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satisfied (e.g. hunger, thirst) to needs in fear-induced situations. Each of these derived theories state that whether the need is primary or secondary, curiosity develops from experiences that create a sensation of uncertainty or perceived unpleasantness. Curiosity then acts to dispel this uncertainty. By exhibiting curious and exploratory behavior, one is able to gain knowledge of the unfamiliar and thus reduce the state of uncertainty or unpleasantness. This theory, however, does not address the idea that curiosity can often be displayed even in the absence of new or unfamiliar situations. This type of exploratory behavior, too, is common in many species. A human toddler, if bored in his current situation devoid of arousing stimuli, will walk about until he finds something interesting. The observation of curiosity even in the absence of novel stimuli pinpoints one of the major shortcomings in the curiosity-drive model.
861:". The reduction of these unpleasant feelings is rewarding. This theory suggests that people desire coherence and understanding in their thought processes. When this coherence is disrupted by something that is unfamiliar, uncertain, or ambiguous, an individual's curiosity-drive causes them to collect information and knowledge of the unfamiliar to restore coherent thought processes. This theory suggests that curiosity is developed out of the desire to make sense of unfamiliar aspects of one's environment through exploratory behaviors. Once understanding of the unfamiliar has been achieved and coherence has been restored, these behaviors and desires subside.
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theory suggests that there is a tendency to maintain arousal at a preferred, or expected, level, but it also explicitly links the amount of arousal to the amount of experienced inconsistency between an expected situation and the actually perceived situation. When this inconsistency is small, exploratory behavior triggered by curiosity is employed to gather information with which expectancy can be updated through learning to match perception, thereby reducing inconsistency.
901:. If the inconsistency is larger, fear or aggressive behavior may be employed to alter the perception in order to make it match expectancy, depending on the size of the inconsistency as well as the specific context. Aggressive behavior alters perception by forcefully manipulating it into matching the expected situation, while fear prompts flight, which removes the inconsistent stimulus from the perceptual field and thus resolves the inconsistency.
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to be the most important or relevant of these stimuli. Individuals tend to focus on stimuli that are particularly stimulating or engaging. The more attention a stimulus garners, the more frequent one's energy and focus will be directed towards that stimulus. This suggests an individual will focus on new or unfamiliar stimuli in an effort to better understand or make sense of the unknown, rather than on more familiar or repetitive stimuli.
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1223:, due to the role that it plays in motivating people to acquire knowledge and understanding. It has also been considered an important moral virtue, as curiosity can help humans find meaning in their lives and to cultivate a sense of care about others and things in the world. When curiosity in young people leads to knowledge-gathering it is widely seen as a positive.
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inherently rewarding and pleasurable. Discovering new information may also be rewarding because it can help reduce undesirable states of uncertainty rather than stimulating interest. Theories have arisen in attempts to further understand this need to rectify states of uncertainty and the desire to participate in pleasurable experiences of exploratory behaviors.
1253:'s effects on memory or depression affect motivation and reward. Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease that degrades memory. Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by a lack of interest in one's environment and feelings of sadness or hopelessness. A lack of curiosity for novel stimuli might be a predictor for these and other illnesses.
949:. Due to the complex nature of curiosity, research that focuses on specific neural processes with these characteristics can help us understand of the phenomenon of curiosity as a whole. The following are descriptions of characteristics of curiosity and their links to neurological aspects that are essential in creating exploratory behaviors:
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excitement, arousal is reduced below the optimal point and exploratory behavior is employed to increase information input and stimulation, and thereby increasing arousal again. This theory addresses both curiosity elicited by uncertain or unfamiliar situations and curiosity elicited in the absence of such situations.
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with the victim. Alternatively, people may be trying to understand how another person can become the perpetrator of harm. According to science journalist Erika
Engelhaupt, morbid curiosity is not "a desire to be sad", instead it "has the ability to set our minds ... at ease be reassuring us that even
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Memory plays an important role in curiosity. Memory is how the brain stores and accesses stored information. If curiosity is the desire to seek out and understand unfamiliar or novel stimuli, memory helps determine if the stimulus is indeed unfamiliar. In order to determine if a stimulus is novel, an
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Attention is important to curiosity because it allows one to selectively focus and concentrate on particular stimuli in the surrounding environment. As there are limited cognitive and sensory resources to understand and evaluate stimuli, attention allows the brain to better focus on what it perceives
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When a stimulus is encountered that is associated with complexity, uncertainty, conflict, or novelty, this increases arousal above the optimal point, and exploratory behavior is employed to learn about that stimulus and thereby reduce arousal again. In contrast, if the environment is boring and lacks
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Social curiosity is defined as a drive to understand one's environment as it relates to sociality with others. Such curiosity plays a role in one's ability to successfully navigate social interactions by perceiving and processing one's own behavior and the behavior of others. It also plays a role in
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argued that babies and children constantly try to make sense of their reality and that this contributes to their intellectual development. According to Piaget, children develop hypotheses, conduct experiments, and then reassess their hypotheses depending on what they observe. Piaget was the first to
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Curiosity may also affect memory. Stimuli that are novel tend to capture more of our attention. Additionally, novel stimuli usually have a reward value associated with them, the anticipated reward of what learning that new information may bring. With stronger associations and more attention devoted
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is a chemical known for its role in stress regulation. However, cortisol may also be associated with curious or exploratory behavior. Studies suggesting a role of cortisol in curiosity support optimal arousal theory. They suggest the release of some cortisol, causing some stress, encourages curious
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is a formation of neurons that is important in reward pathway activationāsuch as the release of dopamine in investigating response to novel or exciting stimuli. The fast dopamine release observed during childhood and adolescence is important in development, as curiosity and exploratory behavior are
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Like other desires and need-states that take on an appetitive quality (e.g. food/hunger), curiosity is linked with exploratory behavior and experiences of reward. Curiosity can be described in terms of positive emotions and acquiring knowledge; when one's curiosity has been aroused it is considered
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Morbid curiosity is focused on death, violence, or any other event that may cause harm physically or emotionally. It typically is described as having an addictive quality, associated with a need to understand or make sense of topics that surround harm, violence, or death. This can be attributed to
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Optimal-arousal theory developed out of the need to explain this desire to seek out opportunities to engage in exploratory behaviors without the presence of uncertain or ambiguous situations. Optimal-arousal suggests that one can be motivated to maintain a pleasurable sense of arousal through such
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Some believe that children's curiosity is discouraged throughout the process of formal education: "Children are born scientists. From the first ball they send flying to the ant they watch carry a crumb, children use science's toolsāenthusiasm, hypotheses, tests, conclusionsāto uncover the world's
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Other measures of childhood curiosity used exploratory behaviour as a basis but differed on which parts of this behaviour to focus on. Some studies examined children's preference for complexity/the unknown as a basis for their curiosity measure; others relied on novelty preference as their basis.
