launched onto the market. To stimulate the growth of sales/revenue, use of advertising may be high, in order to heighten awareness of the product in question.

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The promotional mix outlines how a company will market its product. It consists of five tools: personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, advertising and social media:

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Negotiations: In B2B marketing, negotiating for lower prices or added benefits is commonly accepted while in B2C marketing (particularly in Western cultures) prices are fixed.

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Recent definitions of marketing place more emphasis on the consumer relationship, as opposed to a pure exchange process. For instance, prolific marketing author and educator,

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Traditionally, this could refer to individuals shopping for personal products in a broad sense. More recently the term B2C refers to the online selling of consumer products.

3922:, vol. 41 (April), 1993; Booms, B. and Bitner, M.J. "Marketing Strategies and Organizational Structures for Service Firms" in James H. Donnelly and William R. George (eds), 3587:

Hunt, S.F. and Goolsby, J., "The Rise and Fall of the Functional Approach to Marketing: A Paradigm Displacement Perspective", (originally published in 1988), reprinted in:

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Product concept: mainly concerned with the quality of its product. It has largely been supplanted by the marketing orientation, except for haute couture and arts marketing.

1069:. The origins of the 4 Ps can be traced to the late 1940s. The first known mention has been attributed to a Professor of Marketing at Harvard University, James Culliton. 5355: 862:

Business-to-consumer marketing, or B2C marketing, refers to the tactics and strategies in which a company promotes its products and services to individual people.

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Distribution: B2B products pass directly from the producer of the product to the business while B2C products may additionally go through a wholesaler or retailer.

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The consumer refers to the person or group that will acquire the product. This aspect of the model focuses on fulfilling the wants or needs of the consumer.

1209:. This fourth P is focused on providing a message to get a response from consumers. The message is designed to persuade or tell a story to create awareness. 903:

Purchasing volume: Businesses buy products in large volumes to distribute to consumers. Consumers buy products in smaller volumes suitable for personal use.

3014: 3650: 3062: 1834: 1803: 1096:, popularised this approach and helped spread the 4 Ps model. McCarthy's 4 Ps have been widely adopted by both marketing academics and practitioners. 4638: 1720:

Thus, when top management is devising the firm's strategic direction/mission, the intended marketing activities are incorporated into this plan.

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Something that is desired, wished for or aspired to. Wants are not essential for basic survival and are often shaped by culture or peer-groups.

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The 4 Ps, in its modern form, was first proposed in 1960 by E. Jerome McCarthy; who presented them within a managerial approach that covered

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embraces societal stakeholders such as employees, customers, and local communities. Companies that adopt this perspective typically practice

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Governments- buy B2B products for use in government projects (e.g.: purchasing weather monitoring equipment for a wastewater treatment plant)

717:, the profession is now widely recognized as a science. Marketing science has developed a concrete process that can be followed to create a 4260: 3681:

Keelson, S.A>, "The Evolution of the Marketing Concepts: Theoretically Different Roads Leading to Practically the Same Destination!" in

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The micro-environment, over which a firm holds a greater amount (though not necessarily total) control, typically includes: Customers/

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The 2004 AMA Definition of Marketing and Its Relationship to a Market Orientation: An Extension of Cooke, Rayburn, & Abercrombie

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Marketing is typically conducted by the seller, typically a retailer or manufacturer. Products can be marketed to other businesses (

2623: 1372:. In contrast to the macro-environment, an organization holds a greater (though not complete) degree of control over these factors. 3764:

Kerr, F., Patti, C. and Ichul, K., "An Inside-out Approach to Integrated Marketing Communications: An International Perspective",

783:, conducted for the purpose of new product development or product improvement, is often concerned with identifying the consumer's 5294: 4336: 4056: 2226: 1447: 1443: 655: 4177: 2659: 5287: 5075: 3515: 2217: 1507:

Once a segment has been identified to target, a firm must ascertain whether the segment is beneficial for them to service. The

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Resellers- buy B2B products to sell through retail or wholesale establishments (e.g.: Walmart buying vacuums to sell in stores)

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Avlonitis, G.J. and Gounaris, S.P., "Marketing Orientation and Company Performance: Industrial vs. Consumer Goods Companies",

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Kotler, P., Marketing Management, (Millennium Edition), Custom Edition for University of Phoenix, Prentice Hall, 2001, p. 9.

