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girls, cartoon characters, and bomb decals for each successful mission. These Airmen started to recontextualize the practice, using cutoff jackets to mark their club affiliation, geographical territory, and individual role and rank within the group. Similar conventions also sprung up in Japan amongst the
Bosozuku biker gangs and in Britain amongst the Rockers and Ton-up Boys. Motorcycle jackets became associated with rebelliousness and, thus, were soon adopted and customized by various youth movements (e.g. punks, skinheads) as external identifiers. As many bikers were also metalheads, they began to personalize their denim and leather jackets with band patches. And so, the battle jacket was born.
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167:. Upon returning from war, the practice was continued by former airmen who became a part of motorcycle clubs. The influence of the biker subculture then led the garments adoption by various other youth subcultures in the following decades. The garment became popular with punks and metalheads during the 1970s and 1980s.
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Whilst battle jacket-making has remained an important part of metal subcultures since the practice was first established, there have been periods and genres of metal in which it has been particularly popular. The early 1980s was one such period when genres such as the New Wave of
British Heavy Metal
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The battle jacket is most strongly associated with the biker scene and the motorcycle club jackets of its members. Motorcycle clubs were largely established across the US following the Second World War. Many of its members were ex-US Airmen who had tended to decorate their flight jackets with pin-up
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bands. During the 1970s, many patches were embroidered by the wearer, as most bands did not produce them for purchase. Metalheads popularized the name "battle jacket" for the garment during the 1980s, when it became commonplace for band patches to be sold at live performances. This decade was when
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Metal fans born in the 1950s and 1960s state that the battle jacket was known as a "cutoff" or "kutte" (from the German for cutoff) throughout the 1970s and that they first heard the term "battle jacket" employed in the 1980s as its popularity grew and patches started to be sold at concerts. Fans
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During the 1990s, battle jackets were perhaps less common, as the genres of nu metal and grunge changed the style and expression of metal fans, although even during this period, jacket customisation practices persisted in extreme genres such as black metal and death metal. After the turn of the
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Whilst it is difficult to say for certain when battle jacket-making first started, it seems to have been well established by the time heavy metal music became widely popular in the 1970s. Methods of customisation around this time included hand embroidery, which was practised by fans as a way of
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During the 1970s and 1980s, punks reappropriated leather biker jackets, which were decorated with hand-painted logos and slogans, studs, chains and other additions.24 A number of postpunk subcultures, such as goths and crust punks, also used hand-painting on leather jackets as a key mode of
265:, a cut off's colours are indicative of the wear's rank within the club, where the higher number of club-related patches represents a higher rank. In contrast, non-outlaw motorcycle clubs often only have one large back patch. As time passed, many bikers began instead making cut offs from
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rendering band logos on their jackets in the absence of readily available commercial patches.15 Once bands began to cater to the demand for patches, these became a way of commemorating particular gigs and tours, with unique editions sold at merchandise stands in concert venues.
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Cut-offs are usually made from leather or denim jackets with their sleeves removed, or cut very short, and often adorned with patches, badges and painted artwork that display motorcycle club affiliations known as
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in Japan. Cut offs' ties to motorcycling led to them becoming seen as a sign of rebellion. Because of this, they were soon adopted by various youth subcultures, including the
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as a base, band logos are more likely to be painted onto the jacket than sewn on using a patch. They also often feature chains, studs and political slogans.
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scenes. Battle jacket decreased in popularity in the metal subculture during the 1990s as the subculture became increasingly influenced by fashions of
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millennium, the popularity of previous styles of metal grew once more, and battle jacket-making enjoyed a renaissance, which has continued until now.
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144:. In music subcultures, they are generally worn with patches for bands which the wearer is a fan of, whereas in the biker subculture,
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518:(NWOBHM) in the UK and thrash metal in the USA both saw an emphasis on battle jackets amongst musicians and fans.