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in an individual. State curiosity is externalāwondering why things happen just for the sake of curiousness, for example wondering why most stores open at 8 a.m. Trait curiosity describes people who are interested in learning, for example by trying out a new sport or food, or traveling to an
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is associated with emotional processing, particularly for the emotion of fear, as well as memory. It is important in processing emotional reactions towards novel or unexpected stimuli and the induction of exploratory behavior. This suggests a connection between curiosity levels and the amygdala.
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Derivations of curiosity-drive theory differ on whether curiosity is a primary or secondary drive and if this curiosity-drive originates due to one's need to make sense of and regulate one's environment or if it is caused by an external stimulus. Causes can range from basic needs that need to be
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Researchers also examined the relationship between a child's reaction to surprise and their curiosity. Children may be further motivated to learn when dealing with uncertainty. Their reactions to not having their expectations met may fuel their curiosity more than the introduction of a novel or
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theories assume that "when two or more simultaneously active cognitive structures are logically inconsistent, arousal is increased, which activates processes with the expected consequence of increasing consistency and decreasing arousal." Similar to optimal-arousal theory, cognitive-consistency
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is a region of the brain that is involved in attention, episodic memory, and visuospatial processing. There is a correlation between the amount of grey matter in the precuneus and levels of curious and exploratory behaviors. This suggests that precuneus density has an influence on levels of
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is a region of the brain that is highly responsive to dopamine, and is another component of the reward pathway. Research suggests that the caudate nucleus anticipates the possibility of and reward of exploratory behavior and gathered information, thus contributing to factors of curiosity.
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Curiosity-driven behavior is often defined as behavior through which knowledge is gained ā a form of exploratory behavior. It therefore encompasses all behaviors that provide access to or increase sensory information. Berlyne divided curiosity-driven behavior into three categories:
832:, locomotor exploration, and investigatory responses or investigatory manipulation. Previously, Berlyne suggested that curiosity also includes verbal activities, such as asking questions, and symbolic activities, consisting of internally fueled mental processes such as thinking ("
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The sensation pleasure of "liking" can occur when opioids are released by the nucleus accumbens. This helps someone evaluate the unfamiliar situation or environment and attach value to the novel object. These processes of both wanting and liking play a role in activating the
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activation. The use of these pathways, and dopamine activation, may be how the brain assigns value to new information and interprets this as reward. This theory from neurobiology can supplement curiosity-drive theory by explaining the motivation of exploratory behavior.
795:, ecological variables to motivational significance and task relevance. Collative variables involve a comparison between different stimuli or features, which may be actually perceived or which may be recalled from memory. Berlyne mentioned four collative variables:
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An aptitude for curiosity in adolescents may produce higher academic performance. One study revealed that, of 568 high school students, those who exhibited an aptitude for curiosity, in conjunction with motivation and creativity, showed a 33.1%
1356:. This can improve the success of an AI agent at various tasks. In artificial intelligence, curiosity is typically defined quantitatively, as the uncertainty the agent has in predicting its own actions given its current state.
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is important in memory formation and recall and therefore in determining the novelty of various stimuli. Research suggests the hippocampus is involved in generating the motivation to explore for the purpose of learning.
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Exploratory behaviour is commonly observed in children and is associated with their curiosity development. Several studies of children's curiosity simply observe their interaction with novel and familiar toys.
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There is no universally accepted definition for curiosity in children. Most research on curiosity focused on adults and used self-report measures that are inappropriate and inapplicable for studying children.
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Leussis MP, Berry-Scott EM, Saito M, Jhuang H, de Haan G, Alkan O, et al. (April 2013). "The ANK3 bipolar disorder gene regulates psychiatric-related behaviors that are modulated by lithium and stress".
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so children who exhibit more anxiety in classroom settings engage in less curious behaviour. Certain aspects of classroom learning may depend on curiosity, which can be affected by students' anxiety.
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Although curiosity is widely regarded, its root causes are largely empirically unknown. However, some studies have provided insight into the neurological mechanisms that make up what is known as the
815:. Finally, curiosity may not only be aroused by the perception of some stimulus associated with the aforementioned variables ("specific exploration"), but also by a lack of stimulation, out of "
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is a part of the brain that coordinates motivation with body movement.The striatum likely plays a role in attention and reward anticipation, both of which are important in provoking curiosity.
