32:
205:
975:
1558:
846:
1570:
140:
858:
627:
177:
Large university laboratories conduct most of the experiments done in the area of direct neural interfaces. For ethical reasons, the tests are usually performed on animals or slices of brain tissue from donor brains. The mainstream research focuses on electrical impulse monitoring, recording and
187:
The more intense research, concerning full in-brain interfaces, is being studied, but is in its infancy. Few can afford the huge cost of such enterprises, and those who can find the work slow-going and very far from the ultimate goals. Research has reached the level where limited control over a
178:
translating the many different electrical signals that the brain transmits. A number of companies are working on what is essentially a "hands-free" mouse or keyboard. This technology uses these brain signals to control computer functions. These interfaces are sometimes called
173:
for the brain. Its job is to translate thoughts into something meaningful to a computer, and to translate something from a computer into meaningful thoughts for humans. Once perfected, it would allow direct communication between computers and the human mind.
420:
Houston, V. L., Mason, C. P., Beattie, A. C., LaBlanc, K. P., Garbarini, M., Lorenze, E. J., & Thongpop, C. M. (1995). The VA-cyberware lower limb prosthetics-orthotics optical laser digitizer. Journal of
Rehabilitation Research and Development, 32(1),
146:
The first variety attempts to connect directly with the brain. The data-jack is probably the best-known, having heavily featured in works of fiction (even in mainstream productions such as
528:
215:. Modern prostheses attempt to deliver a natural functionality and appearance. In the sub-field where prosthetics and cyberware cross over, experiments have been done where
964:
125:
Examples of potential cyberware cover a wide range, but current research tends to approach the field from one of two different angles: interfaces or prosthetics.
521:
227:-endings of the patient. The patient is then taught how to operate the prosthetic, trying to learn how to move it as though it were a natural limb.
119:
Cyberware is technology that attempts to create a working interface between machines/computers and the human nervous system, including the brain
1596:
850:
514:
1543:
1303:
1224:
53:
861:
896:
75:
165:). It is the most difficult object to implement, but it is also the most important in terms of interfacing directly with the
1219:
537:
280:
180:
134:
1495:
1369:
1313:
252:). This device comes firmly under the field of prosthetics, but experiments are also being performed to tap into the
46:
40:
1533:
929:
678:
581:
20:
1601:
1521:
57:
360:
Fromherz, Peter; "Neuroelectronic
Interfacing: Semiconductor Chips with Ion Channels, Nerve Cells, and Brain";
170:
1170:
1165:
1364:
889:
673:
290:
188:
computer is possible using thought commands alone. After being implanted with a
Massachusetts-based firm
148:
108:
230:
Crossing over between prostheses and interfaces are those pieces of equipment attempting to replace lost
1475:
1329:
939:
821:
780:
683:
104:
454:
204:
1425:
1349:
1114:
1074:
924:
641:
606:
1574:
1516:
1379:
1079:
919:
616:
394:
1485:
1460:
1450:
1415:
1359:
1339:
1286:
1259:
1197:
1109:
1043:
944:
831:
750:
688:
310:
305:
1562:
1526:
1455:
1384:
1271:
1057:
959:
934:
882:
811:
740:
668:
378:
330:
257:
100:
1511:
1389:
1374:
1249:
1241:
1160:
1119:
1104:
1052:
954:
770:
709:
591:
431:
325:
315:
236:
1420:
1405:
1308:
1298:
1290:
1155:
1028:
1006:
996:
652:
647:
596:
551:
340:
270:
211:
The second variety of cyberware consists of a more modern form of the rather old field of
96:
1538:
1354:
1344:
1266:
1209:
1150:
1089:
1084:
1069:
1001:
974:
735:
719:
586:
220:
216:
1590:
1490:
1445:
1129:
1124:
1099:
1094:
826:
795:
790:
765:
755:
556:
320:
285:
189:
92:
476:
464:
1254:
1229:
1214:
1187:
1177:
1038:
949:
816:
785:
775:
693:
601:
365:
1276:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1145:
1062:
1023:
295:
275:
253:
212:
139:
760:
335:
161:
1440:
1334:
1033:
745:
611:
576:
566:
561:
245:
241:
193:
506:
1480:
1430:
905:
155:
1410:
991:
626:
459:
392:
Lusted, HS and Knapp, "RB Controlling
Computers with Neural Signals".
1465:
1016:
1011:
714:
300:
1435:
983:
260:, this could be a direct link to the speech centres of the brain.
249:
231:
224:
203:
138:
1470:
450:
449:
166:
878:
510:
500:
482:- Source containing the rest of the work found on this article
470:- Source containing the rest of the work found on this article
103:
or machine parts implanted in the human body and acting as an
25:
489:
874:
248:(the cells that, when stimulated, create the sensation of
196:, a quadriplegic man was able to compose and check email.