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Upon returning from World War II, many former airmen began motorcycling. These bikers quickly began wearing
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24:
484:
O'Hagan, Lauren Alex (2022). ""My
Musical Armor": Exploring Metalhead Identity through the Battle Jacket".
393:
O'Hagan, Lauren Alex (2022). ""My
Musical Armor": Exploring Metalhead Identity through the Battle Jacket".
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with their sleeves cut off and sewing on patches to display their associated motorcycle club, called
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bought these patches and sewed them onto their jackets as proof that they attended the concert.
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Metalheads adopted cut offs in the 1970s, beginning with bikers who began to wear patches for
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A battle jacket – also variously known as a battle vest, patch jacket, cut-off or Kutte...
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This article is about the type of jacket or vest. For the type of lower-body garment, see
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Modified and decorated jacket worn in biker, metal and punk subcultures
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Battle jackets entered punk during the 1970s and 1980s. Often using a
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with patches of successful missions as well as cartoon characters and
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the garment was most popular in metal, being commonplace during the
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scenes, leading to their eventual re-popularisation in the 2000s.
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or general interests. Patch jackets are generally made using
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adorned with patches by a 1950s United States airman
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433:American Gangsters, Then and Now: An Encyclopedia
418:Gangland: Drug trafficking by organized criminals
243:Biker's vintage cut-off adorned with club badges
203:. Following the war, many former airmen began
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120:adorned with patches related to the wearer's
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155:Patch jackets have their origins in the
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555:The Cambridge Companion to Metal Music
532:The Cambridge Companion to Metal Music
509:The Cambridge Companion to Metal Music
463:The Cambridge Companion to Metal Music
345:The Cambridge Companion to Metal Music
7:
553:Herbst, Jan-Peter (31 August 2023).
530:Herbst, Jan-Peter (31 August 2023).
507:Herbst, Jan-Peter (31 August 2023).
461:Herbst, Jan-Peter (31 August 2023).
343:Herbst, Jan-Peter (31 August 2023).
2596:Global trade of secondhand clothing
368:Muzquiz, Albert (23 January 2020).
195:began to decorate their regulation
14:
448:Handbook of Police Administration
370:"The Rough History of Biker Cuts"
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56:
45:
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292:new wave of British heavy metal
215:in the United Kingdom and the
116:(regardless of sleeves), is a
1:
193:United States Army Air Corps
157:United States Army Air Corps
152:and their rank within it.
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2606:List of individual dresses
559:Cambridge University Press
536:Cambridge University Press
513:Cambridge University Press
467:Cambridge University Press
416:Lyman, Michael D. (1989).
349:Cambridge University Press
246:
18:
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324:leather motorcycle jacket
108:(when sleeveless) and a
2683:Motorcycling subculture
263:outlaw motorcycle clubs
66:Cut offs being worn by
25:Cutoff (disambiguation)
2611:Reconstructed clothing
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207:and became members of
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23:. For other uses, see
269:, rather than denim.
249:Colors (motorcycling)
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148:signify the wearer's
2552:Environmental impact
2678:Heavy metal fashion
2639:Clothing portal
486:Rock Music Studies
395:Rock Music Studies
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2572:ready-to-wear
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2562:haute couture
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2535:creature suit
2533:
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2525:Clothing swap
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2053:dressing gown
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1581:Plastic pants
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1367:Princess line
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1318:Bouffant gown
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1304:Formal, semi-
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1056:Pedal pushers
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557:. Cambridge:
556:
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546:
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534:. Cambridge:
533:
526:
523:
519:
514:
511:. Cambridge:
510:
503:
500:
496:
491:
487:
480:
477:
473:
468:
465:. Cambridge:
464:
457:
454:
449:
446:Hummer, Don.