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of relief, pleasure, and satisfaction that correlate with happiness. Many areas in the brain process reward and come together to form what is called the reward pathway. In this pathway many
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recognized three classes of variables playing a role in evoking curiosity: psychophysical variables, ecological variables, and collative variables. Psychophysical variables correspond to
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1327:, concluded that people choose to see graphic images even when presented the option to avoid them and look at them for a longer period of time than neutral or positive images.
807:, and conflict (though he suggested that all collative variables probably involve conflict). Additionally, he considered three variables supplementary to novelty: change,
1323:, in which he noted, "We enjoy and admire paintings of objects that in themselves would annoy or disgust us." In a 2017 paper, Suzanne Oosterwijk, a psychologist from
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unfamiliar place. One can look at curiosity as the urge that draws people out of their comfort zones and fears as the agents that keep them within those zones.
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Taking into account the shortcomings of both curiosity-drive and optimal-arousal theories, attempts have been made to integrate neurobiological aspects of
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to a stimulus, it is probable that the memory formed from that stimulus will be longer lasting and easier to recall, both of which facilitate better
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Reward is defined as the positive reinforcement of an action, reinforcement that encourages a particular behavior by means of the emotional
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Due to the importance of curiosity, people debate about whether contemporary societies effectively cultivate the right type of curiosity.
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offer for curiosity about death is that by learning about life-threatening situations, death can be avoided. Another suggestion some
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Berlyne DE (November 1957). "Uncertainty and conflict: a point of contact between information-theory and behavior-theory concepts".
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closely document children's actions and interpret them as consistent, calculated efforts to test and learn about their environment.
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913:, wanting, and pleasure into a more comprehensive theory for curiosity. Research suggests that desiring new information involves
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one's need to relate unusual and often difficult circumstances to a primary emotion or experience of one's own, described as
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Phillips KA, Subiaul F, Sherwood CC (June 2012). "Curious monkeys have increased gray matter density in the precuneus".
1931:"Predictive abilities of curiosity, creativity, and motivation on academic performance of high school students in Ghana"
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767:. Research has shown that curiosity is not a fixed attribute amongst humans but rather can be nurtured and developed.
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Stuart Z, Cecelia M, Allan L, James L (2011). "Predicting the onset of
Alzheimer's disease with a behavioral task".
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Left: normal brain. Right: Alzheimer's disease afflicted brain. Severe degeneration of areas implicated in curiosity
723:) will pursue information in order to adapt to their surrounding and learn how things work. This behavior is termed
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Evidence suggests a relationship between the anxiety children might feel and their curiosity. One study found that
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1139:(PHG), an area of grey matter surrounding the hippocampus, has been implicated in the amplification of curiosity.
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Dopamine is linked to curiosity, as it assigns and retains reward values of information gained. Research suggests
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Montgomery KC (August 1955). "The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory behavior".
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2509:"NCS-1 in the dentate gyrus promotes exploration, synaptic plasticity, and rapid acquisition of spatial memory"
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desire has been said to stem from a passion or an appetite for knowledge, information, and understanding.
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681:. Curiosity as a behavior and emotion is the driving force behind human development, such as progress in
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2244:"The wick in the candle of learning: epistemic curiosity activates reward circuitry and enhances memory"
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528:
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Inglis IR (1983). "Towards a cognitive theory of exploratory behaviour". In Archer J, Birke LI (eds.).
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van Kampen HS (February 2019). "The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour".
2926:"The Psychology of Morbid Curiosity: Development and Initial Validation of the Morbid Curiosity Scale"
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1387: ā Any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem
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both conflict and arousal and, as such, seem to reinforce certain exploratory models of curiosity.
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of the brain, and perhaps in the stimulation of curious or information-seeking tendencies as well.
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The drive to learn new information or perform some action may be prompted by the anticipation of
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Sahay A, Scobie KN, Hill AS, O'Carroll CM, Kheirbek MA, Burghardt NS, et al. (April 2011).
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Litman J (2005). "Curiosity and the pleasures of learning: Wanting and liking new information".
1363:. The agents reliably learned advantageous game behaviors based solely on the curiosity reward.
2747:"Children's scientific curiosity: In search of an operational definition of an elusive concept"
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2867:"Social curiosity as a way to overcome death anxiety: perspective of terror management theory"
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Curiosity has been of interest to philosophers. Curiosity has been recognised as an important
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and the stimulus is unfamiliar, compared to activation of dopamine when stimulus is familiar.
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Parker KJ, Rainwater KL, Buckmaster CL, Schatzberg AF, Lindley SE, Lyons DM (August 2007).
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Kang MJ, Hsu M, Krajbich IM, Loewenstein G, McClure SM, Wang JT, Camerer CF (August 2009).
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Berlyne DE (August 1955). "The arousal and satiation of perceptual curiosity in the rat".
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Zuckerman M, Litle P (1986). "Personality and
Curiosity About Morbid and Sexual Events".
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and psychological disorders can affect various characteristics of curiosity. For example
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In 2019, a study trained AI agents to play video games, but they were rewarded only for
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2558:"Increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient to improve pattern separation"
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Saab BJ, Georgiou J, Nath A, Lee FJ, Wang M, Michalon A, et al. (September 2009).
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Pathak D (15 May 2017). "Curiosity-driven
Exploration by Self-supervised Prediction".
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1727:"Development and Testing of the Curiosity in Classrooms Framework and Coding Protocol"
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1614:, Bernd (1995). "Neophilia and exploration in juvenile common ravens, Corvus corax".
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Loewenstein G (1994). "The psychology of curiosity: a review and reinterpretation".
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Traditional ideas of curiosity have expanded to consider the difference between
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Early definitions of curiosity call it a motivated desire for information. This
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2328:"Neural mechanisms underlying the induction and relief of perceptual curiosity"
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Jepma M, Verdonschot RG, van
Steenbergen H, Rombouts SA, Nieuwenhuis S (2012).