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Personal selling: Young female beer sellers admonish the photographer that he also has to buy some, Tireli market, Mali 1989

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Buying nature: B2B purchasing is a formal process done by professional buyers and sellers, while B2C purchasing is informal.

1126:, a key aspect of the product management, refers to the various methods of communicating a brand identity for the product, 4229:

Hollander, Stanley C., Rassuli, Kathleen M.; Jones, D.G. Brian; Dix and Farlow, L., "Periodization in Marketing History",

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This refers to how the product gets to the customer; the distribution channels and intermediaries such as wholesalers and

633:, who devised a number of sales methods for his tableware, is "credited with inventing modern marketing" according to the 33: 4076: 3263:

Kohli, A.K. and Jaworski, B.J., "Market Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications",

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The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the

2876: 2675:, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Fall, 2004, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Fall, 2004), pp. 29–38, accessed 25 January 2021 1456:

involves the initial splitting up of consumers into persons of like needs/wants/tastes. Commonly used criteria include:

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who enable customers to access products or services in a convenient manner. This third P has also sometimes been called

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The two major segments of marketing are business-to-business (B2B) marketing and business-to-consumer (B2C) marketing.

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June 1964 pp. 2–7; van Waterschoot, W. and van den Bulte, C., "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited",

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but would not become widely used until nearly 200 years later. Marketing and Marketing Concepts are directly related.

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involved in a segment serving. Three modes of differentiation exist, which are commonly applied by firms. These are:

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Given the centrality of customer needs, and wants in marketing, a rich understanding of these concepts is essential:

4220: 3522:, vol. 50, no. 3, 1972, pp. 48–57; Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Macromarketing as a Pillar of Marketing Thought", 3347:

Fillis, Ian (2006). "Art for Art's Sake or Art for Business Sake: An exploration of artistic product orientation".

2685: 976:, use R&D (Research & Development), and then use promotion techniques. The marketing orientation includes: 955:

Production concept: specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service in order to achieve

529: 3534:; Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., "Scholarly Research in Marketing: Exploring the "4 Eras" of Thought Development", 5345: 5055: 4416: 1920: 844:

Producers- use products sold by B2B marketing to make their own goods (e.g.: Mattel buying plastics to make toys)

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Societal marketing concept: Social responsibility that goes beyond satisfying customers and providing superior

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Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2006), Marketing and Management, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, US

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Grönroos, Christian. "From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing",

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Sheth, J., Sisodia, R.S. and Sharma, A., "The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer-Centric Marketing",

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would draw up marketing plans, strategies and communications to help the SBU achieve its marketing aims.

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Leasing: Businesses tend to lease expensive items while consumers tend to save up to buy expensive items.

5239: 5191: 5171: 5090: 5080: 4864: 4748: 3724:, Brown, S.W., Gummeson, E., Edvardson, B. and Gustavsson, B. (eds), Lexington, Canada, 1991, pp. 23-37. 3720:

Bitner, M.J., "The Evolution of the Services Marketing Mix and its Relationship to Service Quality", in

3443:"Drivers of sales performance: A contemporary meta-analysis. Have salespeople become knowledge brokers?" 2159: 1970: 1369: 1202: 1186: 1172: 736: 519: 371: 283: 268: 4028:

Bhatt, Ganesh D; Emdad, Ali F (2001). "An analysis of the virtual value chain in electronic commerce".

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van Waterschoot, W.; van den Bulte, C. (1992). "The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited".

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Fisk, R.P., Brown, W., and Bitner, M.J., "Tracking the Evolution of Services Marketing Literature",

1777:), top management may state that sales for the group should increase by 25% over a ten-year period. 5166: 5156: 5113: 4884: 4711: 4673: 4569: 3277:

Narver, J.C.; Slater, S.F. (1990). "The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability".

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is used to facilitate two-way communication between companies and their customers. Outlets such as

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reporting and publish financial, social and environmental impact reports. Sustainable marketing or

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Institutions- use B2B products to continue operation (e.g.: schools buying printers for office use)

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acronym is used as criteria to gauge the viability of a target market. The elements of DAMP are:

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Number of customers: There are relatively fewer businesses to market to than direct consumers.