442:
439:
434:
427:
424:
419:
412:
409:
405:
400:
396:
389:
387:
383:
371:
364:
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358:
354:
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347:. Cambridge:
346:
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317:
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313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
280:
278:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:denim jackets
250:
241:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:pin-up models
198:
194:
190:
182:
181:flight jacket
177:
170:
168:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:denim jackets
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:battle jacket
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
59:
48:
37:
26:
22:
2673:Punk fashion
2579:Fur clothing
2399:Pocket watch
1965:
1720:British Warm
1695:Chesterfield
1606:boxer shorts
1601:boxer briefs
1333:little black
986:Bell-bottoms
956:sweater vest
562:
554:
548:
539:
531:
525:
516:
508:
502:
493:
492:(1): 37–38.
489:
485:
479:
470:
462:
456:
447:
441:
432:
426:
417:
411:
402:
398:
394:
373:. Retrieved
352:
344:
338:
321:
296:thrash metal
284:
271:
252:
205:motorcycling
189:World War II
186:
161:World War II
154:
114:patch jacket
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
84:
77:
70:
2478:Semi-formal
2444:Dress codes
2334:Boutonnière
2316:Accessories
2195:Swim diaper
2190:Swim briefs
2155:Boardshorts
2075:Windbreaker
1836:Suit jacket
1831:Mess jacket
1725:Guards Coat
1644:See-through
1408:Romper suit
782:Neck gaiter
777:Neckerchief
631:Terminology
312:death metal
308:black metal
287:heavy metal
281:Heavy metal
225:heavy metal
106:battle vest
2652:Categories
2419:Suspenders
2414:Sunglasses
2349:Cummerbund
2339:Coin purse
2243:Flip-flops
2238:Dress shoe
2233:Dress boot
2228:Court shoe
2175:Rash guard
2122:Nightshirt
1996:Harrington
1954:pellegrina
1814:Frock coat
1807:Suit coats
1796:Mackintosh
1737:Over-frock
1596:Underpants
1545:Undershirt
1418:Shirtdress
1259:boilersuit
1156:diplomatic
1118:Yoga pants
1108:Sweatpants
1021:High water
1016:Go-to-hell
909:sleeveless
862:halterneck
852:cache-cœur
772:Lavallière
626:Technology
330:References
247:See also:
138:metalheads
122:subculture
75:metalheads
2488:black tie
2471:white tie
2379:Jewellery
2296:Pantyhose
2170:One-piece
2117:Nightgown
2089:Nightwear
1927:Inverness
1922:ferraiolo
1747:shadbelly
1715:Greatcoat
1682:Overcoats
1669:outerwear
1515:Underwear
1470:Miniskirt
1455:Ballerina
1372:Strapless
1350:debutante
1345:ball gown
1323:Coatdress
1264:cleanroom
1222:Religious
1217:Political
1113:Windpants
1051:Parachute
968:Waistcoat
946:polo neck
401:(1): 37.