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Miller, Rachael (2022). "Socio-ecological correlates of neophobia in corvids".
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1381: ā Feeling that causes attention to focus on an object, event or process
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based on an organism's ability to learn. Certain curious animals (namely,
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785:, as the desire for knowledge that is specifically attributed to humans.
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Interest in human curiosity about difficult circumstances dates back to
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mysteries. But somehow students seem to lose what once came naturally."
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3045:"Choosing the negative: A behavioral demonstration of morbid curiosity"
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1306:
937:
which may influence characteristics associated with curiosity, such as
816:
796:
760:
708:
704:
682:
674:
533:
508:
503:
493:
308:
273:
243:
218:
203:
193:
178:
61:
17:
2379:"Early life stress and novelty seeking behavior in adolescent monkeys"
1305:
posit is that as spectators of gruesome events, humans are seeking to
1111:
individual must remember if the stimulus has been encountered before.
5589:
5581:
5452:
5431:
5380:
5359:
5317:
5308:
5285:
5202:
4933:
4592:
4500:
3834:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3666:
3613:
3472:
3387:
3189:
Burda Y, Edwards H, Pathak D, Storkey A, Darrell T, Efros AA (2019).
2670:
2130:
1904:
1490:
1220:
1068:
behavior, while too much stress can initiate a "back away" response.
993:
942:
756:
655:
478:
373:
258:
198:
45:
Space and telescopes have been a quintessential symbol for curiosity.
2115:"Dopamine modulates novelty seeking behavior during decision making"
3203:
3171:
2693:
2166:
743:
Children peer over shoulders to see what their friends are reading.
5466:
5408:
5287:
5279:
5075:
5035:
4873:
4735:
3982:
3908:
3802:
3775:
3654:
3589:
3584:
3554:
3492:
3362:
3357:
3265:
1276:
1237:
1001:
higher amounts of dopamine are released when the reward is unknown
956:
738:
663:
573:
523:
468:
448:
358:
353:
328:
283:
173:
168:
40:
984:
play a role in the activation of the reward sensation, including
5637:
5629:
5087:
5010:
4848:
3785:
3746:
3729:
3632:
3559:
3539:
3347:
898:
458:
433:
428:
378:
333:
318:
4565:
3269:
1195:
in science scores when tested on a standardized academic exam.
677:
of being curious, in regard to the desire to gain knowledge or
5207:
4481:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
3714:
3402:
2925:
752:
748:
716:
408:
208:
2095:. Wokingham, England: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 72ā112.
3146:"Curiosity-driven Exploration by Self-supervised Prediction"
4561:
853:
Curiosity-drive theory posits undesirable experiences of "
2113:
Costa VD, Tran VL, Turchi J, Averbeck BB (October 2014).
1437:
Berlyne DE (August 1954). "A theory of human curiosity".
1270:"Morbid curiosity" redirects here. For the magazine, see
1016:
the largest facilitators of learning during early years.
2287:
2285:
1152:
However, more research is needed on direct correlation.
646:, evident in humans and other animals. Curiosity helps
5414:
2985:
Gory details: adventures from the dark side of science
5251:
5228:
2988:. Washington, DC: National Geographic Partners, LLC.
2811:
Baumgartner E (2001). "Curiosity as a Moral Virtue".
1393: ā Voluntary, intrinsically motivated recreation
1686:"Curiosity: reflections on its nature and functions"
5599:
5517:
5344:
5271:
5221:
4744:
4642:
4599:
4068:
4006:
3308:
2659:
1564:"Monkeys are curious about counterfactual outcomes"
1479:
1281:A crowd mills around the site of a car accident in
3225:
2321:
2319:
731:, is much more common, especially later in life.
673:can also denote the behavior, characteristic, or
3876:
3191:"Large-Scale Study of Curiosity-Driven Learning"
1310:death follows the rules of the natural world."
1262:helping one adapt to varying social situations.
973:and reward may help us to understand curiosity.
759:. It is common to human beings at all ages from
2694:"Children's need to know: Curiosity in schools"
1774:
1772:
1181:negatively related to psychological maladjusted
3751:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2160:
2158:
1929:Mahama I, Bakari YD, Asamoah-Gyimah K (2023).
1826:"The Psychology and Neuroscience of Curiosity"
1472:
1470:
1468:
1432:
1430:
30:"Curious" redirects here. For other uses, see
5643:
5627:
4577:
3281:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
905:Integration of the reward pathway into theory
596:
8:
4055:
3894:
3885:
3652:
638:"care") is a quality related to inquisitive
5579:
5556:
5547:
5538:
4554:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
3618:
3232:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
2813:International Journal of Applied Philosophy
1962:
1960:
1958:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
929:Role of neurological aspects and structures
633:
627:
619:
5218:
4684:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
4584:
4570:
4562:
3288:
3274:
3266:
2776:Ross L (2020). "The Virtue of Curiosity".
2237:
2235:
2233:
2043:
2041:
2039:
603:
589:
48:
3202:
3170:
3086:
3068:
2900:
2890:
2589:
2524:
2402:
2353:
2343:
2138:
1995:
1993:
1946:
1849:
1792:
1752:
1742:
1701:
1587:
1123:Hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus
747:Many species display curiosity including
1352:AI agents can exhibit curiosity through
893:This approach associates curiosity with
642:such as exploration, investigation, and
4731:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
2424:
2422:
1973:California State University, Northridge
1703:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1999.53.1.35
1402:
60:
27:Quality related to inquisitive thinking
3122:from the original on 18 September 2017
2957:Personality and Individual Differences
2930:Personality and Individual Differences
2167:"Dopamine: generalization and bonuses"
632:"careful, diligent, curious", akin to
1924:
1922:
1514:The Practice of Theoretical Curiosity
692:Curiosity can be considered to be an
7:
3148:. University of California, Berkeley
2865:Fitri RA, Asih SR, Takwin B (2020).