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etc.) involve the use of the creative arts. However, because marketing makes extensive use of

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Within the overall strategic marketing plan, the stages of the process are listed as thus:

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environment and to attain information from suppliers. A distinction should be made between

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Weeks, Richard; Marx, William (Autumn 1968). "The Market Concept: Problems and Promises".

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In the past, marketing practice tended to be seen as a creative industry, which included

2660:"A Sustainability Roadmap for Contemporary Marketing Education: Thinking Beyond the 4Ps" 2500: 5196: 5060: 5045: 5007: 4987: 4924: 4763: 4738: 4643: 4526: 4506: 4461: 4439: 3905:

Constantinides, E., "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing",

3736: 2035: 2025: 2000: 1714: 1338: 1330: 1263: 1042: 983: 943:

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Hollander, S.C.; Jones, D.G.B.; Dix, L. (2005). "Periodization in Marketing History".

5339: 5304: 5261: 5070: 5050: 4889: 4633: 4481: 4386: 4188: 4117: 3830: 3622: 3224: 3113: 3015:"Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies" 2981: 2562: 2330: 2126: 2010: 1925: 1740: 1350: 1218:

One of the limitations of the 4Ps approach is its emphasis on an inside-out view. An

1093: 1035: 999: 642: 514: 401: 134: 4290: 3471: 3208: 3041: 2862:

Market Orientation, Creativity, and New Product Performance in High-Technology Firms

17: 5309: 5229: 5224: 5108: 4952: 4894: 4874: 4381: 3333: 1955: 1561: 1346: 1267: 714: 710: 678: 142: 76: 4315: 4304: 1808: 1565:– in which an organization forges a product to satisfy a specialized target market 5201: 5161: 5012: 4919: 4914: 4783: 4773: 4758: 4584: 4554: 4536: 4401: 4274: 3943:

Lauterborn, B (1990). "New Marketing Litany: Four Ps Passé: C-Words Take Over".

3239: 2672: 2275: 1888: 1630: 1469:(e.g. personality traits or lifestyle traits which influence consumer behaviour) 1206: 1178: 702: 686: 662: 381: 356: 248: 3991: 3601:

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3360: 3097: 3081: 3033: 2965: 1827:

A given product would possess introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stage

1536:– can a sufficient return on investment be attained from a segment's servicing? 1524:– how a segment can be accessed via Marketing Communications produced by a firm 1099: 5282: 5181: 5138: 5103: 5022: 4962: 4856: 4793: 4612: 4496: 4486: 4411: 4396: 4391: 4366: 4041: 3462: 2546: 2096: 731: 694: 539: 162: 104: 100: 3999: 3531: 3325: 3216: 3105: 2973: 2759: 2554: 1557:– in which a firm produced slight modifications of a product within a segment 5002: 4982: 4957: 4836: 4721: 4658: 4544: 4406: 4376: 4299: 3801: 1689: 1677: 1365: 1361: 1342: 706: 698: 499: 431: 165:), food from a specific area, or a city or region as a tourism destination. 65: 3802:"Promotion | Etymology, origin and meaning of promotion by etymonline" 3442: 2927: 2726: 1337:, a firm would analyze national political issues, culture and climate, key 27:

Study and process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to customers

2501:"What is Marketing Environment? definition and meaning – Business Jargons" 5133: 4909: 4733: 4716: 4653: 4516: 4434: 4426: 4217: 2531:"The Insights Industry: Towards a Performativity Turn in Market Research" 1693: 1673: 1357: 1158: 1119: 127: 119: 61: 4190:

The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail

3000:

Market Research in Practice: How to Get Greater Insight From Your Market

1227:

approach first seeks to understand the needs and wants of the consumer.

1143:

product—monetary or not. Methods of setting prices are in the domain of

1053:

The 4Ps refers to four broad categories of marketing decisions, namely:

5249: 5234: 5118: 5035: 4753: 4521: 4451: 4054:

US Census data is both for Market research and for Marketing research:

3892: 3614: 3298: 1701: 1681: 1620:

conjunction with sales promotion to inform customers of the incentives.