455:
407:
Khamsi, R. (2004). Paralyzed man sends e-mail by thought
244:, it replaces the functionality of damaged, or missing,
219:, capable of controlling the movements of an artificial
169:. In science fiction the data-jack is the envisioned
1504:
1398:
1322:
1285:
1240:
1138:
982:
912:
804:
728:
702:
661:
634:
544:
99:circles, however, it is commonly known to mean the
16:Hardware implanted in the human body and/or brain
111:and the computers or machinery connected to it.
95:, or more adequately a "proto-technology"). In
460:The open-source Electroencephalography project
890:
522:
8:
897:
883:
875:
529:
515:
507:
430:Branwyn, Gareth "The desire to be wired".
362:Nanoelectronics and Information Technology
91:is a relatively new and unknown field (a
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
234:. An early success in this field is the
39:This article includes a list of general
353:
1304:Simultaneous localization and mapping
7:
857:
380:Brain chip offers hope for paralyzed
240:. A tiny device inserted into the
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
377:Hooper, Simon (October 21, 2004)
1568:
1557:
1556:
973:
856:
845:
844:
625:
30:
1569:
223:, are attached to the severed
1:
1314:Vision-guided robot systems
1618:
1534:Technological unemployment
679:Computational neuroscience
582:Intelligence amplification
411:, doi:10.1038/news041011-9
132:
21:Cyberware (disambiguation)
18:
1552:
1522:Workplace robotics safety
971:
840:
623:
368:, Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2003
1597:Brain–computer interface
538:Brain–computer interface
436:Issue 1.04, October 1993
281:Brain–computer interface
200:Prosthetics ("bodyware")
181:brain-machine interfaces
135:Brain–computer interface
1370:Human–robot interaction
129:Interfaces ("headware")
60:more precise citations.
674:Cognitive neuroscience
364:, pp. 781–810, Editor
291:Central nervous system
208:
143:
109:central nervous system
1476:Starship Technologies
822:Simulation hypothesis
207:
142:
1426:Energid Technologies
642:Electrocorticography
635:Scientific phenomena
607:Sensory substitution
478:Cyberware Technology
466:Cyberware Technology
19:For other uses, see
1517:Powered exoskeleton
617:Synthetic telepathy
491:Cyberware Solutions
395:Scientific American
1486:Universal Robotics
1461:Intuitive Surgical
1451:Harvest Automation
1416:Barrett Technology
1198:Robotic spacecraft
1044:Audio-Animatronics
832:Walk Again Project
751:J. C. R. Licklider
689:Neural engineering
502:Wetware Technology
311:Neural engineering
306:Cyborgs in fiction
209:
144:
1584:
1583:
1527:Robotic tech vest
1456:Honeybee Robotics
1272:Electric unicycle
1225:remotely-operated
872:
871:
812:Human enhancement
741:Douglas Engelbart
669:Cognitive science
331:Simulated reality
256:. Coupled with a
86:
85:
78:
1609:
1602:Neuroprosthetics
1572:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1544:Fictional robots
1512:Critique of work
1161:Unmanned vehicle
977:
899:
892:
885:
876:
860:
859:
848:
847:
771:Miguel Nicolelis
710:Brain transplant
629:
592:Neuroprosthetics
531:
524:
517:
508:
437:
428:
422:
418:
412:
405:
399:
390:
384:
375:
369:
358:
326:Posthumanization
316:Neuroprosthetics
258:speech-processor
237:cochlear implant
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1548:
1500:
1421:Boston Dynamics
1406:Amazon Robotics
1394:
1318:
1309:Visual odometry
1299:Motion planning
1281:
1236:
1156:Continuum robot
1139:Classifications
1134:
997:Anthropomorphic
978:
969:
965:AI competitions
908:
903:
873:
868:
836:
800:
724:
698:
657:
653:Neuroplasticity
648:Neural ensemble
630:
621:
597:Neurotechnology
552:Biomechatronics
540:
535:
446:
441:
440:
429:
425:
419:
415:
406:
402:
391:
387:
376:
372:
359:
355:
350:
345:
341:Wetware (brain)
271:Biomechatronics
266:
217:microprocessors
202:
149:Johnny Mnemonic
137:
131:
114:More formally:
97:science fiction
82:
71:
65:
62:
52:Please help to
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:Terrainability
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1151:Cloud robotics
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
988:
986:
980:
979:
972:
970:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
916:
914:
910:
909:
904:
902:
901:
894:
887:
879:
870:
869:
867:
866:
854:
841:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
808:
806:
802:
801:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:Charles Stross
732:
730:
726:
725:
723:
722:
720:Mind uploading
717:
712:
706:
704:
700:
699:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
663:
659:
658:
656:
655:
650:
645:
638:
636:
632:
631:
624:
622:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
587:Isolated brain