2841:The Development of Spatial Cognition
2332:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
1537:Keller H, Schneider K, eds. (1994).
1348:Curiosity in artificial intelligence
650:, from which derives the process of
4716:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
2710:10.17763/haer.81.4.h054131316473115
1824:Kidd C, Hayden BY (November 2015).
1375: ā Theory of positive emotions
3043:Oosterwijk, Suzanne (2017-07-06).
2209:"How Curiosity Changes Your Brain"
1451:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1954.tb01243.x
25:
2304:from the original on 24 July 2015
2093:Exploration in Animals and Humans
1690:American Journal of Psychotherapy
1516:. New York: Springer Publishing.
3997:
3991:
2844:. Psychology Press. p. 99.
2260:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02402.x
2197:from the original on 2017-09-13.
1935:Education Research International
1882:Conflict, arousal, and curiosity
73:
68:
2745:Jirout J, Klahr D (June 2012).
2716:from the original on 2015-07-10
2219:from the original on 2017-08-04
1979:from the original on 2011-12-30
1580:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.03.009
4669:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
2628:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.016
2395:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.008
1884:. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
1725:Jirout, Jamie (7 April 2022).
1:
2892:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03556
2183:10.1016/s0893-6080(02)00048-5
1439:British Journal of Psychology
1335:Curiosity can be a temporary
961:Dopamine pathway in the brain
819:" ("diversive exploration").
5318:
5309:
5286:
4506:Social emotional development
3070:10.1371/journal.pone.0178399
2969:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90107-8
2526:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.014
2478:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.004
2062:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.013
1842:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.010
1628:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80130-8
882:Cognitive-consistency theory
5415:
5252:
5229:
3752:
3249:Why?: What Makes Us Curious
3110:Clark J (28 January 2010).
2443:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.1549
1969:"Curiosity and Exploration"
1899:. 64, Part 1 (6): 329ā339.
1541:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
1272:Morbid Curiosity (magazine)
5709:
2982:Engelhaupt, Erika (2020).
2942:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111139
2698:Harvard Educational Review
2431:Alzheimer's & Dementia
2165:Kakade S, Dayan P (2002).
1803:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.75
1411:"Inspiring with Astronomy"
1269:
1247:Neurodegenerative diseases
36:Curiosity (disambiguation)
29:
4549:
3989:
2014:10.1080/02699930541000101
1744:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875161
1684:Ofer G, Durban J (1999).
1663:10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.045
1539:Curiosity and Exploration
1331:State and trait curiosity
1191:in math scores and 15.5%
1051:anterior cingulate cortex
969:. So what we learn about
823:Curiosity-driven behavior
4439:in virtual communication
3251:. Simon & Schuster.
2763:10.1016/j.dr.2012.04.002
2383:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2345:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00005
32:Curious (disambiguation)
2294:"The Itch of Curiosity"
2119:Behavioral Neuroscience
2002:Cognition & Emotion
1299:evolutionary biologists
874:exploratory behaviors.
5688:Psychological attitude
5683:Problem solving skills
5644:
5628:
5580:
5557:
5548:
5539:
4056:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3653:
3619:
1781:Psychological Bulletin
1339:of being, or a stable
1286:
1243:
1203:complex object would.
962:
869:Optimal-arousal theory
849:Curiosity-drive theory
744:
634:
628:
620:
101:Emotional intelligence
46:
5673:Interest (psychology)
5133:Righteous indignation
3112:"How Curiosity Works"
2825:10.5840/ijap200115215
2616:Biological Psychiatry
2248:Psychological Science
2050:Behavioural Processes
1562:Wang, Maya Z (2019).
1280:
1241:
1207:Curiosity as a virtue
1137:parahippocampal gyrus
960:
953:Motivation and reward
887:Cognitive-consistency
742:
44:
4651:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
4476:Group affective tone
2751:Developmental Review
2466:Neuroscience Letters
1948:10.1155/2023/4626945
1897:Psychological Review
1354:intrinsic motivation
1179:in 11-year-olds was
779:perceptual curiosity
304:Emotional Detachment
4721:Theological virtues
4624:Positive psychology
4529:constructed emotion
4199:functional accounts
3061:2017PLoSO..1278399O
2924:Scrivner C (2021).
2883:2020Heliy...603556F
2790:10.1017/epi.2018.31
2582:10.1038/nature09817
2574:2011Natur.472..466S
1880:Berlyne DE (1960).
1655:2022CBio...32E..74M
1251:Alzheimer's disease
1234:Impact from disease
1106:Memory and learning
915:mesolimbic pathways
830:orienting responses
783:epistemic curiosity
5153:Self-transcendence
4745:Individual virtues
4689:Nine Noble Virtues
4618:Nicomachean Ethics
4429:in decision-making
3670:(sense of purpose)
3163:Cornell University
3009:Aristotle (2013).
1967:Edleman S (1997).
1379:Interest (emotion)
1287:
1244:
963:
917:of the brain that
793:physical intensity
745:
47:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5655:
4807:Conscientiousness
4674:Epistemic virtues
4559:
4558:
4146:Appeal to emotion
3924:Social connection
3116:howstuffworks.com
2995:978-1-4262-2098-2
2568:(7344): 466ā470.
1649:(1ā6): 74ā85.e4.