1133: 218: 141:). Sometimes tasks are contracted to dedicated marketing firms, like a 5176: 4321: 3484:

McGee, L.W. and Spiro, R.L., "The Marketing Concept in Perspective",

2253: 1697: 1685: 1551:– where a company produces a like product for all of a market segment 767: 223: 3884: 3734:

Schultz, Don E; Tannenbaum, Stanley I; Lauterborn, Robert F (1993),

3290: 3191:

Aspara, Jaakko; Grant, David B.; Holmlund, Maria (1 February 2021).

2671:

Jenny Darroch, Morgan P. Miles, Andrew Jardine and Ernest F. Cooke,

990:

that people are willing and able to buy. Consequently, ascertaining

5216: 4816: 1807: 1606: 1194: 1139: 1127: 1123: 987: 758: 748: 670: 624: 386: 366: 95: 3722:

Service Quality: Multidisciplinary and Multinational Perspectives

4698: 754:

belong to a family or social group and the need for self-esteem.

4325: 3705:

The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing

3589:

Review of Marketing Research: Special Issue - Marketing Legends

2902:"10 Steps to Creating a Marketing Plan for Your Small Business" 2306:"The Role of Customers in Marketing | Introduction to Business" 3591:, Vol. 1, Naresh K. Malhotra, (ed), Bingley, UK, Emerald, 2011 3418:, 12th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 29 3390:, 12th ed., Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2008, p. 28 138: 44: 3651:"From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix: A Literature Review" 2839:"Marketing library resources – content, knowledge databases" 1341:

conditions, health and indicators (such as economic growth,

4077:"Difference between Market Research and Marketing Research" 4015:

Digital marketing: strategy, implementation of and practice

3971:

Rodríguez, Ismael; Rabanal, Pablo; Rubio, Fernando (2017).

2998:

Hague, Paul N.; Hague, Nicholas; Morgan, Carol-Ann (2013).

2467:"Marketing Strategy: Forget the 4 P'S! What are the 4 C'S?" 673:, and even today many parts of the marketing process (e.g. 2580:"The Marketing Research Process | Principles of Marketing" 2249:"The Real Story Behind Apple's 'Think different' Campaign" 1518:– how a segment can be differentiated from other segments. 1491:(e.g. Baby Boomer, Generation X, Millennial, Generation Z) 4150:"The Advertising Industry Has a Problem: People Hate Ads" 840:

The four major categories of B2B product purchasers are:

811:

Examples of products sold through B2B marketing include:

4057:"NAPCS Product List for NAICS 54191: Marketing Research" 3561:

Groucutt, Jon; Leadley, Peter; Forsyth, Patrick (2004).

1530:– can the segment be quantified and its size determined? 1540:

The next step in the targeting process is the level of

1177:

This includes all aspects of marketing communications:

72: 3683:

Global Conference on Business and Finance Proceedings

3441:

Verbeke, Willem; Dietz, Bart; Verwaal, Ernst (2010).

1764:

Levels of marketing objectives within an organization

776:, they have the potential to become economic demands. 646:

customers in return". A related definition, from the

2397:

Lamb, Charles; Hair, Joseph; McDaniel, Carl (2016).

103:'s marketing skills have been credited for reviving 5270: 5215: 5147: 5089: 5021: 4938: 4855: 4807: 4697: 4608: 4535: 4425: 4359: 3063:"What Comes Next? Survey Analysis and Segmentation" 2808:

International Marketing – Modern and Classic Papers

2686:"Josiah Wedgwood, an Industrial Revolution pioneer" 1475:(e.g. age, gender, socio-economic class, education) 1442:Market segmentation can be defined in terms of the 1103:

One version of the marketing mix is the 4Ps method.