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
546:
542:
541:
536:
534:
533:
526:
519:
511:
498:
497:
487:
486:
474:
473:
471:
462:
457:
452:
445:
444:External links
442:
439:
438:
423:
413:
400:
398:, October 1996
385:
370:
352:
351:
349:
346:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
265:
262:
201:
198:
130:
127:
123:
122:
84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1614:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Wolf Robotics
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Foster-Miller
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Developmental
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1130:Soft robotics
1128:
1126:
1125:BEAM robotics
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Entertainment
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
985:
981:
976:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
913:Main articles
911:
907:
900:
895:
893:
888:
886:
881:
880:
877:
865:
864:
855:
853:
852:
843:
842:
839:
833:
830:
828:
827:Transhumanism
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
803:
797:
796:Edward Boyden
794:
792:
791:Yoky Matsuoka
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Merlin Donald
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Kevin Warwick
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
731:
727:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
705:
701:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
660:
654:
651:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
637:
633:
628:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:Brain implant
555:
553:
550:
549:
547:
543:
539:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
512:
509:
505:
504:
503:
496:
495:
494:
493:
492:
485:
484:
483:
481:
480:by Taryn East
479:
472:
469:
468:by Taryn East
467:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
435:
434:
427:
424:
417:
414:
410:
404:
401:
397:
396:
389:
386:
382:
381:
374:
371:
367:
363:
357:
354:
347:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Neurosecurity
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
286:Brain-reading
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
199:
197:
195:
191:
190:Cyberkinetics
185:
183:
182:
175:
172:
168:
164:
163:
158:
157:
152:
150:
141:
136:
128:
126:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:proto-science
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
1573:
1561:
1330:Evolutionary
1277:Robotic fins
1230:Robotic fish
1215:Telerobotics
1188:Nanorobotics
1178:Mobile robot
1115:Food service
1110:Agricultural
960:Competitions
945:Hall of Fame
862:
849:
817:Neurohacking
786:Vernor Vinge
776:Peter Kyberd
694:Neuroscience
602:Optogenetics
571:
545:Technologies
501:
499:
490:
488:
477:
475:
465:
432:
426:
416:
408:
403:
393:
388:
379:
373:
361:
356:
235:
229:
210:
192:chip called
186:
179:
176:
160:
154:
153:the cartoon
147:
145:
124:
118:
113:
107:between the
88:
87:
72:
63:
44:
1350:Open-source
1203:Space probe
1193:Necrobotics
1183:Microbotics
1146:Biorobotics
1075:Educational
1058:Articulated
1039:Animatronic
1024:Claytronics
703:Speculative
662:Disciplines
409:News@nature
296:Cybernetics
276:Biorobotics
213:prosthetics
58:introducing
1591:Categories
1390:Ubiquitous
1380:Perceptual
1287:Navigation
1242:Locomotion
1220:Underwater
1105:Disability
1053:Industrial
781:Steve Mann
761:Matt Nagle
348:References
336:Transhuman
246:hair cells
162:The Matrix
133:See also:
66:April 2008
41:references
1441:Figure AI
1399:Companies
1375:Paradigms
1360:Adaptable
1340:Simulator
1034:Automaton
1029:Companion
940:Geography
746:Hugh Herr
612:Stentrode
577:Exocortex
572:Cyberware
567:Brainport
562:BrainGate
242:inner ear
194:BrainGate
105:interface
89:Cyberware
1563:Category
1481:Symbotic
1431:FarmWise
1385:Situated
1355:Software
1323:Research
1267:Climbing
1090:Military
1085:Juggling
1070:Domestic
1002:Humanoid
925:Glossary
906:Robotics
851:Category
366:R. Waser
264:See also
171:I/O port
156:Exosquad
101:hardware
1575:Outline
1505:Related
1496:Yaskawa
1411:Anybots
1291:mapping
1260:Hexapod
1255:Walking
1100:Service
1095:Medical
1007:Android
992:Aerobot
935:History
920:Outline
863:Commons
184:(BMI).
159:, and
54:improve
1466:IRobot
1250:Tracks
1171:ground
1166:aerial
1120:Retail
1017:Gynoid
1012:Cyborg
950:Ethics
729:People
715:Cyborg
644:(ECoG)
301:Cyborg
232:senses
43:, but
1436:FANUC
1345:Suite
1210:Swarm
984:Types
930:Index
805:Other
433:Wired
254:brain
250:sound
225:nerve
1471:KUKA
1335:Kits
1289:and
955:Laws
684:NBIC
221:limb
167:mind
1063:arm
421:55.
383:CNN
1593::
898:e
891:t
884:v
530:e
523:t
516:v
151:,
121:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