1548:978-0-387-54867-8
1523:978-9-40072-117-3
1373:Broaden-and-build
1156:Early development
1041:Anterior cortices
1013:nucleus accumbens
1007:Nucleus accumbens
982:neurotransmitters
648:human development
613:
612:
539:Social connection
16:(Redirected from
5700:
5649:
5633:
5585:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5420:
5323:
5314:
5291:
5257:
5234:
5219:
5148:Self-cultivation
4701:Prussian virtues
4664:Cardinal virtues
4586:
4579:
4572:
4563:
4534:discrete emotion
4434:in the workplace
4330:Empathy quotient
4061:
4001:
3995:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3757:
3658:
3624:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3262:
3247:Livio M (2017).
3243:
3231:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3072:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2838:Cohen R (2013).
2835:
2829:
2828:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2742:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2692:Engel S (2011).
2689:
2683:
2682:
2671:10.1037/h0043788
2654:
2648:
2647:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2177:(4ā6): 549ā559.
2162:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2131:10.1037/a0037128
2110:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2045:
2034:
2033:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1905:10.1037/h0041135
1892:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1616:Animal Behaviour
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1491:10.1037/h0042968
1474:
1463:
1462:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1407:
1362:
1297:One explanation
1266:Morbid curiosity
1257:Social curiosity
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1177:object curiosity
1055:
1002:
920:
689:, and industry.
637:
631:
625:
605:
598:
591:
77:
72:
49:
21:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5652:
5595:
5513:
5340:
5267:
5217:
4740:
4726:Three Treasures
4643:Virtue families
4638:
4612:Moral character
4595:
4590:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4486:Jealousy in art
4229:in conversation
4151:Amygdala hijack
4064:
4002:
3996:
3987:
3976:sense of wonder
3304:
3294:
3259:
3246:
3240:
3220:
3217:
3215:Further reading
3212:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3055:(7): e0178399.
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2744:
2743:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2241:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2171:Neural Networks
2164:
2163:
2156:
2112:
2111:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2047:
2046:
2037:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1794:10.1.1.320.1976
1778:
1777:
1770:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1643:Current Biology
1640:
1639:
1635:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1512:Zuss M (2012).
1511:
1510:
1506:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1391:Play (activity)
1369:
1360:
1350:
1333:
1325:the Netherlands
1275:
1268:
1259:
1236:
1209:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1158:
1145:
1125:
1108:
1095:
1083:
1074:
1062:
1053:
1047:anterior insula
1045:Regions of the
1043:
1034:caudate nucleus
1030:
1028:Caudate nucleus
1009:
1000:
955:
931:
918:
907:
884:
871:
851:
842:
836:exploration").
825:
737:
609:
580:
579:
578:
143:
142:
133:
112:Self-regulation
110:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5706:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
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5658:
5657:
5654:
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5641:
5634:
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5611:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
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5586:
5577:
5570:
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5511:
5504:
5497:
5484:
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5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
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5315:
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5299:
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5275:
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5269:
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5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
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4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:Accountability
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4539:somatic marker
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4513:
4511:Stoic passions
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4459:social sharing
4456:
4451:
4449:self-conscious
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4392:thought method
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:lateralization
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:classification
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Sentimentality
3901:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3740:at first sight
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Disappointment
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3258:978-1476792095
3257:
3244:
3239:978-0300184785
3238:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3158:
3140:
3133:
3102:
3035:
3022:978-0191635809
3021:
3015:. OUP Oxford.
3001:
2994:
2974:
2947:
2916:
2857:
2850:
2830:
2819:(2): 169ā184.
2803:
2784:(1): 105ā120.
2768:
2757:(2): 125ā160.
2726:
2704:(4): 625ā645.
2684:
2665:(4): 254ā260.
2649:
2622:(7): 683ā690.
2605:
2548:
2519:(5): 643ā656.
2499:
2472:(2): 172ā175.
2456:
2418:
2389:(7): 785ā792.
2369:
2315:
2281:
2254:(8): 963ā973.
2229:
2200:
2154:
2125:(5): 556ā566.
2098:
2083:
2035:
2008:(6): 793ā814.
1989:
1954:
1918:
1887:
1865:
1836:(3): 449ā460.
1816:
1768:
1731:Front. Psychol
1717:
1676:
1633:
1622:(3): 695ā704.
1603:
1554:
1547:
1529:
1522:
1504:
1485:(4): 238ā246.
1464:
1445:(3): 180ā191.
1426:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1349:
1346:
1332:
1329:
1283:Czechoslovakia
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1235:
1232:
1208:
1205:
1157:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1124:
1121:
1107:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1042:
1039:
1029:
1026:
1008:
1005:
954:
951:
935:reward pathway
930:
927:
906:
903:
883:
880:
870:
867:
850:
847:
841:
838:
824:
821:
809:surprisingness
789:Daniel Berlyne
736:
733:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
582:
581:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
269:Disappointment
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
145:
144:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
126:
125:
124:
119:
108:
103:
98:
93:
91:Classification
88:
82:
79:
78:
65:
64:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5705:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5173:Sportsmanship
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Righteousness
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Nonattachment
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:Seven virtues
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4658:BrahmavihÄrÄs
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4634:Virtue ethics
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:About virtues
4598:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:dysregulation
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4241:interpersonal
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:in psychology
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:consciousness
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:Schadenfreude
3884:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:Mono no aware
3750:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3606:Joie de vivre
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Gratification
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:Embarrassment
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Belongingness
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2877:(3): e03556.