4239:Tedlow, Richard S., and Jones, Geoffrey G. (eds), 4187: 3829: 3735: 3516:Kotler, P., "What consumerism means for marketers" 1045:typically devotes a section to the marketing mix. 3153:West Virginia University Marketing Communications 3782:Borden, N., "The Concept of the Marketing Mix", 3658:International Journal of Business and Management 3129:Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising 2993: 2991: 2791:. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press. p. 23. 3564:Marketing: Essential Principles, New Realities 2789:Sales Process Engineering: A Personal Workshop 1262:that attempts to better fit the movement from 4337: 4013:Chaffey, Dave; Ellis-Chadwick, Fiona (2012). 3938: 3936: 2802:Paliwoda, Stanley J.; Ryans, John K. (2008). 599: 8: 3375:Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2624:"For Tobacco, Stealth Marketing Is the Norm" 1837:, according to where a product is on the PLC 998:'s future viability and even existence as a 4094:. 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It is one of the primary components of 3086:International Journal of Market Research 2535:International Journal of Market Research 1448:Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning 1138:This refers to the process of setting a 1098: 3536:Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 2740:Kotler, Philip; Gary Armstrong (2018). 2711:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 2239: 1463:(such as a country, region, city, town) 1301:thus making them more likely to do so. 187: 118:is the act of satisfying and retaining 5356:Promotion and marketing communications 4212:Church, Roy and Godley, Andrew (eds), 3637:Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach 3147:Genovese, Shelby (20 September 2023). 3142: 3140: 3138: 2765: 2641: 2639: 2443:Basic Marketing. A Managerial Approach 2428:, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1999, p. 11 2192:Marketing orientations or philosophies 1025:is an extension of societal marketing. 618:Marketing is currently defined by the 3928:Marketing Intelligence & Planning 3778: 3776: 3774: 3766:International Journal of Advertising, 3760: 3758: 3002:. London: Kogan-Page. pp. 19–20. 2602: 2600: 2574: 2572: 2524: 2522: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 629:The 18th century retail entrepreneur 7: 4241:The Rise and Fall of Mass Marketing, 4233:Vol 25, no.1, 2005, pp. 32–41. 4090:Moore, Karl; Pareek, Niketh (2010). 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2436: 2434: 2420: 2418: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2286:from the original on 11 January 2014 1205:, event marketing, trade shows, and 890:Differences in B2B and B2C marketing 3808:from the original on 8 January 2018 3738:Integrated marketing communications 1587:Integrated marketing communications 4214:The Emergence of Modern Marketing, 4176:Columbus, Ohio, Grid, (1976) 1988 3861:Vol. XXV, Núm. 1, 2012, pp. 313–48 2247:Siltanen, Rob (14 December 2011). 1741:Threats and opportunities analysis 685:, advertising, inbound marketing, 157:or government agency (such as the 25: 4174:The History of Marketing Thought, 2744:(Seventeenth ed.). Hoboken. 2465:Hester, Brittany (9 April 2019). 937:Marketing management orientations 4310: 4298: 4284: 4030:Logistics Information Management 3907:Journal of Marketing Management, 3784:Journal of Advertising Research, 3768:Vol. 27, No. 4, 2008, pp. 531–40 3538:Vol. 22, No. 2, 2003, pp. 116–46 3429:Industrial Marketing Management, 2662:, 2008, accessed 25 January 2021 2645:American Marketing Association, 2401:. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. 2227:customer relationship management 1503:(e.g. brand loyalty, usage rate) 1407:The stages of research include: 772:When needs and wants are backed 656:Chartered Institute of Marketing 49: 36:. For the British magazine, see 4988:Party platforms (or manifestos) 4148:Tiffany Hsu (28 October 2019). 4119:Strategic Management in Tourism 3790:Vol. 56, No. 4, 1992, pp. 83–93 3709:Journal of Marketing Management 3649:Dominici, G. (September 2009). 3551:vol. 32, no. 2, 1994, pp. 4–20. 3209:10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.09.004 3197:Industrial Marketing Management 3067:Discover the Future of Research 2471:CATMEDIA Internal Communication 2426:Developing a Market Orientation 2218:corporate social responsibility 107:and turning it into one of the 32:For the Canadian magazine, see 2622:Julie Bosman (10 March 2006). 2214:Socially responsible marketing 2112:Sustainable market orientation 2076:Return on marketing investment 620:American Marketing Association 159:Agricultural Marketing Service 64:format but may read better as 1: 4289:The dictionary definition of 4196:Harvard Business School Press 4194:. Boston, Massachusetts, US: 3711:, vol. 22, 2006, pp. 407-438. 3499:Journal of Business Research, 3267:Vol. 54, April 1990, pp. 1–18 2529:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos A. (2022). 