146:"colours"
2495:Informal
2424:Umbrella
2369:Headband
2344:Cufflink
2301:Stocking
2286:Hold-ups
2215:Footwear
2165:Monokini
2160:Dry suit
2137:Swimwear
2112:Negligee
2102:Babygrow
2097:Babydoll
2065:Ski suit
2048:bathrobe
2028:Lab coat
2006:mackinaw
1949:mozzetta
1939:monastic
1900:pinafore
1863:Tailcoat
1791:Raincoat
1571:Leggings
1540:Camisole
1520:lingerie
1428:Sundress
1328:Cocktail
1313:Backless
1254:Workwear
1237:vestment
1232:clerical
1212:Pantsuit
1178:Military
1173:Jumpsuit
1168:Jodhpuri
1146:academic
1133:uniforms
1103:Slim-fit
1091:hotpants
1041:Overalls
1036:Jodhpurs
978:Trousers
931:guernsey
926:cardigan
867:tube top
857:crop top
749:Neckwear
724:Kerchief
665:baseball
647:Headwear
636:Timeline
621:Industry
604:Clothing
304:nu metal
221:skinhead
217:Bōsōzoku
85:(bottom)
78:(middle)
2658:Jackets
2591:Fursuit
2557:Fashion
2530:Costume
2513:Related
2453:Western
2374:Handbag
2359:Glasses
2354:Gaiters
2324:Armband
2273:Legwear
2263:Sneaker
2258:Slipper
2205:Wetsuit
2150:Burkini
2127:Pajamas
2011:Norfolk
2001:leather
1966:Cut-off
1912:Cagoule
1907:Blouson
1873:morning
1846:smoking
1819:bekishe
1776:Paletot
1576:Panties
1485:Rah-rah
1480:Prairie
1377:Wedding
1362:Prairie
1340:Evening
1291:Dresses
1227:cassock
1193:service
1096:running
1081:dolphin
1076:dycling
1071:Bermuda
1046:Palazzo
1026:Lowrise
991:Bondage
961:twinset
921:Sweater
874:Cycling
787:Necktie
702:homburg
616:History
275:colours
187:During
171:Origins
159:during
94:cut-off
2500:Casual
2461:Formal
2429:Wallet
2384:Livery
2364:Gloves
2306:Tights
2291:Garter
2248:Sandal
2200:Trunks
2145:Bikini
2038:Poncho
2023:Jerkin
2016:safari
1991:goggle
1986:flight
1976:Jacket
1961:Coatee
1934:Mantle
1851:sports
1841:Blazer
1759:Ulster
1754:Trench
1742:Riding
1710:Duster
1705:Duffel
1700:Covert
1611:briefs
1561:Diaper
1554:Bottom
1490:Sarong
1475:Pencil
1450:A-line
1442:Skirts
1413:Sheath
1403:Jumper
1391:Casual
1279:scrubs
1269:hazmat
1249:Prison
1244:School
1205:combat
1198:sailor
1066:Shorts
1011:Formal
941:jersey
936:hoodie
899:Henley
884:Mantle
847:Blouse
829:Tippet
812:school
807:kipper
762:Choker
734:Turban
714:Helmet
697:fedora
692:bowler
687:boater
300:grunge
259:colors
134:bikers
118:jacket
68:bikers
2584:types
2434:Watch
2409:Spats
2180:Sling
2060:Shawl
2033:Parka
1971:Gilet
1944:royal
1895:Apron
1888:Other
1868:dress
1824:rekel
1769:opera
1764:Cloak
1732:Greca
1663:Coats
1649:Teddy
1591:Thong
1495:Skort
1465:Men's
1460:Denim
1398:House
1357:Plain
1296:gowns
1274:space
1151:court
1128:Suits
1031:Jeans
1006:Chaps
1001:Cargo
996:Capri
951:shrug
894:dress
889:Shirt
879:Kurta
824:Scarf
817:stock
792:ascot
757:Bands
655:Beret
375:5 May
261:. In
142:punks
102:kutte
82:punks
71:(top)
2601:Laws
2404:Sash
2389:Muff
2329:Belt
2281:Sock
2253:Shoe
2223:Boot
2043:Robe
1981:down
1917:Cape
1856:Teba
1786:Polo
1622:Full
1586:Slip
1518:and
1505:Wrap
1500:Tutu
1423:Slip
1382:Wrap
1294:and
1188:mess
1183:full
1163:Folk
1061:Phat
904:polo
839:Tops
797:bolo
739:Veil
729:Mask
719:Hood
675:knit
670:flat
377:2024
318:Punk
310:and
302:and
227:and
140:and
80:and
1781:Pea
1690:Car
1666:and
1535:Bra
1528:Top
1130:and
1086:gym
802:bow
707:top
682:Hat
660:Cap
128:or
112:or
104:or
98:cut
2654::
488:.
397:.
385:^
360:^
231:.
223:,
179:A
136:,
100:,
96:,
92:A
73:,
914:T
596:e
589:t
582:v
490:9
435:.
420:.
399:9
379:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