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
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1304:
1303:psychologists
1300:
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1292:meta-emotions
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1263:
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1057:
1054:correspond to
1052:
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1022:reward system
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514:Schadenfreude
512:
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345:
344:Gratification
342:
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312:
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307:
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299:Embarrassment
297:
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267:
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264:Determination
262:
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247:
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232:
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227:
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214:Belongingness
212:
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130:
127:
123:
122:Dysregulation
120:
118:
117:Interpersonal
115:
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99:
97:
94:
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5395:Brahmacharya
5393:
5386:
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5372:
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5358:
5351:
5333:
5326:
5301:
5294:
5278:
5260:
5244:
5237:
5193:Tranquillity
5143:Self-control
5113:Renunciation
5071:Philanthropy
5066:Perspicacity
5026:Magnificence
4979:Intelligence
4959:Impartiality
4879:Faithfulness
4767:Authenticity
4693:
4679:Five virtues
4656:
4649:
4629:Trait theory
4616:
4551:
4491:Meta-emotion
4404:Emotionality
4377:responsivity
4325:and bullying
4320:intelligence
4130:Affectivity
4114:neuroscience
4084:in education
3667:
3628:Homesickness
3604:
3530:Enthrallment
3515:Emotion work
3457:
3378:Anticipation
3248:
3227:
3194:
3184:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3115:
3105:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3011:
3004:
2984:
2977:
2963:(1): 49ā56.
2960:
2956:
2950:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2874:
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2860:
2840:
2833:
2816:
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2806:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2754:
2750:
2718:. Retrieved
2701:
2697:
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2662:
2658:
2652:
2619:
2615:
2608:
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2382:
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2331:
2306:. Retrieved
2297:
2251:
2247:
2221:. Retrieved
2212:
2203:
2174:
2170:
2122:
2118:
2092:
2086:
2053:
2049:
2005:
2001:
1981:. Retrieved
1972:
1938:
1934:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1787:(1): 75ā98.
1784:
1780:
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1696:(1): 35ā51.
1693:
1689:
1679:
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1571:
1567:
1557:
1538:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1442:
1438:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1358:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1319:
1312:
1296:
1288:
1260:
1245:
1228:
1225:
1213:intellectual
1210:
1201:
1197:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1146:
1134:
1126:
1113:
1109:
1096:
1084:
1075:
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1031:
1018:
1010:
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975:
964:
932:
908:
892:
885:
876:
872:
863:
852:
843:
826:
787:
782:
778:
776:
772:motivational
769:
746:
720:
694:evolutionary
691:
670:
668:
618:(from Latin
615:
614:
248:
189:Anticipation
5213:Workmanship
5103:Punctuality
5021:Magnanimity
4944:Hospitality
4894:Forgiveness
4839:Discernment
4797:Cleanliness
4419:and culture
4224:recognition
4209:homeostatic
4109:forecasting
4058:Weltschmerz
4031:Misanthropy
3808:grandiosity
3690:Inspiration
3680:Infatuation
3648:Humiliation
3570:Frustration
3443:Contentment
2437:(4): S549.
1415:www.esa.int
1217:"epistemic"
1161:Jean Piaget
1129:hippocampus
1102:curiosity.
919:account for
855:uncertainty
813:incongruity
805:uncertainty
679:information
658:to acquire
394:Humiliation
339:Frustration
239:Contentment
5678:Motivation
5667:Categories
5526:Auctoritas
5374:Aparigraha
5353:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
5335:Sophrosyne
5303:Eutrapelia
5188:Temperance
5168:Solidarity
5158:Simplicity
5118:Resilience
5093:Politeness
5061:Patriotism
5041:Moderation
4914:Good faith
4904:Generosity
4864:Equanimity
4844:Discipline
4802:Compassion
4496:Pathognomy
4397:well-being
4313:and gender
4308:expression
4303:exhaustion
4288:detachment
4273:competence
4254:Emotional
4236:regulation
4219:perception
4214:in animals
4164:and memory
4100:Affective
4008:Worldviews
3870:melancholy
3855:Resentment
3725:Loneliness
3700:Irritation
3685:Insecurity
3675:Indulgence
3550:Excitement
3535:Enthusiasm
3468:Depression
3428:Confidence
3423:Compassion
3398:Attraction
3323:Admiration
3318:Acceptance
3204:1808.04355
3172:1705.05363
3144:Pathak D.
2936:: 111139.
2720:2017-12-04
2292:Lehrer J.
2223:2017-08-04
1983:2011-12-28
1420:2024-01-06
1398:References
978:sensations
971:motivation
947:motivation
895:aggression
801:complexity
697:adaptation
622:cÅ«riÅsitÄs
499:Resentment
424:Loneliness
314:Enthusiasm
254:Depression
224:Confidence
154:Admiration
149:Acceptance
96:In animals
5574:Humanitas
5320:Phronesis
5311:Philotimo
5163:Sincerity
5128:Reverence
4996:Judgement
4984:Emotional
4974:Integrity
4964:Innocence
4919:Gratitude
4899:Frugality
4889:Foresight
4869:Etiquette
4859:Endurance
4834:Diligence
4757:Alertness
4706:Scout Law
4607:Endowment
4524:appraisal
4464:sociology
4415:Emotions
4387:symbiosis
4372:reasoning
4342:isolation
4283:contagion
4268:blackmail
4194:expressed
4189:evolution
4179:and sleep
4169:and music
4104:computing
4051:Reclusion
4046:Pessimism
4021:Defeatism
3951:Suffering
3897:Sehnsucht
3840:Rejection
3791:self-pity
3766:Nostalgia
3735:limerence
3705:Isolation
3643:Hostility
3600:Happiness
3580:Gratitude
3525:Emptiness
3508:vicarious
3458:Curiosity
3433:Confusion
3373:Annoyance
3353:Amusement
3343:Agitation
3338:Affection
3333:Aesthetic
3328:Adoration
3228:Curiosity
3222:Manguel A
3079:1932-6203
3028:15 August
2798:171473863
2213:U.S. News
2056:: 42ā54.