1833:A firm must employ differing 1724:Outline of the marketing plan 34:Marketing (Canadian magazine) 5076:Rally 'round the flag effect 3240:"Customer to Customer – C2C" 2441:McCarthy, Jerome E. (1964). 1627:releases and special events. 1244:Modifications and extensions 137:) or directly to consumers ( 38:Marketing (British magazine) 3639:Irwin, Homewood, Ill., 1960 3414:Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., 3386:Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., 3377:Vol. 28, No. 1, 2000, p. 55 2607:Stanton, William J (1984). 1737:Current marketing situation 5372: 4231:Journal of Macromarketing, 3992:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.01.036 3930:, Vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 4–15 3832:Riding the Waves of Change 3664:(4): 17–24. 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(July 1956). 2609:Fundamentals of marketing 2584:courses.lumenlearning.com 2547:10.1177/14707853211039191 2310:courses.lumenlearning.com 1921:American business history 1497:(e.g. tech savvy, active) 986:can survive by producing 648:sales process engineering 4595:Criticism of advertising 3909:Vo. 22, 2006, pp. 407–38 3859:Comunicación y Sociedad, 3532:10.1177/0276146706291067 3326:10.1177/0276146705274982 3149:"What is B2B Marketing?" 3069:, Wiley, 12 January 2017 2647:Definitions of Marketing 169:product, the results of 5257:Promotional merchandise 4968:Character assassination 4905:Narcotizing dysfunction 4779:Photograph manipulation 4492:Guerrilla communication 4223:18 October 2009 at the 4184:Christensen, Clayton M. 4115:Moutinho, Luiz (2000). 3828:Gareth, Morgan (1988). 3520:Harvard Business Review 3514:, Blackwell Reference, 3505:Vo. 54, 1990, pp. 20–35 3416:Principles of Marketing 3402:Principles of Marketing 3400:Kotler, Philip (1980). 3388:Principles of Marketing 2787:Paul H. 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Homewood, IL: Irwin. 2223:Relationship marketing 2204:Production orientation 2175:Relationship marketing 2146:Agricultural marketing 2107:Social media marketing 2082:Relationship marketing 2061:Production orientation 1911:Advertising management 1894:History of advertising 1856:When the product hits 1816: 1612: 1104: 638: 334:Horizontal integration 112: 5172:Reputation management 5091:Psychological warfare 4940:Political campaigning 4749:Firehose of falsehood 4092:Marketing: the Basics 3924:Marketing of Services 3788:Journal of Marketing, 3703:Constantinides, E., " 3503:Journal of Marketing, 3265:Journal of Marketing, 2199:Marketing orientation 2160:Destination marketing 1971:Family in advertising 1811: 1802:Further information: 1745:Objectives and issues 1610: 1203:branded entertainment 1187:promotional education 1102: 895:promotional methods. 795:B2B and B2C marketing 774:by the ability to pay 737:The Wealth of Nations 628: 520:Product demonstration 372:Corporate anniversary 99: 5207:Corporate propaganda 3920:Journal of Retailing 3873:Journal of Marketing 3549:Management Decision, 3349:The Marketing Review 3279:Journal of Marketing 3051:on 20 February 2019. 3022:Journal of Marketing 2170:Influencer marketing 2155:industrial marketing 2006:Marketing management 1981:History of marketing 1877:Outline of marketing 1279:Consumer (or client) 980:Customer orientation 883:Customer to customer 789:benefit segmentation 635:Adam Smith Institute 535:Visual merchandising 465:Behavioral targeting 339:Vertical integration 319:Influencer marketing 109:most valuable brands 18:Customer orientation 5295:Media concentration 5167:Non-apology apology 5157:Cult of personality 4885:Emotive conjugation 4639:Burying of scholars 3171:Business News Daily 2928:"Marketing Concept" 2209:Selling orientation 2071:Real-time marketing 1976:Guerrilla marketing 1434:Market segmentation 1086:market segmentation 827:Processed materials 818:Accessory equipment 485:In-game advertising 475:Display advertising 351:Promotional content 124:business management 5278:Influence-for-hire 5071:National mythology 5041:Crowd manipulation 4930:Tabloid journalism 4799:Video manipulation 4744:Fictitious entries 4467:Civil disobedience 4353:Media manipulation 4155:The New York Times 3671:on 29 August 2017. 3615:10.1007/BF02729310 2860:Subin, Im (2004). 2629:The New York Times 2180:Services marketing 2151:Business marketing 2139:Types of marketing 2102:Societal marketing 2092:Services marketing 2051:Product management 2031:Media manipulation 2021:Marketing strategy 1986:Internet marketing 1951:Database marketing 1941:Consumer behaviour 1936:Consumer confusion 1916:Affinity marketing 1904:Sex in Advertising 1899:Online Advertising 1821:product life cycle 1817: 1798:Product life cycle 1749:Marketing Strategy 1709:The marketing plan 1613: 1423:Implement findings 1411:Define the problem 1386:Marketing research 1320:Market environment 1251:services marketing 1105: 1019:triple bottom line 961:economies of scope 957:economies of scale 781:Marketing research 639: 568:Marketing research 505:Online advertising 495:Native advertising 490:Mobile advertising 442:Sex in advertising 259:Consumer behaviour 171:marketing research 151:advertising agency 113: 75:, if appropriate. 5333: 5332: 5099:Airborne leaflets 4978:Election promises 4832:Product placement 4707:Alternative facts 4447:Alternative media 4261:Library resources 4205:978-0-87584-585-2 4172:Bartels, Robert, 4101:978-0-415-77899-2 4079:. 9 January 2018. 3749:978-0-8442-3363-5 3574:978-0-7494-4114-2 3486:Business Horizons 3127:du Plessis, D.F. 2817:978-1-84376-649-0 2751:978-0-13-449251-3 2408:978-1-285-86014-5 2282:. 9 August 2012. 2056:Product marketing 2016:Marketing science 1996:Loyalty marketing 1966:Email remarketing 1961:Digital marketing 1946:Content marketing 1813:Product lifecycle 1733:Executive Summary 1655:Event sponsorship 1446:acronym, meaning 1199:product placement 1078:consumer behavior 1030:The marketing mix 836:Business services 616: 615: 578:Consumer research 459:Promotional media 447:Underwriting spot 422:Product placement 402:On-hold messaging 392:Loyalty marketing 309:Product marketing 304:Digital marketing 155:trade association 94: 93: 16:(Redirected from 5363: 5346:Business process 5325:Media proprietor 5149:Public relations 5129:Public diplomacy 5114:Information (IT) 4993:Name recognition 4618:Media regulation 4600:Annoyance factor 4457:Call-out culture 4372:Crowd psychology 4346: 4339: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4302: 4288: 4209: 4193: 4160: 4159: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4122: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3977: 3973:"Business Hacks" 3968: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3940: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3868: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3835: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3797: 3791: 3780: 3769: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3741: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3635:McCarthy, E.J., 3633: 3627: 3626: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3558: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3512: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3465: 3447: 3438: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3144: 3133: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3044:. Archived from 3019: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2763: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2507:. 25 August 2015 2505:Business Jargons 2497: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2447: 2446: 2438: 2429: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2394: 2343: 2342: 2339:Harper & Row 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2244: 2185:Social marketing 2165:Global marketing 2117:Visual marketing 2041:Mobile marketing 1659:Advertising mail 1624:Public relations 1600:Personal selling 1549:Undifferentiated 1223:In contrast, an 1195:personal selling 1191:public relations 982:: A firm in the 683:brand management 608: 601: 594: 573:Mystery shopping 470:Brand ambassador 407:Personal selling 397:Mobile marketing 377:Direct marketing 362:Ambush marketing 329:Annoyance factor 314:Social marketing 264:Consumer culture 244:Brand management 185: 89: 86: 80: 71:You can help by 53: 52: 45: 21: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5320:Media influence 5315:Media franchise 5300:Media democracy 5266: 5211: 5143: 5085: 5066:Loaded language 5017: 4934: 4851: 4803: 4693: 4622: 4604: 4531: 4472:Culture jamming 4421: 4355: 4350: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4243:Routledge, 2014 4225:Wayback Machine 4206: 4182: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3945:Advertising Age 3942: 3941: 3934: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3900: 3885:10.2307/1251988 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3836:. Jossey-Bass. 3827: 3826: 3822: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3513: 3509: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3291:10.2307/1251757 3276: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3146: 3145: 3136: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2764: 2752: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2719: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2637: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2605: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2450: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2396: 2395: 2346: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2194: 2189: 2141: 2136: 2122:Viral Marketing 1931:Brand awareness 1879: 1873: 1806: 1800: 1766: 1753:Action programs 1726: 1717: 1711: 1667: 1617:Sales promotion 1593: 1591:Promotional mix 1583: 1581:Promotional mix 1542:differentiation 1436: 1430: 1388: 1382: 1335:PESTLE analysis 1322: 1316: 1276: 1268:niche marketing 1259: 1246: 1216: 1183:sales promotion 1145:pricing science 1110: 1082:market research 1051: 1038: 1032: 1023:green marketing 994:is vital for a 992:consumer demand 974:market research 945: 939: 892: 880: 871: 860: 824:Component parts 815:Major equipment 805: 797: 727: 691:social sciences 631:Josiah Wedgwood 612: 583: 582: 563:Market research 