2030:144976076
2022:0269-9931
1789:CiteSeerX
1568:Cognition
1361:curiosity
1315:Aristotle
1307:empathize
1193:variation
1189:variation
1099:precuneus
1093:Precuneus
1072:Attention
990:serotonin
859:ambiguity
834:epistemic
765:adulthood
729:neophobia
725:neophilia
713:elephants
705:octopuses
671:curiosity
669:The term
660:knowledge
616:Curiosity
559:Suspicion
549:Suffering
519:Self-pity
484:Rejection
439:Nostalgia
419:Limerence
389:Hostility
369:Happiness
349:Gratitude
294:Elevation
249:Curiosity
229:Confusion
184:Annoyance
164:Amusement
159:Affection
5567:Gravitas
5550:Dignitas
5296:Ataraxia
5178:Sympathy
5108:Religion
5098:Prudence
5056:Patience
5031:Meekness
5006:Kindness
4954:Humility
4949:Humanity
4884:Fidelity
4829:Courtesy
4792:Chivalry
4787:Chastity
4777:Charisma
4772:Calmness
4762:Altruism
4382:security
4362:literacy
4347:lability
4337:intimacy
4278:conflict
4258:aperture
4155:Emotion
4139:negative
4134:positive
4124:spectrum
4089:measures
4041:Optimism
4036:Nihilism
4026:Fatalism
4016:Cynicism
3961:Sympathy
3956:Surprise
3798:Pleasure
3720:Kindness
3710:Jealousy
3695:Interest
3662:Hysteria
3545:Euphoria
3488:Distrust
3438:Contempt
3418:Calmness
3310:Emotions
3297:Emotions
3224:(2015).
3152:5 August
3120:Archived
3097:28683147
3049:PLOS ONE
2911:32195392
2778:Episteme
2714:Archived
2679:13252152
2644:12981146
2636:23237312
2600:21460835
2535:19755107
2494:10265034
2486:22579821
2451:54259243
2413:17604913
2364:22347853
2302:Archived
2276:11719012
2268:19619181
2217:Archived
2195:Archived
2191:12371511
2149:24911320
2078:56478466
2070:30562561
1977:Archived
1941:: 1ā10.
1913:13505970
1860:26539887
1811:11407582
1763:35465531
1712:10207585
1612:Heinrich
1598:30889493
1574:: 1ā10.
1499:13252149
1459:13190171
1367:See also
1285:in 1980.
1149:amygdala
1143:Amygdala
1117:learning
1087:striatum
1081:Striatum
1065:Cortisol
1060:Cortisol
986:dopamine
939:learning
922:dopamine
840:Theories
763:through
709:dolphins
687:language
652:learning
644:learning
640:thinking
629:cÅ«riÅsus
554:Surprise
464:Pleasure
414:Kindness
404:Jealousy
399:Interest
324:Euphoria
279:Distrust
234:Contempt
141:Emotions
62:Emotions
54:a series
52:Part of
5622:Sadaqah
5608:Ganbaru
5541:Decorum
5533:Caritas
5488:ÅraddhÄ
5474:Shaucha
5439:Kshanti
5367:Akrodha
5222:Chinese
5123:Respect
5046:Modesty
5016:Loyalty
5001:Justice
4969:Insight
4929:Honesty
4924:Heroism
4854:Empathy
4812:Courage
4782:Charity
4695:PÄramÄ«s
4593:Virtues
4552:Italics
4515:Theory
4471:Feeling
4424:history
4409:bounded
4367:prosody
4174:and sex
4159:and art
4119:science
4075:Affect
4069:Related
3944:chronic
3919:Shyness
3879:Saudade
3865:Sadness
3860:Revenge
3850:Remorse
3781:Passion
3771:Outrage
3761:Neglect
3621:Hiraeth
3520:Empathy
3498:Ecstasy
3483:Disgust
3453:Cruelty
3448:Courage
3413:Boredom
3393:Arousal
3383:Anxiety
3368:Anguish
3088:5500011
3057:Bibcode
3012:Poetics
2902:7078517
2879:Bibcode
2871:Heliyon
2591:3084370
2570:Bibcode
2543:5321020
2404:2716798
2355:3277937
2308:21 July
2140:5861725
1851:4635443
1754:9022842
1671:3479369
1651:Bibcode
1589:8029581
1385:Inquiry
1320:Poetics
1317:in his
994:opioids
857:" and "
817:boredom
797:novelty
761:infancy
757:rodents
701:corvids
683:science
675:emotion
626:, from
534:Shyness
509:Saudade
504:Sadness
494:Remorse
454:Passion
444:Outrage
309:Empathy
289:Ecstasy
274:Disgust
244:Courage
219:Boredom
204:Arousal
194:Anxiety
179:Anguish
129:Valence
18:Curious
5693:Virtue
5590:Virtus
5582:Pietas
5501:Upekį¹£Ä
5494:SaddhÄ
5460:PrajƱÄ
5453:MuditÄ
5432:Kshama
5425:Karuį¹Ä
5388:Asteya
5381:Ärjava
5360:Ahimsa
5345:Indian
5328:Sophia
5203:Wisdom
5081:Filial
4989:Social
4934:Honour
4519:affect
4501:Pathos
4454:social
4298:eating
3971:Wonder
3939:Stress
3929:Sorrow
3845:Relief
3835:Regret
3823:vanity
3818:insult
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