558: 550: 549: 460: 452: 451: 437:Sales promotion 352: 344: 343: 239:Brand licensing 209: 183: 175:market research 153:. Sometimes, a 147:market research 90: 84: 81: 70: 54: 50: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5197:Understatement 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5061:Indoctrination 5058: 5053: 5048: 5046:Disinformation 5043: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5008:Smear campaign 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4925:Sensationalism 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4865:Agenda-setting 4861: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4739:False document 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4644:Catch and kill 4641: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4477:Demonstrations 4474: 4469: 4464: 4462:Cancel culture 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4431: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4308: 4296: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255:External links 4253: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4227: 4218:online edition 4210: 4204: 4180: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4140: 4133: 4107: 4100: 4082: 4068: 4047: 4036:(1/2): 78–85. 4020: 4005: 3963: 3954: 3932: 3911: 3898: 3863: 3849: 3843:978-1555420932 3842: 3820: 3792: 3770: 3754: 3748: 3726: 3713: 3696: 3687: 3674: 3641: 3628: 3593: 3580: 3573: 3553: 3540: 3507: 3490: 3477: 3433: 3420: 3407: 3392: 3379: 3366: 3339: 3304: 3269: 3256: 3238:Tarver, Evan. 3230: 3183: 3167:"What is B2C?" 3158: 3134: 3131:. p. 134. 3119: 3072: 3054: 3005: 2987: 2944: 2932:www.netmba.com 2918: 2893: 2867: 2852: 2830: 2816: 2794: 2779: 2750: 2732: 2717: 2699: 2677: 2664: 2651: 2635: 2614: 2611:. McGraw-Hill. 2596: 2568: 2541:(2): 169–186. 2518: 2483: 2448: 2430: 2414: 2407: 2344: 2331:Drucker, Peter 2322: 2297: 2267: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2036:Meta marketing 2033: 2028: 2026:Micromarketing 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 2001:Macromarketing 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1880: 1875:Main article: 1872: 1869: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1828: 1799: 1796: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1725: 1722: 1715:Marketing plan 1713:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1605: 1604: 1582: 1579: 1567: 1566: 1558: 1555:Differentiated 1552: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1432:Main article: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420:Interpret data 1418: 1415: 1412: 1384:Main article: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1354: 1331:Macromarketing 1318:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1275: 1272: 1264:mass marketing 1258: 1255: 1245: 1242: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1175: 1170: 1155: 1148: 1136: 1131: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1094:Phillip Kotler 1050: 1047: 1043:marketing plan 1034:Main article: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1003: 984:market economy 969: 968: 964: 953: 941:Main article: 938: 935: 934: 933: 930: 927: 923: 920: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 891: 888: 879: 876: 870: 867: 859: 856: 855: 854: 851: 848: 845: 838: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 804: 801: 796: 793: 778: 777: 764: 755: 726: 723: 719:marketing plan 675:product design 614: 613: 611: 610: 603: 596: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 480:Drip marketing 477: 472: 467: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 254:Communications 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200: 192: 191: 182: 179: 92: 91: 57: 55: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5368: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305:Media ecology 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5288:United States 5286: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5262:Telemarketing 5260: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051:Fearmongering 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890:False balance 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4847:Word of mouth 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:Broadcast law 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4482:Deplatforming 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4387:False balance 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4295:at Wiktionary 4294: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4134:9780851992822 4130: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3824: 3821: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3456:(3): 407–28. 3455: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2882: 2878: 2875:Zhou, Julie. 2871: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2718:0-13-701557-7 2714: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341:. p. 32. 2340: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 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